=
Slip occurs first in slip systems oriented close to
( = = 45
o
) with respect to the applied stress
, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms
Dept. of Production Engineering
12
Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials
Grain orientations with respect to applied
stress are typically random.
Dislocation motion occurs along slip
systems with favorable orientation
(i.e. highest resolved shear stress).
Cu
, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms
Dept. of Production Engineering
13
Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials
Larger plastic deformation corresponds to
elongation of grains along direction of
applied stress.
Before After
, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms
Dept. of Production Engineering
14
Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials
Polycrystalline metals are typically
stronger than single crystals. WHY?
Slip directions vary from crystal to
crystal Some grains are unfavorably
oriented with respect to the applied stress
(i.e. cos cos low)
Even those grains for which cos cos is
high may be limited in deformation by
adjacent grains which cannot deform so
easily
Dislocations cannot easily cross grain
boundaries because of changes in
direction of slip plane and disorder at
grain boundary
, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms
Dept. of Production Engineering
15
Strengthening
The ability of a metal to deform depends on
the ability of dislocations to move
Restricting dislocation motion can make
material stronger
Mechanisms of strengthening in single-
phase metals:
grain-size reduction
solid-solution alloying
strain hardening
Ordinarily, strengthening reduces ductility
, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms
Dept. of Production Engineering
16
Strengthening by grain-size reduction (I)
Small angle grain boundaries are not very
effective.
High-angle grain boundaries block slip and
increase strength of the material.
Grain boundaries are barriers to
dislocation motion: slip plane discontinues
or change orientation.
, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms
Dept. of Production Engineering
17
Strengthening by grain-size reduction (II)
Finer grains larger area of grain boundaries to
impede dislocation motion: also improves
toughness.
Hall-Petch equation:
o
and k
y
constants for particular material
d is the average grain diameter.
d determined by rate of solidification, by plastic
deformation and by heat treatment.
d k
y 0 y
+ =
70 Cu - 30 Zn
brass alloy
, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms
Dept. of Production Engineering
18
Solid-Solution Strengthening (I)
Alloys usually stronger than pure metals
Interstitial or substitutional impurities
cause lattice strain and interact with
dislocation strain fields
hinder dislocation motion.
Impurities diffuse and segregate around
dislocation to find atomic sites more suited
to their radii:
Reduces strain energy + anchors dislocation
Motion of dislocation away from impurities
moves it to region where atomic strains are
greater
, Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms
Dept. of Production Engineering
19
Solid-Solution Strengthening (II)
Smaller and larger substitutional impurities diffuse into
strained regions around dislocations leading to partial
cancellation of impurity-dislocation lattice strains.