1

2007-8-22 1
Continuous Construction
Multi-storey frames
2007-8-22 2
Simple Frame Design pin joints
(a) Web Cleats (b) End Plate (c) Fin Plates
2
2007-8-22 3
Continuous Frame Design rigid joints
Rigid Frame
Extended end plate connection
2007-8-22 4
Frame design
Braced or Unbraced
Sway or Non-sway
Elastic design or Plastic design
3
2007-8-22 5
2007-8-22 6
4
2007-8-22 7
Design of Independently Braced
frame
Frame B is braced by frame A if lateral stiffness is
K
A
>4K
B
Stabilizing System to resist
all horizontal load
Independently Braced frame
designed to resist gravity load only
B
A
2007-8-22 8
Design of independently braced frames
(Cl: 5.6.2)
Independently braced frames should be designed:
to resist gravity loads (1.4DL +1.6IL).
the non-sway mode effective length of the columns
should be obtained using Annex E.
pattern loading should be used to determine the most
severe moments and forces.
sub-frames may be used to reduce the number of load
cases to be considered.
the stabilizing systemmust be designed to resist all
the horizontal loads applied including the notional
horizontal forces. It can be sway or nonsway frame.
5
2007-8-22 9
Pattern Loadings : Maximum moments
Maximum beam span moments
Maximum beam support moments
Maximum single curvature bending Maximum double curvature bending
in columns in columns
2007-8-22 10
Design of non-sway frames (5.6.3)
Non-sway frames should be designed:
to resist gravity loads (load combination 1).
the non-sway mode effective length of the
columns should be obtained using Annex E.
pattern loading should be used to determine the
most severe moments and forces.
sub frames may be used to reduce the number of
load cases.
the frame should then be checked for
combined vertical and horizontal loads
without pattern loading.
6
2007-8-22 11
Design of Sway Sensitive Frames
Sway sensitive frames should be designed as
follows:
Check in the non-sway mode i.e. design to resist
gravity loads (load combination 1) as for
independently braced frames without taking account
of sway ( i.e.without notional horizontal forces, but
with pattern loading).
* Check in the sway mode for gravity load (i.e. load
combination 1) plus the notional horizontal forces
without any pattern loading.
* Check in the sway mode for combined vertical and
horizontal loads (i.e. load combinations 2 and 3),
without pattern loading.
*The sway effect should be allowed for, either by
using column effective lengths by using
amplified sway moments.
2007-8-22 12
Member Buckling Check for
Columns in Sway Frame
F
P
mM
Z
mM
Z
c
x x
x x
y y
y y
+ +

10 .
Effective length for sway frame
k
amp
M, amplified moment or
1
Z p
M m
M
M m
P
F
y y
y y
b
x LT
cy
c
+ +
In-plane Buckling
Lateral Torsional Buckling
7
2007-8-22 13
Design of Sway Sensitive Frames
Provided that
cr
is greater than 4, the sway should be
allowed for by using one of the following methods (Cl.
5.6.4):
a) Effective length method.
Use effective lengths from the sway chart of Annex E.
b) Amplified sway method.
The sway moments should be multiplied by the
amplification factor k
amp
. L
E
/L is non-sway value.

cr
<4, determine member forces by direct second-
order analysis
2007-8-22 14
Effective lengths and critical loads
Critical load of a Pin-ended Column
P
cr
=P
e
=
2
EI/L
2
Critical load of a column with other boundary
condition
P
cr
=
2
EI/(KL)
2
=P
e
/ K
2
KL =Effective Length
P
e
=Euler buckling load
Effective Length factor, K =(P
e
/P
cr
)
0.5
e.g., Cantilever Column
P
cr
=0.25
2
EI/L
2
=
2
EI/4L
2
=
2
EI/(2L)
2
Effective Length factor =(P
e
/P
cr
)
0.5
Hence the effective length L
E
for a cantilever is 2L
8
2007-8-22 15
Nominal effective lengths
None
Position
Position Position
Position
Position Position Position
Direction Direction
Direction
Direction Direction Direction
1.0 L 0.85 L 0.7 L 2.0 L 1.2 L
Position
Restraint
Restraint
Practical
L
E
2007-8-22 16
9
2007-8-22 17
2007-8-22 18
Charts of Annex E: Effective length of
columns in Nonsway frames
K
TL
K
TR
K
u
K
L
K
c
K
BR
K
BL
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pinned
k
1
Fixed
k
2
Pinned
Fixed
10
2007-8-22 19
Charts of Annex E: Effective length of columns in Sway
frames
k
2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pinned
k
1
Fixed
k
2
Pinned
Fixed
2007-8-22 20
Buckled mode shapes
Non Sway Frame
Sway Frame
11
2007-8-22 21
K
K
K
TL
K
u
K
TR
K
BL BR
L
K
1
K
2
Column being considered
K
c
=I/L
int J o at Members All of Stiffness Total
int J o at Stiffness Column Total
k =
k
k k
k k k k
c u
c u TL TR
1
=
+
+ + +
k
k k
k k k k
c L
c L BL BR
2
=
+
+ + +
Effective Length of Columns in Multistorey Frame
2007-8-22 22
Derivation of Charts
k
l
=K
C
/ (K
C
+K
BL
+K
BR
)
k
2
=K
C
+K
L
/ (K
C
+K
L
+K
BL
+K
BR
)
Conservative Formulae for the curves
For non sway
( )
2
2 1 2 1
) ( 55 . 0 14 . 0 5 . 0 / k k k k L L
E
+ + + +
L
E
For sway frames

+
+

2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
6 . 0 ) ( 8 . 0 1
12 . 0 ) ( 2 . 0 1
/
k k k k
k k k k
L L
E
1
2
12
2007-8-22 23
Use of the charts of Annex E
k
1
= (K
c
+ K
u
) / (K
c
+K
u
+K
TL
+K
TR
)
k
2
= (K
c
+ K
L
) / (K
c
+K
L
+K
BL
+K
BR
)
The stiffness K for each member is
taken as a function of I / L
If a beam supports a floor slab, its K
value should be taken as I / L
For a beam which is not rigidly
connected to the column K should be
taken as zero.
2007-8-22 24
Use of the charts of Annex E
For a beam which carries more
than 90% of its moment capacity,
a pin should be inserted at that
location .
If either end of the column carries
more than 90% of M
p,
the value of
k
1
or k
2
as appropriate should be
taken as 1.0.
For other conditions, the
appropriate values of K are given
in Tables E1, E2 and E3 of the
code.
90%Mp
I
b
/|L
b
=0
k
2
=1
13
2007-8-22 25
Beam stiffness values
Loading condition

Non-sway mode Sway mode
Beam directly supporting
concrete floor or roof slab
1.0 ( I/L ) 1.0 ( I/L )
Other beams supporting
direct loads
0.75 ( I/L ) 1.0 ( I/L )
Beams with end moments
only
0.5 ( I/L ) 1.5 ( I/L )

Table E.1 BS5950:Part1
Non Sway Frame
Sway Frame
Beam in double
curvature
Beam in single
curvature
2007-8-22 26
Effect of Axial Force on Beam stiffness K
b
-
Non sway frames
Rotational restraint at far
end of beam
Beam stiffness coefficient K
b

Fixed at far end 1.0 (I/L ) { 1 0.4 (P
c
/P
E
)}
Pinned at far end 0.75 (I/L ) { 1 1.0 (P
c
/P
E
)}
Rotation as at near end
(double curvature)
1.5 (I/L ) { 1 0.2 (P
c
/P
E
)}
Rotation equal and opposite
to that at near end (single
curvature)
0.5 (I/L ) { 1 1.0 (P
c
/P
E
)}

Far end of the beam
Table E.2 BS5950:Part1
P
E
=
2
EI/L
2
P
c
P
c
14
2007-8-22 27
Columns in a Mixed Frame (E.5)
sr
V

su
V
Effective length to
be increase by
f
Storey buckling amplification factor
=total vertical load in that storey in the columns that resist sway in that plane
=total vertical load in that storey in the columns not resisting sway in that plane
Rigid frame
Simple frame
2007-8-22 28
Frames with partial sway bracing
Two other plots exist as E4 & E5
Relate to k
p
=1 and k
p
=2
For frames which do not satisfy the
requirements for a non-sway frame, can still
take advantage of the stiffness of the bracing
using k
p
.
k
p
is a measure of the stiffness of the partial
sway bracing to the stiffness of the bare
frame.
15
2007-8-22 29
Frames with partial sway bracing
(Annex E.3)
k
p
=h
2
S
p
/(80EK
c
) but 2

c
=sum of I/h for all the columns in that storey
S
p
=sum of the stiffness of every panel in the storey
S
p
=(0.6(h/b) ) t E
p
/[1+(h/b)
2
]
2
h/b =ratio of storey height to panel width
t =panel thickness
E
p
=modulus of elasticity of the panel material.
To account for stiffening effect of infill wall panels in
determining the effective length ratio for frame with partial wall
bracing of relative stiffness k
p
Spring stiffness S
p
h
2007-8-22 30
K
p
=1
K
p
=2
16
2007-8-22 31
Amplified Sway Method
Sway moment should be
multiplied by the amplification
factor k
amp
Non-sway mode in-plane
effective length should be
used.
2007-8-22 32
k
amp
for sway sensitive
frames
1) for unclad frames
or for clad structures in which the stiffening effect
of masonry infill wall panels or diaphragms of
profiled steel sheeting is explicitly taken into
account in determining
cr
:
k
amp
=
cr
/ (
cr
1)
17
2007-8-22 33
k
amp
for sway sensitive frames
2) for clad structures,
provided that the stiffening effect of masonry
infill wall panels or diaphragms of profiled
steel sheeting is not explicitly taken into
account:
k
amp
=
cr
/ (1.15
cr
1.5) but 1.0
Gives smaller amplification factors than previous slide.
2007-8-22 34
Sway effects
In the case of a symmetrical frame, with
symmetrical vertical loads, the sway effects
can correctly be taken as comprising the
forces and moments in the frame due to the
horizontal loads.
18
2007-8-22 35
Sway Moments
In every other case it is necessary to
separate moments into sway and non-
sway components by either:
a) Deducting the non-sway effects.
b) Direct calculation.
2007-8-22 36
a) Deducting the non-sway effects:
1) Analyse the frame under the actual restraint
conditions.
2) Add horizontal restraints at each floor or roof level to
prevent sway, then analyse the frame again.
3) Obtain the sway effects by deducting the second set
of forces and moments from the first set.
In 1) moments are due to sway +non-sway distortions.
In 2) moments are due to non-sway distortions.
In 3) moments are thus only due to sway distortions.
The forces and moments from step 3 are the sway
effects which require magnifying by k
amp
.
Sway Moments
19
2007-8-22 37
Deducting the non-sway effects
Step 1
Step 2
Sway moment = Moment in Step 1 Moment in Step 2
Design moment =nonsway moment +kamp.x Sway moment
(step 2)
2007-8-22 38
b) Direct calculation:
1) Analyse the frame with horizontal restraints added at
each floor or roof level to prevent sway.
2) Reverse the directions of the horizontal reactions
produced, at the added horizontal restraint locations.
3) Apply them as loads to the otherwise unloaded frame
under the actual restraint conditions.
4) Adopt the forces and moments from the second
analysis (step 3) as the sway effects which require
magnifying by k
amp
.
Sway Moments
20
2007-8-22 39
Direct calculation
Step 2: Sway Moment
Step 1 Nonsway moment
R
3
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
2
R
1
Design moment =nonsway moment +k
amp
.x Sway moment
Step 1 Step 2
2007-8-22 40
Elastic design of sway sensitive frames
If
cr
< 4.0 then
The frame is sensitive to instability effects.
The k
amp
approach is not suitable and a full
second order elastic analysis should be
used.
21
2007-8-22 41
Example : Use of Annex E :
Effective lengths in a continuous multi-storey frame
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m
1
2
3
I
x
beams = 21500cm
I
x
columns = 6090cm
4
4
16kN/m
72kN/m
Factored dead plus live load
Beams are supporting concrete slab, K
b
=1.0 I/L
2007-8-22 42
Check if the frame is a sway frame
The notional horizontal force
=0.5% factored (dead plus imposed load) =
at roof level F1 =0.5 (16 x 28.8)/100 =2.3 kN
at each floor F2 =0.5 (72 x 28.8)/100 =10.4 kN
16kN/m
72kN/m
Factored dead plus live load
Inter-storey
F1
F2
F2
F2
deflections
9mm
8mm
6mm
4mm
22
2007-8-22 43
Sway or non-sway frame
The deflection in the lower storey exceeds
h/2000 =3600/2000 =1.8mm and the frame
is a sway frame.
Only the upper storey does not violate the
non-sway limit.
(*these deflection values have been guessed
and are not the result of an analysis!)
2007-8-22 44
Using Appendix E
Column 1
Beams K
TL
=K
TR
=K
BL
=K
BR
=I/L =21500/720 =29.9
Columns K
U
=K
C
=K
L
=I/L =6090/360 =16.9
Restraint factors
Top k
1
=(K
C
+K
U
) / (K
C
+K
U
+K
TL
+K
TR
) =0.36
Bottomk
2
=(K
C
+K
L
) / (K
C
+K
L
+K
TL
+K
TR
) =0.36
The frame is a sway frame; use Figure E.2
L
E
/L =1.27 i.e. L
E
=1.27 x 3.6 =4.57m
If bracing were provided and the frame became a non-sway
frame, the effective length ratio from Figure E.1 of the code
would be 0.625
i.e. L
E
=0.625 x 3.6 =2.25m
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m
1
2
3
23
2007-8-22 45
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pinned
k
1
Fixed
k
2
Pinned
Fixed
2007-8-22 46
Column 2
Beams K
TL
= K
BL
=I/L =21500/720 =29.9
Columns K
C
=K
L
=I/L =6090/360 =16.9
End Restraint factors
Top k
1
=(K
C
) / (K
C
+K
TL
) =0.36
Bottom k
2
=(K
C
+K
L
) / (K
C
+K
L
+K
TL
) =0.53
Therefore as the frame is a sway frame
From Figure E.2
L
E
/L =1.4 i.e. L
E
=1.4 x 3.6 =5.04m
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m
1
2
3
24
2007-8-22 47
Column 3
Beams K
TL
=K
TR
=I/L =21500/720 =29.9
Columns K
U
=K
C
= I/L =6090/360 =16.9
Restraint factors
Top k
1
=(K
C
+K
U
) / (K
C
+K
U
+K
TL
+K
TR
) =0.36
Bottom k
2
=(K
C
) / (K
C
+0.1 x K
C
) =0.91
Therefore as the frame is a sway frame from Figure E.2
L
E
/L =2.0 i.e. L
E
=2.0 x 3.6 =7.20m
The design would then proceed as normal using the
effective lengths calculated above.
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
3.6m
7.2m 7.2m 7.2m 7.2m
1
2
3
Column based is pinned
2007-8-22 48
If the column bases were rigid
base stiffness is taken as column
stiffness : cl. 5.1.3.2
Column 3
Beams K
TL
=K
TR
=I/L =21500/720 =29.9
Columns K
U
=K
C
= I/L =6090/360 =16.9
End restraint factors
Top k
1
=(K
C
+K
U
) / (K
C
+K
U
+K
TL
+K
TR
) =0.36
Bottom k
2
=(K
C
) / (K
C
+K
C
) =0.50
From Figure E.2 L
E
/L =1.35 i.e. L
E
=1.35 x 3.6 =4.86m
The effective length is much reduced and the column will be smaller but
the cost of providing moment resisting foundations may out-weight the cost
of the savings in steelwork. The fixity would also be beneficial in
controlling sway deformations.
1
2
3
25
2007-8-22 49
If all floor beams carrying load
exceeding 90% of their moment
capacity
Column 1
Beams K
TL
=K
TR
=K
BL
=K
BR
=0
Columns K
U
=K
C
=K
L
=I/L =6090/360 =16.9
Restraint factors
Top k
1
=(K
C
+K
U
) / (K
C
+K
U
+0+0) =1
Bottom k
2
=(K
C
+K
L
) / (K
C
+K
L
+0+0) =1
From Figure E.2, the effective length ratio would be
equal to infinity.
1
2
3
2007-8-22 50
Using the amplified sway method.
Alternatively consider the design of the original frame using
the amplified sway method.
The maximum value of the sway index is in the lower storey
and is given by
=(
u
-
l
)/h =4/3600 =1.1 x 10
-3
The elastic critical load factor
cr
is then given by :

cr
=1/(200) =4.55 >4.0
(Note this suggests a very flexible frame)
Amplification factor =
cr
/(
cr
-1) =4.55/(4.55-1) =1.28
The design can proceed using effective length ratios of
nonsway frame and all the moments due to horizontal
deformations multiplied by 1.28.
26
2007-8-22 51
EXAMPLE 2
Notional Horizontal Load =
0.5% floor gravity load applied
in one direction at a time.
The frame is a sway frame in
both direction.
Column designed will be
governed by buckling about
the minor axis.
Hence, design the member
for buckling about the minor
axis
NHL
x
x
y
100 kN
150 kN
100 kN
100 kN
100 kN
NHL
y
150 kN
150 kN
150 kN
NHL
y
NHLx
All members UC 152 x 152 x 37 S 275 steel
2007-8-22 52
Example 2 : Continue
Alternate design
Provide bracing to prevent side
sway in the x direction as
shown.
Design the column as nonsway
in the x direction, but consider
sway effect in the y direction.
NHL
y
NHL
y
x
y
100 kN
100 kN
NHL
x
150 kN
100 kN
100 kN
100 kN
100 kN
27
2007-8-22 53
100kN
100kN
1kN
1kN
1.5kN
1.5kN
Lateral Deflection at
the storey level (cm)
1.503
1.305
0.942
0.412
100
100
150 150
150
150
A
B
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
3.5m
Frame Classification for sway or nonsway
Limiting value for uncladded frame h/2000 = 350/2000 = 0.175cm
since interstorey sway deflections due to notional load at all storey level
are greater than the limiting value of 0.175cm, the frame is classified as
sway frame.
Example 2 : Continue. Consider sway effect in the y direction.
Y direction
NHL
2007-8-22 54
Compute Elastic Buckling Load Factor
Use Annex E.6 and F.2
Notional horizontal load in each storey =0.5%(factored gravity loads).
Conduct a linear elastic analysis to give sway deflection . F.2
Compute sway indices for each storey

s
u L
storey height
=

(Storey height = 350cm)
0.00056 4
0.00104 3
0.00151 2
0.00118 1
Sway index,
s
Storey No.
=0.00151
0 . 4 311 . 3
00151 . 0 200
1
200
1
max s
cr
< =

=
Since
cr
is less than 4.0 effective length and amplified sway method cannot be used!
Direct second order analysis should be used.

max
28
2007-8-22 55
Column Effective Length
Axial load in column AB, F =504.7 kN
Euler buckling load of column =
2
EI/L
2
=
Effective length factor for column AB
48 . 1
7 . 504 x 311 . 3
3667
L
EI
L
L
2
cr
2
E
= =

=
A
B
504.7 kN
504.7 kN
2.7 kNm
5.973 kNm
Forces in column AB
(from structural analysis
Alternatively, we may use the limited frame method,
Beam stiffness k
b
=1.5I/L (Sway mode, Table E.1 in Annex E)
k
bottom
=0.5 (Nominal rigid base, Cl 5.1.3.2)
5 . 0
5 . 1 0 1 1
1 1
k
top
=
+ + +
+
=
53 . 1
L
L
E
=
Let us proceed with the calculation!
2007-8-22 56
For UC 152 x 152 x 37 S 275 steel, use design table Page 265
Local Capacity Check (Simplified formula)
Overall Buckling Check (simplified formula)
(In-Plane Buckling )
(Lateral Torsional Buckling)
OK 0 . 1 46 . 0 0703 . 0 39 . 0
85
973 . 5
1300
7 . 504
M
M
A
F
cx
x
y
< = + = + = +

0 . 1
Z
M m
Z
M m
P
F
y y
y y
x y
x x
c

+
0 . 1
Z
M m
M
M m
P
F
y y
y y
b
x LT
cy

+ +
M
y
=0 for major axis bending only
L
ex
=1.48(3.5m)=5.18m P
cx
=899kN
L
ey
=3.5m (conservative) P
cy
=667kN
Therefore P
c
=667kN (control by weak axis buckling)
=-2.7/5.973 =- 0.452 m
x
=0.51 Table 26
m
LT
=0.45 Table 18
0 . 1 80 . 0
75
97 . 5 x 51 . 0
667
7 . 504
Z
M m
Z
M m
P
F
y y
y y
x y
x x
c
< = + =

+
0 . 1 80 . 0 0
68
973 . 5 45 . 0
667
7 . 504
Z
M m
M
M m
P
F
y y
y y
b
x x
cy
< = +

+ =

+ +
Design using
effective
length
method
A
B
504.7 kN
504.7 kN
2.7 kNm
5.973 kNm
Forces in column AB
(from structural analysis
29
2007-8-22 57
By Amplified Sway Method
A
f
= =
Column effective length for nonsway frame
k
bottom
=0.5 (Nominal rigid base, Cl 5.1.3.2)
Beam stiffness =0.5I/L (Non-sway mode, Table E.1 in Annex E)
K
top
=(1 +1)/(1+1 +0.5) =0.8
In-plane Column effective length factor =0.77 (Fig. E.1, Annex E for
nonsway frame)
L
ex
=3.5m x 0.77 =2.7m P
cx
=1180kN In plane
L
ey
=3.5m P
cy
=668kN out-of-plane
=-2.7/5.973 =- 0.452 m
LT
=0.45 (Table 18 of BS5950)
m
x
=0.51 (Table 26 of BS5950)
In Plane Buckling
Lateral Torsional Buckling (out of plane buckling; no amplification for
moment)
OK
1
cr
cr

43 . 1
1 31 . 3
31 . 3
=

0 . 1 80 . 0
75
97 . 5 x 51 . 0 x 43 . 1
668
7 . 504
Z
M m k
P
F
y y
x x amp
c
< = + =

+
LT x
cy b
F m M 504.7 0.45 5.973
0.80 1.0
P M 668 68

+ = + = <
Design using
Amplified Sway
Method
2007-8-22 58
Design Considerations For Multistorey
Buildings
Deflection Limit
Internal beam < Span/200 to Span /360 or 40mm
Edge beam < Span/300 to Span / 500 or 20mm
Drift Requirements
< H/300 to H/600 for wind with 50 years return period
Comfort Criteria
Top floor acceleration < 1.5%g with 10 year return period of service wind
Floor vibration > 4 cycles/second
(including interaction between primary and secondary beams)
Building deflection (< H/500)
Stability, Overturning & Uplift (foundation and continuity of column)
Building frequencies (Period < 2 seconds)
Continuity of floor diaphragms
Continuity of vertical bracing
Location of lateral bracing
30
2007-8-22 59
Disproportionate Collapse
2007-8-22 60
Structural Integrity
Deflected shape
R
1 Tying force =R or 75 kN
31
2007-8-22 61
Avoidance of Disproportionate Collapse
2 Tying of columns
2007-8-22 62
3.Continuity of columns. all columns should
be carried through at each beam-to-
column connection. All column splices
should be capable of resisting a tensile
force equal to the largest factored vertical
dead and imposed load reaction applied to
the column at a single floor level
4.Resistance to horizontal forces. Braced
bays or other systems for resisting
horizontal forces should be distributed
throughout the building such that, in each
of two directions approximately at right
angles.
5.Heavy floor units. Where precast concrete
or other heavy floor or roof units are used
they should be effectively anchored in the
direction of their span
32
2007-8-22 63
If the five criteria are not
satisfied
Check disproportionate collapse: to
ensure that removal of single element
does not cause too large an area (15% of
floor area or 70m
2
) to collapse
If large area collapse occurs, design the
key element to withstand a blast of 34
kN/m
2
2007-8-22 64
Check disproportionate collapse: to
ensure that removal of single element
does not cause too large an area (15% of
floor area or 70m
2
) to collapse
If large area collapse occurs, design the
key element to withstand the blast
pressure
Alternate Load Path Method
Core
Exterior
columns
Belt and
outrigger
33
2007-8-22 65
Progressive Collapse Resistant Design
Local Resistance Method:
This method seeks to provide
sufficient strength to resist an
extreme loading event. It
requires that a specific
collapse-initiating event be
identified so that the local
resistance can be referenced
to a specific limit state.
Alternate Load Path Method
This method requires that the
structure is able to provide
alternate load path to one lost
column.
The collapse-initiating event
and threat level is not
considered.
2007-8-22 66
Design Summary
Elastic Design
Classify frames as braced or unbraced frame
(5.1.4), and sway or nonsway (2.4.2.6).
Independently braced frames (5.6.2):
Design to resist gravity loads (load combination 1).
The non-sway mode effective length of the columns should be
found from Annex E.
Pattern loading should be used to determine the most severe
moments and forces.
Sub-frames may be used to reduce the number of load cases.
The stabilizing systemmust be designed to resist all the horizontal
loads applied including the notional horizontal forces.
34
2007-8-22 67
Elastic Non-sway frames (5.6.3):
Design to resist gravity loads (load combination 1)
The non-sway mode effective length of the columns
should be found from Annex E.
Pattern loading should be used to determine the most
severe moments and forces.
Sub-frames may be used to reduce the number of
load cases.
The frame should be checked for combined vertical
and horizontal loads without pattern loading.
Design Summary
Elastic Design
2007-8-22 68
Elastic sway sensitive frames
Check in the non-sway mode i.e. design to resist
gravity loads (load combination1) as for
independently braced frames without taking
account of sway. (without notional horizontal
forces, but with pattern loading).
Check in the sway mode for gravity load (i.e. load
combination 1) plus the notional horizontal forces
without any pattern loading.
Check in the sway mode for combined vertical and
horizontal loads (i.e. load combinations 2 and 3)
without pattern loading.
Allow for sway using the effective length method
Annex E or the amplified sway method.
Design Summary
Elastic Design
35
2007-8-22 69
Reading assignment:
BS5950:Part1 Cls 5.1, 5.2 & 5.6
R Liew note: Chapter 3 Sections 3
HOMEWORK 4: CONTINUOUS FRAMES
2007-8-22 70
Take Home Design Project
DL =24kN/m
IL=30 kN/m
6m
Storey height =
4m
6m 6m 6m
Five frames
Spacing 6m
Comment on the structural integrity
36
2007-8-22 71
PLASTIC DESIGN
2007-8-22 72
Plastic design
Classify frames as independently
braced (5.7.2), sway or non sway
(5.7.3)
37
2007-8-22 73
Plastic braced frames
Independently braced frames (5.7.2)
Design to resist gravity loads (load
combination 1).
The effective length L
E
of the columns in the
plane of the frame should generally be taken
as equal to the storey height L.
Check columns under pattern loading using
an effective length from Annex E.
2007-8-22 74
Plastic design of non-sway frames
If beams are designed plastically,
they will contain moments in excess of 90%
of M
p
.
Care must be taken when using Annex E
remembering that K
b
is likely to be ZERO in
most cases,
giving L
E
/L factors close to 1.0
38
2007-8-22 75
Plastic design of non-sway frames
Normal plastic rules apply for local capacity
and member stability as for portal frames.
Usually the latter will be less onerous due to
the presence of floor slabs to provide stability
to the beams.
Remember that the frame must be stable in
the plane perpendicular to the plane of the
frame being designed.
2007-8-22 76
Plastic design- unbraced frames
Check for possible non-sway modes of
failure as recommended for independently
braced frames.
Satisfy the simplified M-R-Wood frame
stability check (given in clause 5.7.3.2),
Or design to resist sway mode failure using
either elastic analysis or second order
elastic-plastic analysis.
39
2007-8-22 77
Plastic design of sway frames
Frames may be designed using a second
order elastic-plastic analysis or by using
the sway stability check.
This is derived from the Merchant-
Rankine-Wood equation.
Origins: The Rankine strut equation is
1/P
F
= 1/P
CR
+ 1/ P
SQ
2007-8-22 78
M-R-Wood equation
Rankines formula proposed for struts prior to
development of Ayrton-Perry equation.
Merchant suggested its use for frames with:
Elastic critical load replacing Euler load.
Plastic collapse load replacing squash load.
40
2007-8-22 79
Plastic design of sway frames
Merchant-Rankine Equation
1 = 1 + 1
P
F
P
sq
P
cr
P
sq
/P
cr
P
F
/P
sq
Merchant-Rankine
1.0
1.0
0.5
2007-8-22 80
Development of M-R-Wood Eqn
1/P
F
= 1/P
CR
+ 1/ P
SQ
1/
F
= 1/
CR
+ 1/
P
={
P
+
CR
}/
CR

P

F
=
CR

P
/ {
P
+
CR
}
But
F
= 1

P
+
CR
=
CR

P

CR
=
CR

P
-
P
=
P
{
CR
1}

P
=
CR
/{
CR
1}
41
2007-8-22 81
Development of M-R-Wood Eqn
But for
CR/

P
>10
stray composite action &
strain hardening means no
need to reduce
r
below
P.
For 10 <
CR
/
P
<4.0
change 1 to 0.9 for
continuity at
CR
/
P
=10

r
=0.9
CR
/{
CR
1}

P /

CR
0.1 0.25
Merchant Rankine-Wood
Merchant-Rankine
2007-8-22 82
Combined plastic collapse mechanism
Determine plastic collapse load using sway mode shown
42
2007-8-22 83
Plastic collapse load
1. The bases of the columns should be fixed.
2. Mechanism as on previous slide.
3. Ensure that columns remain elastic at
assumed plastic moment.
4. Check that no localised beam or storey
mechanism is more dangerous.
5. Storey height less than mean column
spacing.
2007-8-22 84
Development of M-R-Wood Eqn
For actual unclad frames or clad frames
where cladding stiffness is utilised
For
CR
/
P
>20
strain hardening means no
need to reduce
r
below
P .
For 20 <
CR
/
P
<5.75
change 1 to 0.95 for
continuity at
CR
/
P
=20

r
=0.95
CR
/{
CR
1}

P /

CR
0.1 0.25
0.05