Institute of Telecommunications and High-Frequency

Techniques
RF & Microwave Engineering Laboratory
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Schneider
Tutorial Script
Electrodynamics
Electromagnetic Theory for Electrical Engineers
Summer Semester 2014
Tutor: Simon Karau
Room: M 2100
Tel.: 0421 218 62416
Email: simon.karau@hf.uni.bremen.de
Last changes: April 30, 2014
Contents
2 Mathematics 3
3 Maxwells Equations 5
4 Electromagnetic Waves 7
5 Transmission Line Theory 10
6 Antennas 12
2
CHAPTER 2. MATHEMATICS
2 Mathematics
2.1 Problem 1
A bee sits on a lamp located at the point (2 m, 1 m, 4 m) in a room. The temperature in the room is
given by
/

C = ax
3
+by
2
+cz
where a, b, and c are constants. In which direction should the bee y in order to reach a colder region
in the room as fast as possible?
2.2 Problem 2
Two vectors
a =

3
2
1

and

b =

1
1
2

are given.
a) Determine the area of a parallelogram spanned by a and

b.
b) Determine the angle between a and

b.
2.3 Problem 3
The vector eld

F =

ax
2
byz
x

is given in Cartesian coordinates with the constants a and b.

a) Determine the divergence of the vector eld

F.
b) Verify Gauss theorem

div

F dV =

F d

A
for a cube which lls the space between the points (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1).
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CHAPTER 2. MATHEMATICS
2.4 Problem 4
A vector eld

F =

x + 2y +az
bx 3y z
4x +cy + 2z

is given in Cartesian coordinate system with the constants

a, b, c .
a) Determine the constants a, b and c, such that the vector eld

F is curl-free.
b) Using the constants from a), show that the vector eld

F is a gradient function of a scalar
eld (x, y, z).
2.5 Problem 6
a) Express the function =
A
|r|
in spherical and in Cartesian coordinates. A is constant. Compute
in spherical and in Cartesian coordinates.
b) Determine the divergence of the vector eld

G with

G(r, , ) = ar
3
e
r
+br sin e

+e

(a
and b are constants) in spherical coordinates.
c) Express the unit vectors e
x
, e
y
and e
z
of a Cartesian coordinate system in spherical coordinates
r, , . Hint: Use the gradient operator.
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CHAPTER 3. MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
3 Maxwells Equations
3.1 Problem 1
Use Gauss and Stokes theorems to transform the Maxwell equations from dierential to integral
notation.
curl

H =

J +

D
t
curl

E =

B
t
div

D =
div

B = 0
3.2 Problem 2
Figure 3.2.1
According to Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, a time vary-
ing magnetic ux
m
penetrating a loop induces an electromotive
force (emf) noted as v such that
v =
d
m
dt
(3.2.1)
a) Express Eq.(3.2.1) in integral form, in terms of

E and

B elds.
b) Express Faradays law in a point form.
c) Determine the polarities of terminals a and b in the loop shown in Fig.3.2.1
3.3 Problem 3
z
y x
Figure 3.3.2
Fig.3.3.2 shows a square loop which is located in free
space near to a wire carrying a sinusoidal current of 0.5 A
(rms) at a frequency of 5 kHz. If a small gap is intro-
duced into the loop, what is the induced voltage across the
gap?
Hint: the magnetic ux density

B for such a conductor,
mounted along the z-axis, is given by

B =
I
2r
e

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CHAPTER 3. MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
3.4 Problem 4
The three dimensional space is split into two regions lled with dierent materials (see Fig. 3.4.3).
The electric eld intensity

E and the magnetic eld intensity

H, in region 1 (at the interface, see
Fig. 3.4.3), are found to be

E
1
= (2.0e
y
+ 3.0e
z
)V/m

H
1
= (0.1e
x
+ 0.2e
z
)A/m
Figure 3.4.3
a) obtain

E
2
in region 2 (at the interface);
b) obtain

B
2
in region 2 (at the interface);
c) the material in region 2 is replaced with a material that has a conductivity of = while
all other data remain the same. Determine the surface charge density
S
on the interface; as
well as the surface current density

J
S
.
3.5 Problem 5
Two very large metallic plates with an area A are placed next to each other in a distance d (see
Fig. 3.5.4).
Figure 3.5.4
Derive the capacitance C between the plates.
Hint: Assume that one plate carries positive and the other plate the same amount of negative charges.
Additionally assume a pure homogeneous eld (because the plates are very large).
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CHAPTER 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
4 Electromagnetic Waves
4.1 Problem 1
A plane wave exists in a lossless medium. Its electric eld intensity is given as follows:

E = E
o
e
j(tkz)
e
x
(4.1.1)
a) Relate k , , , and .
b) Give an expression for the wave impedance and the magnetic eld strength

H.
b) Using Eq.(4.1.1), obtain an expression for the wavelength .
c) Express and discuss the phase velocity v
ph
of the wave.
d) Determine the phase velocity v
ph
of an electromagnetic wave in free space.
4.2 Problem 2
A plane wave travels in the +z direction in an innite, demagnetized, dielectric lossless medium with
relative permittivity of
r
= 9, at a frequency of 300 MHz and an amplitude of 100 V/m.
a) Write the complete time-domain expressions for the eld vectors.
b) Calculate the average power density of the wave.
Now, assume the dielectric material has a conductivity = 10 S m
1
.
c) What are the wave impedance and wave number of the wave?
d) Determine the average power density of the wave.
4.3 Problem 3
A 5 GHz plane wave propagates in a dielectric material characterized by
r
= 2.53,
r
= 1, and
= 0 S/m. The electric eld intensity of this wave is

E = 10 cos(10 10
9
t kz) e
x
V/m.
a) Determine the phase velocity v
ph
, the wavelength , and the wave number k.
b) Write down the time-domain expression of the magnetic eld strength

H.
Now, the propagating wave impinges perpendicularly on a large sheet of gold ( = 4.1 10
7
S/m).
c) What is the depth at which the wave amplitude is reduced to 2 % of its initial value on the
surface?
d) What is the value of the surface current

J
s
?
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CHAPTER 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
4.4 Problem 4
a) Determine the polarization of the following plane waves.

E
1
= cos(t +kz) e
x
+ sin(t +kz) e
y
V/m

E
2
= cos(t +kz) e
x
sin(t +kz) e
y
V/m

E
3
= cos(t +kz) e
x
2 sin(t +kz

4
) e
y
V/m
b) Given the magnetic eld intensity

H = H
1
cos(t kz +) e
x
+H
2
cos(t kz) e
y
. Show
that the tip of the electric eld vector may trace a line, a circle, or an ellipse for a certain
wave front. Depict and rationalize your answers.
c) Show that a linearly polarized wave can be obtained as the superposition of two circularly
polarized waves rotating in opposite directions but at the same angular rate.
d) Repeat (c) to obtain an elliptically polarized wave.
4.5 Problem 5
A dielectric with a relative permittivity of
r
= 3 lls the half space y 0. A plane TEM wave impinges
from free space onto the boundary.
a) The wave vector is in the x y plane and the incident angle (with respect to the normal
vector) is 30

. Sketch the wave vectors of the incident, reected and refracted waves.
b) Calculate the angles of reection and refraction for incident angles of 30

and 60

. In which
planes are the reected and refracted wave vectors?
c) How much power from an incident and linearly polarized wave is transmitted into the dielectric
material for an incident angle of 30

and tilt angle of = 45

?
d) Under which conditions will the incident wave be totally transmitted into the dielectric mate-
rial? Does this hold for all frequencies? Sketch the electric eld lines for this case.
4.6 Problem 6
A at dielectric medium has a thickness of 3 mm and a dielectric constant of
r
= 3.2.
a) Calculate the rst two frequencies, at which the reection of a perpendicular polarized incident
TEM wave will vanish.
b) Sketch the way of propagation of the incident, reected and refracted wave for an incident
angle of 45

.
c) At which incident angle will there be no reection (for any polarizations!) at a frequency of
30 GHz and 33 GHz?
Now, assume a certain frequency and a certain incident angle.
d) What happens if the dielectric constant increases to
r
= 100 and nally approaches ?
What is the angle of refraction and how much energy is transmitted then?
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CHAPTER 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
4.7 Problem 7
Derive the common reection and transmission coecients for a dielectric slab with a thickness d. The
dielectric slab consists of
a) a lossless dielectric with a permittivity =
0

r
.
b) a lossy dielectric with a permittivity =
0

r
(1 j tan ).
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CHAPTER 5. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
5 Transmission Line Theory
5.1 Problem 1
Determine the characteristic impedance and the phase velocity of a lossless transmission line with an
inductance per unit length of L

= 250 nH/m and a capacitance per unit length of C

= 0.75 pF/cm.
5.2 Problem 2
Determine the lumped element parameters per unit length for a lossless transmission line with a phase
velocity of v = 2.55 10
8
m/s and a characteristic impedance of 75 .
Give also the wavelength and the propagation constant of the guided wave for a frequency of 1 GHz
and 2 GHz.
5.3 Problem 3
A coaxial cable is made of copper with a conductivity of = 5.813 10
7
S/m and it has an inner
and an outer conductor radius of 0.34 mm and 2 mm, respectively. The cable is lled with Teon
that has a relative permittivity, a relative permeability, and a loss tangent of
r
= 2,
r
= 1, and
tan = 0.0004, respectively. The coaxial cable is meant to operate at a frequency of f = 1 GHz.
a) Determine the characteristic impedance of the coaxial cable.
b) Determine the resistance per unit length R

and the conductance per unit length G

.
c) Assuming this is a low loss cable, nd the damping constant and convert it into dB/m.
5.4 Problem 4
a) Determine the characteristic impedance and phase velocity of a lossless transmission line
with an inductance per unit length of L

= 500 nH/m and a capacitance per unit length of

C

= 50 pF/m.
b) Using the lossy two-wire line, shown on
the right hand side, explain the physi-
cal meaning of the parameters per unit
length L

, C

, R

, and G

. Sketch
the corresponding circuit model for such
a two-wire line using lumped elements.
(We want to know where the parameters
L

, C

, R

, and G

physically occur.)
c) How can G

and R

be reduced?
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CHAPTER 5. TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY
5.5 Problem 5
A lossless transmission line with a characteristic impedance Z
0
= 50 is short-circuited at its output.
At its input the line is fed with a wave with a power of P
in
= 1 W.
a) Give an expression of voltage and current of the forward traveling wave.
b) Calculate the reection coecient of the line end and give an expression of voltage and current
of the reected (backward traveling) wave.
c) Determine the voltage and current distribution along the line and sketch them.
d) Determine the VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) graphically and by the formula from
the script.
e) Use the voltage and current distribution along the line to calculate the real power ow:
P(z) = {V (z) I(z)

}
f) Give the reection coecient r(l) and the input impedance Z
in
(l) at dierent distances l from
the short-circuited line end:
1) l = 0
2) l =

8
3) l =

4
4) l =
3
8
5) l =

2
.
5.6 Problem 6
A lossless transmission line with a characteristic impedance Z
0
= 50 is terminated with a load of
Z
L
= (100 + 100j) . The line is embedded in air and supports a pure TEM wave. The frequency of
operation is 2.4 GHz.
Determine the magnitude and phase of the reection coecient as well as the VSWR (Voltage Standing
Wave Ratio) and the return loss for the line:
a) At the load Z
L
b) At a distance of l = 10 cm
Now consider a lossy line with a damping constant of = 0.75/m.
c) Recalculate the reection coecient r(l) the VSWR and the return loss at the distance of
subproblem b).
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CHAPTER 6. ANTENNAS
6 Antennas
6.1 Problem 1
A dipole is put into the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system. The dipole has a height h and an
electric current amplitude I that varies harmonically. The orientation of the dipole is n =

1
0
0

.
a) Explain the way of calculation of the radiated electromagnetic elds.
The elds produced by the current ow on the dipole are in spherical coordinates:

E =
Ih
2

cos e
jkr

Z
0
r
2
+
1
jr
3

1
2
sin e
jkr

j
r
+
Z
0
r
2
+
1
jr
3

H =
Ih
2

0
0
1
2
sin e
jkr

jk
r
+
1
r
2

a) Simplify the given elds for a point of observation in the near and in the far eld.
b) Draw a sketch of the elds for both cases.
c) Determine the polarization of the dipole.
d) Determine the active power ow

S of the dipoles elds in near and far eld distance.
The dipole at the origin is driven by a current of I and a second dipole (with same dimensions) should
be used to receive a part of the radiated power. The far eld conditions are fullled.
Fig. 6.1.1a - 6.1.1d show dierent possible orientations of the receive antenna.
(a) Orientation of the receive antenna is e
x
(b) Orientation of the receive antenna is e
y
(c) Orientation of the receive antenna is e
z (d) Orientation of the receive antenna is
e
x
+e
z

2
e) Regarding the received power, what is the optimal orientation of the receive antenna?
f) How much power is received by the other three combinations compared to the optimal one of
task d)?
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