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Section C: Plant Physiology
Chapter 10: Plants and food
1 photosynthesis light chlorophyll chloroplasts water sugar (glucose) starch
2 a) Carbon dioxide gas is absorbed from the air.
Water from the root moves up to the leaf through the stem.
Sunlight provides energy.
Sugars are made in the leaf and provide the plant with food.
Oxygen is produced and released into the air.
b) Carbon dioxide + water + energy from the Sun sugar + oxygen
3
4 a) Starch
b) The mass of the potato crop depended on the amount of sunlight in the growing season being
larger with more sunlight and smaller with less. !ost of the mass of a potato is made of starch
and starch is made as a direct result of photosynthesis. The amount of photosynthesis that can
ta"e place depends on the amount of sunlight a#ailable to supply the energy so the amount of
sunlight is directly lin"ed to the si$e of the potato crop.
5 a) %ny fi#e from
Product made How it is used in the plant cells
starch storage compound
cellulose cell walls
protein cytoplasm en!ymes
"#A genetic material contains instructions for ma$ing new cells etc%
chlorophyll captures light energy for photosynthesis
sucrose for transport around the &ody
amino acids to &uild up into proteins
b) &espiration to supply energy for the cells
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2
6 a)
b) The palisade layer is closely pac"ed with lots of chloroplasts and close to the surface of the leaf
so that it can capture as much light as possible for photosynthesis.
The spongy layer consists of loosely pac"ed cells with lots of air spaces gi#ing a large a#ailable
surface area for gaseous exchange between the cells and the air while the chloroplasts allow
some photosynthesis to ta"e place.
The upper epidermis protects the cells in the leaf from damage. 't is transparent so that light
passes through to the palisade cells beneath.
The chloroplast is the cell organelle that contains chlorophyll the green pigment that captures
light energy for photosynthesis.
% stoma (plural stomata) is a pore that allows gases to diffuse into and out of the leaf.
% guard cell controls the opening and closing of the stomata.
7 a) (ubbles of gas escape from the end of the stem.
b) i) !ore bubbles ) 't would bubble faster.
ii) *ewer bubbles) 't would bubble more slowly.
c) (ecause plants need light for photosynthesis. 'f they ha#e more light they can photosynthesise
faster but with less light they will photosynthesise more slowly.
d) The temperature might be changing because the light gets hot.
8 a) Correctly plotted graph with labelled axes etc.
b) Seedlings in +,- sunlight recei#e much more light energy than those in ./- sunlight. This
means they can carry out more photosynthesis and use the sugars they ma"e to build up more
new tree. Thus the seedlings grown in higher light le#els grow taller than those grown in lower
light le#els.
9 a) 0,1./2C
b) 't causes a steady increase in the rate of photosynthesis up to around ./2C after which the rate
of photosynthesis starts to fall.
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c) ,/2C
d) (ecause in respiration the plant uses the food it ma"es in photosynthesis so when the difference
between the two is greatest the largest amount of sugar will be a#ailable to turn into tomato
resulting in the biggest crops.
e) 0,2C
10 3lant % is lac"ing in potassium and needs a potassium4rich fertiliser.
3lant ( is lac"ing in nitrogen and needs a nitrogen4rich fertiliser.
3lant C is lac"ing in phosphate and needs a phosphate4rich fertiliser.
Chapter 11: 'ransport in plants
1 a) There is a lower concentration of water molecules inside the membrane bag than outside it.
There is a lower concentration of sugar molecules outside the membrane bag than inside it.
Water molecules mo#e into the bag by diffusion along a concentration gradient through the
partially permeable membrane.
Sugar molecules are too large to pass through the membrane by diffusion so the imbalance of
molecules and the diffusion gradient for the water molecules are maintained.
Water continues to mo#e into the bag by osmosis so the water le#el in the tube rises.
b) (ecause the root hair cell is similar to the partially permeable membrane bag. Water mo#es into
the cell from the soil along a concentration gradient but sugars etc. cannot lea#e the cell.
c) Sugars such as glucose are osmotically acti#e so a build4up of these sugars in cells would lead
to the mo#ement of water into those cells by osmosis. This water mo#ement might not be useful
to the plant.
Starch is not osmotically acti#e so carbohydrates can be stored in plant cells in the form of
starch without causing water to mo#e into the cells as well.
3lants can mo#e water internally by con#erting glucose to starch or #ice #ersa.
d) %cti#e transport 1 it uses energy.
e) The constant e#aporation of water from the lea#es causes water molecules to be pulled up
through the plant transport system as the water molecules stic" together. Thus water is
constantly being remo#ed from the roots raising the concentration of the cytoplasm in the root
hair cells and thus causing water to mo#e into those cells by osmosis from the soil water around
the roots.
f) (ecause the roots ha#e a large surface area many root cells are in close contact with soil and
soil water so a lot of water can mo#e by osmosis from the soil into the roots.
2 a) The cell contents contain a much higher concentration of solutes than the distilled water. The
solution is much more concentrated so has a much lower concentration of water. This means
that water mo#es into the cells ma"ing up the cylinders by osmosis down a concentration
gradient. The cells become #ery turgid and expand so the potato cylinder expands.
The wea" sugar solution has a similar concentration to the cell contents so there is little or no
net mo#ement of water by osmosis and the cylinders stay the same.
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The strong sugar solution is more concentrated than the cell contents. Water mo#es out of the
potato cells by osmosis. They become flaccid or plasmolysed so the cylinder shrin"s.
b)
3 support stomata transpiration waxy
4
5 Water loss by e#aporation in a plant is known as transpiration.
3lants "eep relati#ely cool in hot sun because transpiration cools them down.
Transpiration also creates a ris" that the plant will lose too much water and wilt.
Transpiration is more rapid in hot, dry and windy conditions.
6 a) 'n the lea#es (and in the green parts of the stem from high4ability pupils)
b) Through the roots in the soil
c) 5ylem
d) 3hloem
e) 5ylem
f) 3hloem cells are li#ing xylem cells are dead.
5
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7 a) % process by which a plant loses water from the lea#es by e#aporation through the stomata
b) The waxy cuticle.
c) 6ery little effect as the waxy cuticle is on the top surface and most stomata are on the bottom of
the leaf.
d) !ost stomata are on the lower surface of lea#es. 6aseline on the lower surface would co#er the
stomata pre#enting the loss of water by e#aporation and so slowing the rate at which water is
ta"en up.
e) The air bubble would mo#e rapidly towards the plant because the fan would increase the rate of
water lost by e#aporation from the surface of the lea#es and so the upta"e of water would
increase.
f) 7pta"e of water not water lost by transpiration. % small amount of the water ta"en up will be
used for photosynthesis etc.
Chapter 12: Chemical coordination in plants
1 stimuli light gra#ity growing hormones
2 a) towards
b) away from
c) towards
3 a)
b) %8 The tip ma"es a hormone in
response to one4sided light and this passes down to the growing region. The shoot grows more
on the dar" side and so bends towards the light.
(8 %s %. The hormone is water soluble and passes through the agar 9elly.
C8 The hormone cannot pass through glass so the shoot remains growing upright.
:8 ;ight does not reach the tip of the shoot through the foil cap so the shoot continues to grow
upright.
c)
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4 a) 3lants respond to gra#ity and light (and some to moisture).
b) They are relati#ely slow and they are brought about by growth and by chemical messages.
5 (ecause the roots must grow down into the ground as the seed germinates to absorb water and
minerals and to anchor the de#eloping plant so it is not blown away. The roots must "eep growing
down into the soil throughout the life of the plant. The shoots must grow towards the light to get the
maximum amount of light energy onto the lea#es so they can photosynthesise and ma"e as much
food as possible.
6 7se young bean seedlings which normally grow straight up and down. %ttach some seedlings
hori$ontally to a clinostat that is slowly rotating #ertically to ma"e sure the effect of gra#ity is felt
e<ually all around the plant. =xpect growth of both shoots and roots to continue hori$ontally. %ttach
other seedlings hori$ontally to a clinostat that is not rotating so that the seedlings are affected by
gra#ity on one side only. =xpect the shoots to grow upwards and the roots downwards although the
seedling is "ept hori$ontal.
Chapter 13: Reproduction in plants
1 asexually)sexually sexually)asexually flowers pollinated wind brightly
coloured scent
2 a) Sexual8 sex cells produced fertilisation in#ol#ed #ariation in offspring good in a changing
en#ironment
%sexual8 no sex cells produced no fertilisation in#ol#ed no #ariation in offspring good in a
stable en#ironment
b) i) %sexual
ii) &unner
iii) Special stems emerge from the parent plant. % new small plant forms on the end which is
identical to the parent plant. &oots grow down into the soil and the runner drops away. This
is a form of asexual reproduction.
3 a) &unners come from the stems and a new identical plant forms where a runner touches the
ground.
b) % piece of stem with few lea#es is cut from a healthy plant put in damp compost or water until
roots grow and then planted on to become a full4si$ed plant (extra mar" for mention of hormone
rooting powder). This is asexual reproduction because no sex cells are produced the new plant
is identical to the parent plant etc.
4 propagator humid light cuttings transpiration

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5 a)
b) The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma either within the same flower (self4
pollination) or between different flowers (cross4pollination)
c) (y insects because it has large brightly coloured petals and the sex organs are inside the petals
6 a)
b)
7 a) The 9oining of the male nucleus from the pollen with the female nucleus in the o#ule
b) ( 1 > : 1 0 = 1 . C 1 ? % 1 ,
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!
8 a) To a#oid competition for nutrients water light etc. between the parent plant and the offspring
and between the seedlings.
b) 3lums which ha#e a fleshy sweet fruit are eaten by animals. The seeds pass through the
animal@s body or are thrown away.
Coc"leburs ha#e hoo"s that attach themsel#es to an animal@s coat. The animal carries them
along until it grooms itself and remo#es the burs or they fall off.
!aple seeds are dispersed by the wind. The Awings@ allow them to catch the wind and be blown
<uite a long way from the parent tree.
9 a) % food store for the young plant as it germinates
b) The embryo root
c) The embryo shoot
d) The wall of the o#ule which forms a tough protecti#e seed coat
10 a) The seeds may drift down li"e parachutes be shaped li"e wings to catch the wind or be #ery
small and light.
b)
11 a) Warmth for efficient
en$yme action water for chemical reactions to ta"e place in solution and for hydrolysis
reactions and oxygen for respiration
b) %ny appropriate demonstration which shows awareness of the need to control other #ariables
pro#ide a control etc.
12 We use rooting hormones in cuttings to ma"e roots de#elop reliably and <uic"ly. We also use
hormones to encourage the growth of cells and then tiny plants in plant tissue cloning.