/ a''ro'riate e5uation 1
('ark in*epen*ently)
(iii)
60
,u
+(
or e5uivalent ,"56 73.0 8 penalise t2is error once only/ 1
m-: = 60/+ (=01.5) or e5uivalent 1
*ore energ$ nee1e1 to remove secon1 electron OR 1
60
,u
+(
statisticall$ less li/el$ to remove secon1 electron
(61ea that not man$
60
,u
+(
ions )orme1 OR e#'lains 7h$ )e7 are
)orme1 e.g. more energ$ nee1e1)
+f
73
.u not gi#en& can only a1ar* '( ; '3
8otes on 96) 65 use1: lose *1 and *+;
(c) (iii) 96) mass number missing )rom i1entit$ but a''ears in e#'lanation:
'enalise *l but allo7 *+ i) earne1;
[12]
3. (a) (i) (atoms 7ith the) same number o) 'rotons / same atomic number /
atoms o) the same element< 1
(molecules = contra*iction)
=ut 1i))erent number o) neutrons / 1i))erent mass number< 1
(not *ifferent atomic mass or <
r
)
(ii) 1etecte1 b$: (ve ions colli1e 7ith / are 1irecte1 or 1e)lecte1 to /
are collecte1 at the 1etector< 1
causing current to )lo7 / 1etecte1 electricall$ /
i1ea o) electricit$ or voltage generate1< 1
(not c2arge pro*uce* or *etecte* electronically)
abun1ance measure1: i1ea that current 1e'en1s on
abun1ance/number o) ions hitting 1etector< 1
(b) (i) mean /average mass o) an atom / all the isoto'es<
l/1+
th
mass o) atom o)
1+
, <
(mark in*epen*ently)
".
mass o) 1 mole o) atoms (o) an element)<
l/1+
th
mass o) l mole o)
1+
,<
".
average mass o) a molecule/entit$<
relative to the mass o) a
1+
, atom ta/en as 1+ / 1+.000< +
(penalise 1eig2t once only)
(ignore a#erage mass of
1+
.)
(*o not allo1 mass of a#erage atom )
(ii)
100
) 6 . + 5! ( ) 6 . 21 56 ( ) 8 . 5 5 ( + +
< 1
= 55.2< 1
(c) (i) 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
6
< 1
(accept su!scripts or caps= ignore 4s>) (penalise missing s2ell
num!ers)
(ii) highest energ$ level / last sub>shell to be )ille1 / is (0)1<
5?
outermost electrons in the 1 sub>shell/orbital< 1
(not incomplete * su!8s2ell)
(not #alance electron in * su!8s2ell)
(iii) no 1i))erence< 1
same e
/ same valence e
.
5?
same chemical 'ro'erties<
5?
chemical 'ro'erties 1etermine1 b$ electrons< 1
('( tie* to correct ans1er for '1)
[13]
4. (a)
?article .elative charge .elative mass
?roton (1 or 1( 1 (1)
8eutron 0
or no charge/neutral/@ero
1 (not 1) (1)
4lectron 1 or 1 1/1800 to 1/+000 (1)
or negligible
or @ero
or 5.0 10
to 5.6 10
if g in mass column - wrong
penalise once
0
(b)
-r
08
18
(1)(1)
Allow numbers before or after Ar
+
(c) @: 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
(1)
Allow upper case letters
@
(A
B 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
6
(1)
If use subscript penalise once
+
(1) )lock: ' (1)
Cxplanation: Aighest energ$ or outer orbital is (0) '
OR outer electron !alenc" electron in #3$ p
%O& 2p etc'
+
[(]
5. (a) number o) 'rotons in one atom or nucleus (1)
Allow protons ) electrons
*o not allow protons + electrons or electrons
1
(b)
+0
11
(1) 8a (1)
OR %a
23
11
or %a #1$ + unambiguous statement of mass no' an*
atomic no'
+
(c) 1s
+
+s
+
+'
6
0s
+
0'
1
(1)
Allow %e 3s
2
3p
1
1
(1) 1 (1) 1
(e)
, o) atom 1 o) mass
isoto'e) (or atom an o) mass average
1+
(1) 1+ (1)
Reference to mass number not mass ,'-' . /
OR state* in moles
OR compare* wit0 1112 of a
12
, atom or relati!e
to
12
, w0en ta2en as 12
+
()) (i) electron gun (1)
(ii) ('articles must be charge1) (ions) be)ore attraction to a charge1 'late (or electric
)iel1) (1)
(or onl$ ions can be attracte1 or accelerate1 b$ an electric )iel1)
or con!erse3 if not c0arge not attracte* to electric fiel*
(iii) magnetic )iel1 (or magnet) (1)
(iv) magnetic )iel1 (1) (accelerating 'otential or strength o) magnet)
allow magnet
(g) (i)
(1) 100
5 . 15 0 . +6 0 . +0 0 . +5 + . 6 0 . + + +
(1) mar/ )or an$ m/@ relative abun1ance
If numerator is correct but 1// 0as A'-' conse4 A'-' -1
If A'-' on 1// allow conse4 correct answer pro!i*e* numerator is correct
= +.5 (1)
Allow 24'5 to 24'52
ignore units
(ii) magnesium (1) (or *g) (allo7 conse5 on 7rong -
r
)
(iii) abun1ance o) isoto'es is 1i))erent (1) (or different isotopes) 5
[16]
6. (a) (i) A = electron: B = neutron an1 C = 'roton all correctl$ i1enti)ie1 (1)
1o not give i) an$ re)erence to cation / anion 1
(ii) neutron / n
0
/ B has no charge an1 so is un1e)lecte1 (1)
'roton / '
(
/ C an1 electron / e
(1) = 1+22 (1)
or 6.0+0 10
+0
+.158 10
+0
= 1+.228 (1)
an$ use o)
1+
, E
10
, (1)
100
1 1 10
100
2 28 1+
+
(1)
= 1+01 (1) 6
[7]
14.
(a) 4lectron gun (1)
/noc/s out electron(s) )rom the 'article (1) +
(b) ?eason 1 acceleration (1)
?eason ( 1e)lection (1)
+
(c)
100
+0
10 (
100
80
11 (1)
= 10.8 (1) +
[6]
15. (a) (1s
+
+s
+
) +'
6
0s
+
0'
+
(1)
1
(b) Gi(g) Gi
(
(g) ( e
balance1 (1)
Gi
(
(g) Gi
+(
(g) ( e
balance1 (1)
correct state s$mbols in both e5uations (allo7 even i) not balance1) (1) 0
[4]
16. (a) 'ro'ortion / ratio / )re5uenc$ / 'ercentage / abun1ance o) each
isoto'e / 1i))erent t$'e o) atom / s'eci)ic atom
not amount unless relative amount com'are1 to total amount (1)
'resent in the (natural) isoto'ic mi#ture / sam'le o) the
element / com'oun1 containing the element (1)
re)erence to relative atomic mass 7orth @ero mar/s +
(b) (0.080+ 6) ( (0.0!01 !) ( (0.!081 8)
( (0.055 2) ( (0.050+ 50) (1)
= !.2 (ignore units) (1) +
[4]
17. (a) 1s
(
+s
+
+'
6
(acce't ca'itals an1 subscri'ts) 1
(b) %s& bloc/ (not a s'eci)ic %s& orbital e.g. +s) 1
(c) *g
+(
ion smaller than 8e atom / *g
+(
e
closer to nucleus 1
("ot atomic ra*ius fo 'g
(+
)
*g
+(
has more 'rotons than 8e / higher nuclear charge or 1
e
in this e
'air 1
(if not state*& e
A
pair must !e clearly implie*)
(mark '4 an* 'E separately)
[(]
18. (a) G'in (1) 1
(b) Hurther )rom nucleus (1)
(or more shiel1e1) 1
(c) 4nerg$ to remove 1 electron (1) (or 1 mol electrons)
)rom a gaseous atom (1) (or molecule or 1 mol o) atoms/molecules) +
(1) "uter electron in an s (+s) orbital (1)
=e&s outer electrons is in a ' (+') orbital (1)
higher in energ$ (1) 0
(e) 4lectron is not shiel1e1 )rom nucleus (1) 1
[7]
19.
(a) (i) increases< 1
(ii) lo7er than e#'ecte1 / lo7er than *g / 1
less energ$ nee1e1 to ionise< e
s< 1
(b) -l
(
(g) -l
+(
(g) ( e
< 1
[5]
2. (a) 8a(g) 8a
(
(g) ( e
". 8a(g) ( e
8a
(
(g) ( +e
) (1)
&ren* wrong
Allow 82 onl" if 83 correct #con$
0
(c) Fo1 #alues *e#iate from tren*: (both values) too lo7 (1)
Cxplanation for <l: e
(1) 1
(c) Cxplanation for neon 8eon&s electron is in a lo7er (+') shell (1)
attracte1 more strongl$ to (or less shiel1e1 )rom) the nucleus (1)
Cxplanation for magnesium more 'rotons (1)
electrons in same shell
or similar shiel1ing (1)
(1) -ls outer electron is in a 0' sub>shell (1)
higher in energ$ than 0s in *agnesium (1) +
[1/]
24. increase1 nuclear charge / nuclear attraction number o) 'rotons (1)
same shiel1ing / electrons a11e1 to same or outer shell / increase in number (1)
o) electrons in outer shell
there)ore (outer) electrons attracte1 / 'ulle1 in more strongl$ or more closel$ (1)
%increase1 e))ective nuclear charge& 7orth + mar/s
[3]
25. (a) ?roton: mass 1: charge ( 1 (1)
8eutron: mass 1: charge 0 (1)
4lectron 1/180: charge >1 (1)
Allow mass . / or negligible or 1117// to 112///
6soto'es have the same number o) 'rotons (1)
OR atomic number
1i))erent number o) neutrons (1)
6soto'es have the same electronic con)iguration (1)
OR same number of electrons
,hemical 'ro'erties 1e'en1 on electrons !
(b)
, o) atom 1 o) mass
'es atom/isoto an o) mass average
1+
(1)
1+ (1)
OR
, of atom 1 of mass
atoms of mol 1 of mass
12
= 12 or in wor*s
G'ectrum gives (relative) abun1ance (1)
OR > or amount
-n1 m-: (1)
*ulti'l$ m-: b$ relative abun1ance )or each isoto'e (1)
Allow instea* of m1? mass no A
r
or actual !alue from e:ample
Gum these values (1)
3ivi1e b$ the sum o) the relative abun1ances (1)
onl" awar* t0is mar2 if pre!ious 2 gi!en
8a: 2 if e'g' 0as onl" 2 isotopes 7
[14]
26. (a) Ionisation (1)
High speed or high energy electrons or electron gun (1)
%O& bombar*
%O& beam or stream of electrons
Knoc/s out (outer) electron (1)
Horming 'ositive ion > coul1 be )rom Ii Ii
(
( e
(1)
Accept + ion later in 4uestion to clarif" c0arge of ion
&i + e
9
&i
+
+ 2 e
9
wort0 2 mar2s
Ignore state s"mbols
-cceleration (1)
=$ electric )iel1 or attraction to negative 'late or electrostatic attraction (1)
%O& repelle* b" + plate
Allow passe* t0roug0 positi!e ) negati!e plates 1 oppositel"
c0arge* plates
%ot @ust c0arge* plates
3e)lection (1)
=$ magnetic )iel1 or magnet or electromagnet (1)
3etection (1)
61ea that ions collecte1 at 1etector an1 generate current (1)
=oth ions have the same m / @ value (o) +) or vali1 arguments
in terms o) the 1ouble1 charge on
8
Ii
+(
e#actl$ counteracting its
1ouble1 mass (1)
3e)lecte1 e5uall$ (so 1etecte1 together) or 1e)lection 1e'en1ent
on m / @ value (1)
,ant get t0is from pre!ious section
10
(b) 3i))er in mass number or number o) neutrons (1)
Game 'roton / atomic number (1)
Ignore reference to electrons 0ere
6soto'es have the same chemical 'ro'erties (1)
because all have the same electron con)iguration or number o) electrons
or same number o) valence electrons (so no chemical 1i))erence) (1)
&0is mar2 is tie* to t0e abo!e mar2 or near miss [similar etc] in 83
(c) Mean mass of an atom or (isotope) (1) [NOT mass of average atom]
.elative to 1/1+ mass o)
1+
, atom atc. Or to
1+
, ta/en as 1+.000 or
e#actl$ 1+ (1)
Isotope can be accepte*
OR
, o) atom an o) mass
atom an o) mass (average) mean
1+
#1$ = 12 #1$
OR
, o) mol 1 o) mass
atoms o) mol 1 o) mass
1+
#1$ = 12 #1$
<
r
= (6 .080+) ( (! .0!01) ( (8 .!081) ( (2 .055) ( (50 .050+) (1)
= !.20 ans7er to + 1.' (1)
4<'(2 is acceptable
8ust be 5 sets of !alues
Ignore transcription errors AB& CO%& ignore missing 1// ,'-'
If missing isotope ,'-'
[17]
27. (a) 'rotons mass (1
charge ( (1)
neutrons mass (1
charge @ero (1)
electrons mass L @ero (orJ1/1800):
charge (1)
nitrogen 1 has a nucleus 7ith ! 'rotons an1 ! neutrons (1)
surroun1e1 b$ electrons in shells (or orbitals) (or +:5) (1)
7ith con)iguration 1s
+
+s
+
+'
0
(scores last + mar/s) (1) 6
(b) isoto'es have the same atomic number (or same number o) 'rotons
or same element) (1)
but 1i))erent number o) neutrons (or mass number) (1) +
(c) )raction o) each com'onent is rel. int./ (1)
9the mar/ is )or : i) + ma# 1;
relative atomic mass
= 1 80/ ( 5 8+/( 5 80/ ( +5 8/ ( 8 86/ (1)
= 80.2 (1)
Kr$'ton (1)
[12]
28. (a) *ean (average) mass o) an atom / all the isoto'es or 1
1/1+
th
mass o) atom o)
1+
, 1
*ass o) 1mole o) atoms o) an element or
1/1+
th
mass o) 1mole o)
1+
,
average mass o) an atom / all the isoto'es
.elative to the mass o) a
1+
, atom ta/en as e#actl$ 1+ / 1+.000
('enalise %7eight& once onl$) (ignore %average& mass o)
1+
,)
(not %mass o) average atom&)
(b)
!
" (#$ % &'()*) + (## % &'!,)) + (#, % &''-$,) + (#) % &'-)#) -
= 65.!
(mark '( conseq on transcription error or incorrect a**ition of G) 1
i1entit$: @inc / Mn 1
(.onseq on <
+
!ut only if t2eir <
+
is 1it2in range of 0erio*ic 6a!le)
(c) electron gun ()ires) electrons or high s'ee1/energ$ electrons 1
(not 9ust !om!ar*e* !y electrons or !om!ar*e* !y electron gun)
/noc/s o)) e
)rom # 1
(may !e earne* from a real or generic equation)
.easons: to allo7 ions to be: 1
accelerate1 (b$ an electric )iel1)
1e)lecte1 (b$ a magnet/magnetic )iel1) 1
1etecte1 / 1escri'tion o) current )orme1 at the 1etector/sensor 1
(accept in any or*er)
(allo1 clear *escriptions of accelerate*& *eflecte*& *etecte*)
[1/]
29. general increase across 'erio1 (1)
can score t2is an* points 4& 7 on grap2
because number o) 'rotons (or nuclear charge) increases (1)
but electrons in same shell (or similar shiel1ing) (1)
)all )rom *g to -l (1)
-l&s outer electron is in a p orbital (1)
higher in energ$ than s electron in *g (1)
if 1rong perio* A1
)all )rom 0 to @ (1)
t7o o) the p electrons in @ are 'aire1 (or in same orbital) (1)
[(]