Title IV.

- ESTOPPEL (n)

Art. 1431. Through estoppel an adission
or representation is rendered !on!lusi"e
upon the person a#ing it$ and !annot %e
denied or dispro"ed as against the person
rel&ing thereon.
Art. 143'. The prin!iples o( estoppel are
here%& adopted inso(ar as the& are not in
!on)i!t *ith the pro"isions o( this +ode$
the +ode o( +oer!e$ the ,ules o( +ourt
and spe!ial la*s.
Art. 1433. Estoppel a& %e in pais or %&
deed.
Art. 1434. -hen a person *ho is not the
o*ner o( a thing sells or alienates and
deli"ers it$ and later the seller or grantor
a!.uires title thereto$ su!h title passes %&
operation o( la* to the %u&er or grantee.
Art. 143/. I( a person in representation o(
another sells or alienates a thing$ the
(orer !annot su%se.uentl& set up his
o*n title as against the %u&er or grantee.
Art. 1430. A lessee or a %ailee is estopped
(ro asserting title to the thing leased or
re!ei"ed$ as against the lessor or %ailor.
Art. 1431. -hen in a !ontra!t %et*een
third persons !on!erning io"a%le
propert&$ one o( the is isled %& a
person *ith respe!t to the o*nership or
real right o"er the real estate$ the latter is
pre!luded (ro asserting his legal title or
interest therein$ pro"ided all these
re.uisites are present2

(1) There ust %e (raudulent
representation or *rong(ul !on!ealent o(
(a!ts #no*n to the part& estopped3

(') The part& pre!luded ust intend
that the other should a!t upon the (a!ts as
isrepresented3

(3) The part& isled ust ha"e %een
una*are o( the true (a!ts3 and

(4) The part& de(rauded ust ha"e
a!ted in a!!ordan!e *ith the
isrepresentation.
Art. 1434. One *ho has allo*ed another to
assue apparent o*nership o( personal
propert& (or the purpose o( a#ing an&
trans(er o( it$ !annot$ i( he re!ei"ed the
su (or *hi!h a pledge has %een
!onstituted$ set up his o*n title to de(eat
the pledge o( the propert&$ ade %& the
other to a pledgee *ho re!ei"ed the sae
in good (aith and (or "alue.
Art. 1435. Estoppel is e6e!ti"e onl& as
%et*een the parties thereto or their
su!!essors in interest.

Title V. - T,7STS (n)

+8APTE, 1 9E:E,AL P,OVISIO:S

Art. 144;. A person *ho esta%lishes a
trust is !alled the trustor3 one in *ho
!on<den!e is reposed as regards propert&
(or the %ene<t o( another person is #no*n
as the trustee3 and the person (or *hose
%ene<t the trust has %een !reated is
re(erred to as the %ene<!iar&.
Art. 1441. Trusts are either e=press or
iplied. E=press trusts are !reated %& the
intention o( the trustor or o( the parties.
Iplied trusts !oe into %eing %&
operation o( la*.
Art. 144'. The prin!iples o( the general
la* o( trusts$ inso(ar as the& are not in
!on)i!t *ith this +ode$ the +ode o(
+oer!e$ the ,ules o( +ourt and spe!ial
la*s are here%& adopted.

+8APTE, ' E>P,ESS T,7STS

Art. 1443. :o e=press trusts !on!erning an
io"a%le or an& interest therein a& %e
pro"ed %& parol e"iden!e.
Art. 1444. :o parti!ular *ords are re.uired
(or the !reation o( an e=press trust$ it
%eing su?!ient that a trust is !learl&
intended.
Art. 144/. :o trust shall (ail %e!ause the
trustee appointed de!lines the
designation$ unless the !ontrar& should
appear in the instruent !onstituting the
trust.
Art. 1440. A!!eptan!e %& the %ene<!iar& is
ne!essar&. :e"ertheless$ i( the trust
iposes no onerous !ondition upon the
%ene<!iar&$ his a!!eptan!e shall %e
presued$ i( there is no proo( to the
!ontrar&.

+8APTE, 3 I@PLIEA T,7STS

Art. 1441. The enueration o( the
(ollo*ing !ases o( iplied trust does not
e=!lude others esta%lished %& the general
la* o( trust$ %ut the liitation laid do*n in
Arti!le 144' shall %e appli!a%le.
Art. 1444. There is an iplied trust *hen
propert& is sold$ and the legal estate is
granted to one part& %ut the pri!e is paid
%& another (or the purpose o( ha"ing the
%ene<!ial interest o( the propert&. The
(orer is the trustee$ *hile the latter is the
%ene<!iar&. 8o*e"er$ i( the person to
*ho the title is !on"e&ed is a !hild$
legitiate or illegitiate$ o( the one
pa&ing the pri!e o( the sale$ no trust is
iplied %& la*$ it %eing disputa%l&
presued that there is a gi(t in (a"or o(
the !hild.
Art. 1445. There is also an iplied trust
*hen a donation is ade to a person %ut it
appears that although the legal estate is
transitted to the donee$ he ne"ertheless
is either to ha"e no %ene<!ial interest or
onl& a part thereo(.
Art. 14/;. I( the pri!e o( a sale o( propert&
is loaned or paid %& one person (or the
%ene<t o( another and the !on"e&an!e is
ade to the lender or pa&or to se!ure the
pa&ent o( the de%t$ a trust arises %&
operation o( la* in (a"or o( the person to
*ho the one& is loaned or (or *ho its
is paid. The latter a& redee the
propert& and !opel a !on"e&an!e thereo(
to hi.
Art. 14/1. -hen land passes %&
su!!ession to an& person and he !auses
the legal title to %e put in the nae o(
another$ a trust is esta%lished %&
ipli!ation o( la* (or the %ene<t o( the
true o*ner.
Art. 14/'. I( t*o or ore persons agree to
pur!hase propert& and %& !oon
!onsent the legal title is ta#en in the nae
o( one o( the (or the %ene<t o( all$ a trust
is !reated %& (or!e o( la* in (a"or o( the
others in proportion to the interest o(
ea!h.
Art. 14/3. -hen propert& is !on"e&ed to a
person in relian!e upon his de!lared
intention to hold it (or$ or trans(er it to
another or the grantor$ there is an iplied
trust in (a"or o( the person *hose %ene<t
is !onteplated.
Art. 14/4. I( an a%solute !on"e&an!e o(
propert& is ade in order to se!ure the
per(oran!e o( an o%ligation o( the
grantor to*ard the grantee$ a trust %&
"irtue o( la* is esta%lished. I( the
(ul<llent o( the o%ligation is o6ered %&
the grantor *hen it %e!oes due$ he a&
deand the re!on"e&an!e o( the propert&
to hi.
Art. 14//. -hen an& trustee$ guardian or
other person holding a <du!iar&
relationship uses trust (unds (or the
pur!hase o( propert& and !auses the
!on"e&an!e to %e ade to hi or to a
third person$ a trust is esta%lished %&
operation o( la* in (a"or o( the person to
*ho the (unds %elong.
Art. 14/0. I( propert& is a!.uired through
ista#e or (raud$ the person o%taining it
is$ %& (or!e o( la*$ !onsidered a trustee o(
an iplied trust (or the %ene<t o( the
person (ro *ho the propert& !oes.
Art. 14/1. An iplied trust a& %e pro"ed
%& oral e"iden!e.