INTREPRENUERIAL EDUCATION

Prior studies of Mrio Raposo and Arminda do Pao (2011) agrees that entrepreneurial
education is factored to which people engage in to Business. Henry, Hill, & Leitch (2005)
described Entrepreneurial education as an aimed at providing an opportunity to learn about the
conditions favoring new business creation, as well as the various theories concerning the type
of characteristics required for successful entrepreneurship. Noel (1998) found that
entrepreneurship education is strongly related to entrepreneurial intention, with
entrepreneurship majors expressing higher intentions to start their own businesses. Dyer
(1994) and Wilson et al (2007) argued that entrepreneurship education can also increase
students interest in entrepreneurship as a career.
Souitaris et al (2007) found that entrepreneurship programs significantly raised students
subjective norms and intentions toward entrepreneurship by inspiring them to choose
entrepreneurial careers. According to Holmgren et al. (2004) and Snchez (2010a)
entrepreneurship education is mainly about the development of certain beliefs, values and
attitudes, with the aim to get students to really consider entrepreneurship as an attractive and
a valid alternative to paid employment or unemployment.
Whitehill (2008) found that post-graduation start-up of a new firm by students who have taken
an entrepreneurship course is directly related to entrepreneurial self-efficacy. According to
Forbes (2005), entrepreneurial self-efficacy can influence an individuals decision to start a
business and the effectiveness with which they manage their ventures once they have found
them.
Leibenstein(1968) argues that training can do something to increase the supply of
entrepreneurship. He explained that since entrepreneurship requires a combination of
capacities, some of which may be vital gaps in carrying out the input-completing aspect of the
entrepreneurial role and training can eliminate some of these gaps.
Therefore, by Lee, et al. (2005) stated that entrepreneurial education is one of the vital factors
distinguishing entrepreneurs from the non-entrepreneurs. The individuals with higher formal
entrepreneurial education are more likely to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities (Arenius and
Minniti 2005).
PAST EXPERIENCE AND FAMILY BUSINESS
As Filion (1993) argues that the system of relations is essential for entrepreneurial activity. He
believes that the entrepreneurs are originally products of the family relation systems, and then
develop a network of business relationships, in such a way that people involved in it become
social products which entrepreneurs need, as they perform their vision". Krueger (1993) stated
on his studies that prior exposure could be in the form of early exposure to a family business,
which influences attitudes toward entrepreneurship. The study of Francisco Jos da Costa;
Alexandre Araujo Cavalcante Soares; Diego Guilherme Bonfim (2009) supported that the
entrepreneurial interest is probably more influenced by the technical skills inherent in the
course, which would relieve the experience in a family's enterprise or their own enterprise.
According to Libranza of University of Philippines Mindanao stated that those persons running
their business were using their skill acquired in the past experience. Entrepreneurial
experience has also been suggested as a factor influencing entrepreneurial attitude, and
educators have recognized this need in entrepreneurial education (Beckman 2007). McCline,
Bhat, and Baj (2000) in their EAO-based study of self-employed (entrepreneurial) and employed
(non-entrepreneurial) nurses found that the self-employed nurses had significantly higher
perceived control and perceived self-esteem in business scores.

INTRPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS
In general, there are three fundamental factors in the Theory of Planned Behavior as an
antecedent of intentions, namely the attitude towards behavior, perception toward social
environment, and perception towards behavior control or self efcacy (Fishbein and Ajzen,
1975). Attitude defines as the driving force or temporary characteristic of an individual which
may change over time and different situations.
Attitude toward behavior is a positive or negative evaluation of a person
on performance of certain behavior. This variable is inuenced by the total behavioral beliefs.
Based on studies con-ducted by Gelderen et al. (2008) there are ve attitudes toward behaviors
that affect a persons intention to entrepreneurship, namely independence, challenge, and the
accumulation of wealth as an interesting aspect of an individual, while lack of income security
and high workload were perceived as uninteresting aspects to be an entrepreneur.Perceived
Behavioral Control is an individuals perception about the difculty level when starting a
behavior, it is assumed that this variable is inuenced by control beliefs. Gelderen et al., (2008).
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) denedsubjective Norm as a form of inuence from the social
environment which affects the individual that has the intention to do something, and
certain behavior.
Intentions are defined as a state of mind directing a person's attention and action toward a
given object in order to accomplish something (Bird, 1988). Since intention is the best predictor
of behavior (Krueger et al., 2000), examining the intention to be an entrepreneur can give us
insight into the likelihood of actual firm-creation behavior (Fayolle & Gailly, 2004).
Wu, Wu, 2008; Nabi, et al.( 2006) and Guerrero, et al. (2008) defined entrepreneurial intention
as a state of mind that people wish to create a new firm or a new value driver inside existing
organizations. Shaver & Scott (1991) stated that personality traits are essential to
entrepreneurial intentions.
According to a study conducted by Sieger, Fueglistaller, Zellweger (2011) found that most
students are preferring an organizational employment directly after studies rather establishing
their own business. More than two third of them intend to start as an employee in either an
SME, a large firm, in Academia, or in public service.
Krueger (1993) created the entrepreneurial intentions model which model assumes that
perceived feasibility and perceived desirability predict the intentions to become an
entrepreneur. Bandura (1997) postulated that perceived self-efficacy is a major determinant of
intention and directly affects performance. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is the degree to which
individuals believe that they have the necessary skills to successfully start a new business
venture (Brice & Spencer 2007).
Two well-known models are based on the Shaperos work on the entrepreneurial event
(Shapero, 1982) and Ajzens TPB (Ajzen, 1991). The first model states that the intention to start
a business comes from: a) the perception of the desirability; b) the feasibility of performing
such entrepreneurial behavior; c) and the propensity to act. The second is intended to explicate
human behavior by understanding their intentions toward that behavior, in which the
determinants are: a) the subjects attitudes toward the behavior; b) subjective norms; and c)
the subjects perception of behavioral control. When making a comparison, we can observe
that both models have commonalities in terms of the antecedent factors influencing intentions
to perform a given behavior. Perceived venture desirability in Shaperos model overlaps with a
persons attitudes toward the behavior and subjective norms in the TPB whereas venture
feasibility corresponds to perceived behavioral control (Veciana et al., 2005).
Another model of intentions was proposed by Bird (1988), in which personal characteristics and
contextual factors were incorporated in order to explain why some people engage in
entrepreneurial behavior. Because of the need for including the notion of perceived behavioral
control into the Birds model, Boyd and Vozikis (1994) took into account the concept of self-
efficacy from the social learning theory (Bandura, 1986) to propose a new model of
entrepreneurial intentions. Perceived self-efficacy refers to peoples belief in their capabilities
to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action needed to exercise
control over events in their lives (Wood and Bandura, 1989, p. 364). One of the reasons for a
generalized interest of the study of self-efficacy relies on its effect on a variety of behaviors
(Snowman and Biehler, 2003). Important to remark is that it is not enough to possess certain
skills but being able to use them well and consistently under a variety of circumstances,
especially the most difficult ones. In this respect, Wood and Bandura (1989) explain that
beyond the required skills to be successful, a person must also have a strong belief in his or her
capabilities to exercise control over events for the achievement of a desire goal. If a person
perceives that certain behavior goes beyond his or her ability, the person will not act, even in
the case of a perceived social demand for that behavior (Boyd and Vozikis, 1994). Based on the
similarities of both conceptions, it has been stated that perceived behavioral control and self-
efficacy are concepts closely related to each other (Ajzen, 1991).