1

COMPUTER GRAPHICS
CS2405
LAB MANUAL
INDEX
2
SN TITLE PAGE
1A
Line Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm
1B
Circle Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm
1C
Ellipse Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm
3
Two Dimensional Transformations
4
5 Cohen Sutherland 2D line clipping and Windowing
6
7
. Three dimensional transformations
8
9
10
2 Implementation of Line, Circle and ellipse Attributes
3
SYLLABUS
COMPUTER GRAPHICS LABORATORY
CS2405
1. Implementation of Bresenhams Algorithm Line, Circle, Ellipse.
2. Implementation of Line, Circle and ellipse Attributes
3. !o "imensional transformations # ranslation, $otation, %caling, $eflection,
%hear.
&. Composite 2" ransformations
'. Cohen %utherland 2" line clipping and (indo!ing
). %utherland *odgeman +ol,gon clipping Algorithm
-. hree dimensional transformations # ranslation, $otation, %caling
.. Composite 3" transformations
/. "ra!ing three dimensional ob0ects and %cenes
11. 2enerating 3ractal images TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS:
14 urbo C
24 5isual C66 !ith 7+E82L
34 An, 3" animation soft!are li9e 3"%:A;, :a,a, Blender
LINE DRAWING USING BRESENHAM ALGORITHM
EX.NO: 1A
4
DATE:
AIM:
To write a C program for Line Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1 : Start the program.
Step 2 : Declare the necessar !aria"les.
Step 3 : #nitiali$e the graph using d%& d& gd& gm.
Step 4 : Assign the !alues of %'& ' to %& respecti!el.
Step 5 : Similarl& a"solute !alues to d%& d.
Step 6 : put pi%el and set '( to pi%el position.
Step 7 : Using do)while loop& put e&%&&# !alues.
Step 8 * Stop the program.
ROGRAM:
+include,stdio.h-
+include,conio.h-
5
+include,dos.h-
+include,math.h-
+include,graphics.h-
!oid main./
0
float %&&%'&'&%2&2&d%&d&e1
int i&gd2DETECT&gm1
clrscr./1
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E 8ALUE 9: ;'*3/1
scanf.3<f3&=%'/1
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E 8ALUES 9: >'*3/1
scanf.3<f3&='/1
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E 8ALUES 9: ;2 A5D >2*3/1
scanf.3<f<f3&=%2&=2/1
initgraph.=gd&=gm&3 3/1
d%2a"s.%2)%'/1
d2a"s.2)'/1
%2%'1
)'1
e22?.d)d%/1
i2'1
do
0
putpi%el.%&&'(/1
while.e-2@/
0
2A'1
e2e).2?d%/1
B
%2%A'1
e2eA.2?d/1
i2iA'1
dela.'@@/1
Bwhile.i,2d%/1
closegraph./1
6
getch./1
B

OUTUT:
E5TE6 T7E 8ALUE 9: ;' * C@@
E5TE6 T7E 8ALUE 9: >' * D@@
E5TE6 T7E 8ALUE 9: ;2 A5D >2 * E@@ D@@
!IR!LE DRAWING USING BRESENHAM ALGORITHM
E". N# : 1B
D$te :
AIM:
7
To write a C program for Circle Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1 : Start the program.
Step 2 : Declare the necessar !aria"les.
Step 3 : Create the function for Circle.
Step 4 : Enter the radius and center !alues.
Step 5 : #nitiali$e the graph with gd& gm and assign ,)radius.
Step 6 : Start the circle function and p,) ') radius.
Step 7 : ChecF the while loop until the condition is satisfied.
Step 8 : ChecF the if Gelse condition until the condition is satisfied.
Step % : Assign all operation for circle function and the !alues.
Step 1& : Stop the Hrogram.
ROGRAM:
+include,stdio.h-
+include,conio.h-
+include,graphics.h-
!oid circlefun.int %center& int center&int %&int /1
!oid main./
0
int %2@&radius&%center&center1
int &p&gd2DETECT&gm1
clrscr./1
initgraph.=gd&=gm&3 3/1
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E ;CE5TE6 =>CE5TE6*3/1
scanf.3<d<d3&=%center&=center/1
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E 6AD#US*3/1
scanf.3<d3&=radius/1
2radius1
circlefun.%center&center&%&/1
p2')radius1
8
while.%,/
0
if.p,@/
%2%A'1
else
0
%2%A'1
2)'1
B
if.p,@/
p2pA2?%A'1
else
p2pA2?.%)/A'1
circlefun.%center&center&%&/1
B
getch./1
B
!oid circlefun.int %center&int center&int %&int /
0
putpi%el.%centerA%&centerA&'/1
putpi%el.%center)%&centerA&'/1
putpi%el.%centerA%&center)&'/1
putpi%el.%center)%&center)&'/1
putpi%el.%centerA&centerA%&'/1
putpi%el.%center)&centerA%&'/1
putpi%el.%centerA&center)%&'/1
putpi%el.%center)&center)%&'/1
B
OUTUT:
E5TE6 T7E ; CE5TE6 A5D > CE5TE6 * (@@ 2(@
9
E5TE6 T7E 6AD#US * I@
RESULT:
Thus the a"o!e program JC#6CLE D6AW#5K US#5K B6EASE57ALM is e%ecuted
successfull.
ELLISE DRAWING USING BRESENHAM ALGORITHM
E". N# : 1!
D$te :
AIM:
To write a C program for Circle Drawing Using Bresenham Algorithm.
10
ALGORITHM:
Step '* Start the program.
Step 2* #nitiali$e the !aria"les.
Step E* Call the initgraph./ function.
Step D* Ket the initiali$e points H'&H2.
Step (* Ket the !alues of Co)9rdinates of the ellipse .%&/.
Step C* Enter the coordinates a&" of the ellipse .
Step I* Displa the output.
Step N* Stop the program
ROGRAM
+include,stdio.h-
+include,conio.h-
+include,graphics.h-
+include,math.h-
!oid disp./1
float %&1
int %c&c1
!oid main./
0
int gd2DETECT&gm1
int a&"1
float p'&p21
clrscr./1
initgraph.=gd&=gm&33/1
scanf.3<d<d3&=%c&=c/1
scanf.3<d<d3&=a&="/1
%2@12"1
disp./1
p'2."?"/).a?a?"/A.a?a/OD1
while..2.@?"?"?%/,2.2.@?a?a?//
0
%AA1
11
if.p',2@/
p'2p'A.2.@?"?"?%/A."?"/1
else
0
))1
p'2p'A.2.@?"?"?%/A."?"/).2.@?a?a?/1
B
disp./1
%2)%1
disp./1
%2)%1
B
%2a1
2@1
disp./1
p22.a?a/A2.@?."?"?a/A."?"/OD1
while..2.@?"?"?%/-.2.@?a?a?//
0
AA1
if.p2-@/
p22p2A.a?a/).2.@?a?a?/1
else
0
%))1
p22p2A.2.@?"?"?%/).2.@?a?a?/A.a?a/1
B
disp./1
2)1
disp./1
2)1
B
getch./1
closegraph./1
B
!oid disp./
12
0
putpi%el.%cA%&cA&'@/1
putpi%el.%c)%&cA&'@/1
putpi%el.%cA%&c)&'@/1
putpi%el.%cA%&c)&'@/1
B
INUT
Ellipse Drawing Algorithm
E'te( t)e *#+#(,-'$te.
;c 2 2@@
>c 2 2@@
A 2 '@@
B 2 I@
OUTUT
Re./0t:
13
Thus using CAA program implementation of BresenhamPs algorithm for line& circle and
ellipse drawing is done.
TWO DIMENSIONAL TRANS1ORMATIONS
Ex. No. : 3 Date :
14
AIM:
To write a C program for Two Dimensional Transformations.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Declare the necessar !aria"les and initiali$e the graph& gd& gm.
Step 3: Use do)while loop and declare the function clear de!ice.
Step 4: Create four cases translation& scaling & rotation and e%it.
Step 5: #n case ' enter the translation !alues and print the translation
o"Qect.
Step 6* #n case 2 enter the scaling !alues and print the scaling o"Qect.
Step 7: #n case E enter the rotaion !alues and print rotation o"Qect.
Step 8: ClocFwise rotation and counter clocFwise rotation use the same
eRuation.
Step %: Stop the program.
ROGRAM:
+include,stdio.h-
+include,conio.h-
+include,graphics.h-
+include,math.h-
+include,stdli".h-
!oid main./
0
15
int %&&c1
float a1
int gd2DETECT&gm1
initgraph.=gd&=gm&3 3/1
do
0
clearde!ice./1
printf.3'.T6A5SLAT#95 2.SCAL#5K E.69TAT#95
D.E;#T3/1
printf.34n E5TE6 >6 C79#CE*3/1
scanf.3<d3&=c/1
switch.c/
0
case '*
rectangle.'@@&2@@&E@@&E@@/1
printf.34nE5TE6 T7E T; A5D T> 8ALUE*3/1
scanf.3<d<d3&=%&=/1
outte%t%.'E@&'N@&3 96#K#5AL 9BSECT3/1
rectangle.'@@A%&2@@A&E@@A%&E@@A/1
outte%t%.'E@A%&'N@&3 T6A5SLAT#95
9BSECT3/1
"reaF1
case 2*
rectangle.(@&'@@&'(@&'(@/1
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E S; A5D S>
8ALUE*3/1
scanf.3<d<d3&=%&=/1
outte%t%.EN&N(&396#K#5AL 9BSECT3/1
rectangle.(@?%&'@@?&'(@?%&'(@?/1
outte%t%.2(@&2(@&3SCAL#5K 9BSECT3/1
"reaF1
case E*
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E ; A5D > 8ALUE*3/1
scanf.3<d<d3&=%&=/1
16
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E A5KLE13/1
scanf.3<d3&=c/1
a2.E.'D?c/O'N@1
clearde!ice./1
line.'@@&'@@&2@@&'@@/1
outte%t%.2'@&'@@&396#K#5AL 9BSECT3/1
line.'@@?cos.a/)'@@?sin.a/A%?.')cos.a//
A?sin.a/&'@@?sin.a/A'@@?cos.a/A?.')cos.a//
)%?sin.a/&2@@?cos.a/)'@@?sin.a/A%?.')cos.a//
A?sin.a/&2@@?sin.a/A'@@?cos.a/A?.')cos.a//
)%?sin.a//1
outte%t%.''@&I(&3C9U5TE6 CL9CTW#SE
69TAT#953/1
line.'@@?cos.a/A'@@?sin.a/A%?.')cos.a//
)?sin.a/&)'@@?sin.a/A'@@?cos.a/A?.')cos.a//
A%?sin.a/&2@@?cos.a/A'@@?sin.a/A%?.')cos.a//
)?sin.a/&)2@@?sin.a/A'@@?cos.a/A?.')cos.a//
A%?sin.a//1
outte%t%.''@&'(@&3CL9CTW#SE 69TAT#953/1
getch./1
"reaF1
case D*
e%it.@/1
B
getch./1
Bwhile.cU2D/1
B
17
OUTUT:
'.T6A5SLAT#95 2. SCAL#5K E. 69TAT#95 D. E;#T
E5TE6 >9U6 9HT#95 * '
E5TE6 T7E T; A5D T> 8ALUE * '(@ '(@
96#K#5AL 9BSECT T6A5SLAT#95 9BSECT
'. T6A5SLAT#95 2.SCAL#5K E. 69TAT#95 D. E;#T
E5TE6 >9U6 9HT#95 * 2
E5TE6 >9U6 S; A5D S> 8ALUE * 2 2
'. T6A5SLAT#95 2.SCAL#5K E. 69TAT#95 D. E;#T
E5TE6 >9U6 9HT#95 * E
E5TE6 T7E ; A5D > 8ALUE *'@@ '@@
E5TE6 T7E A5KLE *V@
C9U5TE6 CL9CTW#SE
69TAT#95

96#K#5AL 9BSECT CL9CTW#SE 69TAT#95
18
RESULT:
Thus the a"o!e programMTW9 D#LE5S#95AL
T6A5S:96LAT#95SM #s e%ecuted successfull.
!OHEN SUTHERLAND 2D LINE !LIING AND WINDOWING
E". N# : 5
19
D$te :
AIM:
To implement cohen-sutherland 2d clippin and !indo!-"ie! port
mappin
!OHEN+SUTHERLAND 2D LINE !LIING
+include,stdio.h-
+include,conio.h-
+include,graphics.h-
+include,math.h-
float c%l&c%r&ct&c"1
code.float &float/1
!oid clip.float &float&float&float/1
!oid rect.float &float&float&float/1
main./
0
float %'&'&%2&21
int g2@&d1
initgraph.=g&=d&3c*44tc44"in3/1
sette%tstle.'&@&'/1
outte%t%.D@&'(&3BE:96E CL#HH#5K3/1
printf.34n Hlease Enter Left&Bottom&6ight&Top 9f Clip Window3/1
scanf.3<f<f<f<f3&=c%l&=c"&=c%r&=ct/1
rect.c%l&c"&c%r&ct/1
getch./1
printf.34n Enter The Line Coordinate3/1
scanf.3<f<f<f<f3&=%'&='&=%2&=2/1
line.%'&'&%2&2/1
getch./1
clearde!ice./1
20
sette%tstle.'&@&'/1
outte%t%.D@&'(&3A:TE6 CL#HH#5K3/1
clip.%'&'&%2&2/1
getch./1
closegraph./1
B
!oid clip.float %'&float '&float %2&float 2/
0
int c&c'&c21
float %&1
c'2code.%'&'/1
c22code.%2&2/1
getch./1
while..c'U2@/WW.c2U2@//
0
if..c'=c2/U2@/
goto out1
c2c'1
if.c22@/
c2c21
if..c='/22'/
0
2'A.2)'/?.c%l)%'/1
%2c%l1
B
else
if..c=2/222/
0
2'A.2)'/?.c%l)%'/O.%2)%'/1
%2c%r1
B
21
else
if..c=N/22N/
0
%2%'A.%2)%'/?.c")'/O.2)'/1
2c"1
B
else
if..c=D/22D/
0
%2%'A.%2)%'/?.ct)'/O.2)'/1
2ct1
B
if.c22c'/
0
%'2%1
'21
c'2code.%&/1
B
else
0
%22%1
221
c22code.%&/1
B
B
out*
rect.c%l&c"&c%r&ct/1
line.%'&'&%2&2/1
B
code.float % &float /
0
int c2@1
if.%,c%l/ c2'1
22
else
if.%-c%r/ c221
else
if.,c"/ c2cWN1
else
if.-ct/ c2cWD1
return c1
B
!oid rect.float %l&float "&float %r&float t/
0
line.%l&"&%r&"/1
line.%r&"&%r&t/1
line.%r&t&%l&t/1
line.%l&t&%l&"/1
B
OUTUT
SAMLE INUT:
Hlease Enter Left & Bottom & 6ight & Top 9f The Clip window
2@@
2@@
D@@
D@@
Hlease Enter The Line Coordinates .;'& >'& ;2& >2/
'(@
E@@
D@@
23
D(@
SAMLE OUTUT:
BE:96E CL#HH#5K
A#T$% C&'((')*+
W-',#2-'3 T# 4-e2p#(t M$pp-'3
24
+include,stdio.h-
+include,conio.h-
+include,graphics.h-
+include,math.h-
main./
0
float s%&s1
int w'&w2&wE&wD&%'&%2&%E&%D&'&2&E&D&!'&!2&!E&!D1
int gd2DETECT&gm1
initgraph.=gd&=gm&3c*44tc44"gi3/1
printf.3Enter The Coordinate %'&'&%2&2&%E&E4n3/1
scanf.3<d<d<d<d<d<d3&=%'&='&=%2&=2&=%E&=E/1
clearde!ice./1
w'2(1
w22(1
wE2CE(1
wD2DC(1
rectangle.w'&w2&wE&wD/1
line.%'&'&%2&2/1
line.%2&2&%E&E/1
line.%E&E&%'&'/1
getch./1
!'2D2(1
!22I(1
!E2((@1
!D22(@1
s%2.float/.!E)!'/O.wE)w'/1
s2.float/.!D)!2/O.wD)w2/1
rectangle.!'&!2&!E&!D/1
%'2!'Afloor...float/.%')w'/?s%/A.(/1
%22!'Afloor...float/.%2)w'/?s%/A.(/1
%E2!'Afloor...float/.%E)w'/?s%/A.(/1
'2!2Afloor...float/.')w2/?s/A.(/1
22!2Afloor...float/.2)w2/?s/A.(/1
25
E2!2Afloor...float/.E)w2/?s/A.(/1
line.%'&'&%2&2/1
line.%2&2&%E&E/1
line.%E&E&%'&'/1
getch./1
return @1
B
SAMLE INUT:
Enter The Coordinate %'&'&%2&2&%E&E
'@@
2@@
E@@
D@@
(@@
E(@
SAMLE OUTUT:
26


%esult +
Ex. No. : 07 Date :
27
TRANSLATION AND S!ALING USING 3D
AIM:
To write a C program for Translation and Scaling Using ED Lethod.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the program.
Step 2: Declare the necessar !aria"les& with mem"er functions.
Step 3: Create the main function& in that function to initiali$e graph using
do)while statement.
Step 4: Using Switch statement for translation& scaling& e%it.
Step 5: Using get function for getting the !alues.
Step 6: Similarl& get the draw function for draw the lines.
Step 7: Stop the program.
28
ROGRAM:
+include,stdio.h-
+include,conio.h-
+include,graphics.h-
+include,math.h-
int n&dep1
float %X'@Y&X'@Y&n%X'@Y&nX'@Y1
!oid translation./1
!oid scaling./1
!oid rotation./1
!oid draw.float %XY&float XY/1
!oid get./1
!oid main./
0
int gd2DETECT&gm&i&ch1
initgraph.=gd&=gm&3 3/1
get./1
do
0
clearde!ice./1
draw.%&/1
printf.34n '.T6A5SLAT#95 2.SCAL#5K E.E;#T3/1
printf.34n E5TE6 U6 C79#CE*3/1
scanf.3<d3&=ch/1
switch.ch/
0
case '*
translation./1
"reaF1
29
case 2*
scaling./1
"reaF1
case E*
closegraph./1
e%it.@/1
B
getch./1
Bwhile.chU2E/1
B
!oid get./
0
int i1
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E 59.9: S#DES= DEHT7 9: T7E
H9L>K95*3/1
scanf.3<d<d3&=n&=dep/1
printf.3n E5TE6 T7E C9 96D#5ATES4n3/1
for.i2@1i,n1iAA/
0
printf.34n E5TE6 T7E ;<d=><d 8ALUE*3/1
scanf.3<f<f3&=%XiY&=XiY/1
B
B
!oid draw.float %XY&float XY/
0
int i1
for.i2@1i,n)'1iAA/
line.%XiY&XiY&%XiA'Y&XiA'Y/1
line.%XiY&XiY&%X@Y&X@Y/1
for.i2@1i,n)'1iAA/
line.%XiYAdep&XiY)dep&%XiA'YAdep&XiA'Y)dep/1
line.%XiYAdep&XiY)dep&%X@YAdep&X@Y)dep/1
for.i2@1i,n1iAA/
line.%XiY&XiY&%XiYAdep&XiY)dep/1
30
B
!oid translation./
0
int i&ch1
float t%&t1
draw.%&/1
printf.3E5TE6 T7E T6A5SLAT#95:ACT96 T; =T>
8ALUE*3/1
scanf.3<f<f3&=t%&=t/1
for.i2@1 i,n1iAA/
0
n%XiY2%XiYAt%1
nXiY2XiYAt1
B
draw.n%&n/1
B
!oid scaling./
0
int i&ch1
float s%&s1
draw.%&/1
printf.3E5TE6 T7E SCAL#5K :ACT96 S; =S>
8ALUE*3/1
scanf.3<f<f3&=s%&=s/1
for.i2@1i,n1iAA/
0
n%XiY2%XiY?s%1
nXiY2XiY?s1
B
draw.n%&n/1
B
31
OUTUT:
E5TE6 T7E 59 9: S#DES = DEHT7 9: T7E H9L>K95 * D '@
E5TE6 T7E C9)96D#5ATES *
E5TE6 T7E ;' A5D >' 8ALUES * 2@@ '@
E5TE6 T7E ;2 A5D >2 8ALUES * 2(@ '@
E5TE6 T7E ;E A5D >E 8ALUES * 2(@ C@
E5TE6 T7E ;D A5D >D 8ALUES * 2@@ C@
'. T6A5SLAT#95 2. SCAL#5K E. E;#T
E5TE6 >9U6 C79#CE * '
E5TE6 T7E T6A5SLAT#95 :ACT96S T; A5D T> 8ALUES * '@@ @
'. T6A5SLAT#95 2. SCAL#5K E. E;#T
E5TE6 >9U6 C79#CE * 2
E5TE6 T7E SCAL#5K :ACT96S S; A5D S> 8ALUES * 2 2
32
RESULT:
Thus the a,o"e proram T%A)-&AT'.) A)/
-CA&')* 0-')* 3/1 's e2ecuted success3ull45