+ = )
with f
yb
the tensile yield strength = f
y
f
u
the tensile ultimate strength
t the material thickness
A
g
the gross cross-sectional area
k is a coefficient depending on the type of forming :
k = 0.7 for cold rolling
k = 0.5 for other methods of forming
n the number of 90 bends in the section
Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to Table 5.3.1. (class 1,2,3 or 4). The section is
checked for tension (art. 5.4.3.), compression (art. 5.4.4.), shear (art. 5.4.6.) and the
combination of bending, shear and axial force (art. 5.4.9.).
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to art.5.5.. The following
criteria are considered :
for compression : art. 5.5.1.
for lateral torsional buckling : art. 5.5.2.
for bending and axial compression : art. 5.5.4.
The shear buckling resistance is checked using the simple post-critical method from art.
5.6.3.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
A more detailed overview for the used articles is given for part 5.3., 5.4., 5.5. and 5.6. in
the following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked
with (*) have a supplementary explanation the following chapters.
5.3. Classification of cross sections
5.3.1. Basis x
5.3.2. Classification x
5.3.3. Cross-section requirements for plastic global analysis
5.3.4. Cross-section requirements when elastic global analysis is
used
5.3.5. Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section x (*)
5.3.6. Effects of transverse forces on webs
5.4. Resistance of cross-sections
5.4.1. General x
5.4.2. Section properties (*)
5.4.3. Tension x
5.4.4. Compression x
5.4.5. Bending moment x (*)
5.4.6. Shear x
5.4.7. Bending and shear x
5.4.8. Bending and axial force x
5.4.9. Bending, shear and axial force x (*)
5.4.10. Transverse forces on webs
5.5. Buckling resistance of members
5.5.1. Compression members x (*)
5.5.2. Lateral-torsional buckling x (*)
5.5.3. Bending and axial tension
5.5.4. Bending and axial compression x (*)
5.6. Shear buckling resistance
5.6.1. Basis x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
5.6.2. Design methods
5.6.3. Simple post-critical method x
5.6.4. Tension field method
5.6.5. Intermediate transverse stiffeners
5.6.6. Welds
5.6.7. Interaction between shear force, bending moment and axial
force
x
5.9. Built-up compression members
5.9.3. Battened compression members
5.9.3.1. Application x(*)
5.9.3.2. Constructional details
5.9.3.3. Second moment of inertia x
5.9.3.4. Chord forces ar mid-length x
5.9.3.5. Buckling resistance of chords x
5.9.3.6. Moments and shear due to battening x
Classification of sections
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is performed. The classification can change for each intermediary point.
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is
used to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for
each load case/combination.
However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is determined
for each intermediary section.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section
The calculation of the effective area is performed with the direct method (sigma_d =
fy,k).
For each intermediary section, the classification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is
determined and the proper section check is performed. The classification (and effective
area) can change for each intermediary point. The most critical check is displayed on the
screen.
For each load case and combination, the most critical effective area properties are saved
:
Aeff is the effective area of the cross section when subject to uniform compression.
Weff is the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment
about the relevant axis. eN is the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross
section is subject to uniform compression.
With these critical properties, the stability check is performed.
For non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
intermediary section, also for the stability check.
For angle sections, see chapter 'Effective cross-section properties for compressed lattice
tower angle members'.
Section properties
5.4.2.2 : The net area properties are not taken into account .
5.4.2.3 : The shear lag effects are neglected .
Bending moment
5.4.5.3 : The holes for fasteners are neglected.
Bending, shear and axial force
The reduced design plastic resistance moment for the interaction of bending, shear and
axial force, is taken from Table 5.17. Ref. [2]
Torsion check
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
For the cross section check inclusive torsion and warping, we refer to Chapter 'Warping
check'.
Built-in beams
For built-in beam sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
performed, taking into account the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections)
Compression members
5.5.1.5 For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of
buckling ratio"
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
force for this member (see chapter Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH
elements).
The buckling curves for steel grade S420 and S460 are taken from Ref.[5], Annex D.
Lateral-torsional buckling
For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections
and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is
given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [1]. For the calculation of the moment
factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=
with E the modulus of elasticity
G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral
restraint (= l
LTB
)
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
See also Ref. [3], part 7 and in particular part 7.7. for channel sections.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Use of diaphragms
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.
Shear buckling check
Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Shear buckling check for cold formed sections
See Ref.[4] 5.8 :
The shear resistance of the web V
w,Rd
shall be taken as the lesser of the shear buckling
resistance V
b,Rd
and the plastic shear resistance V
pl,Rd
.
The shear resistance of the web should be checked if
E
f
t
s
346 . 0
f
f
83 . 0
yb
w
w
_
1 M
0 M
y
yb
w
_
=
The shear buckling resistance V
b,Rd
is given by
1 M
bv w
Rd , b
V
=
f t s
he plastic shear resistance V
pl,Rd
is given by
T
3
f t s
V
0 M
y w
Rd , pl
=
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
with
w
ess
d strength
M0
ce of cross-sections where
M1
ce of cross-sections where
failure is caused by buckling (=1.1)
he value for f
bv
is given by :
f
bv
the relative web slendern
f
yb
the basic yield strength
f
y
the average yiel
s
w
the web length
t the web thickness
E the modulus of elasticity
f
bv
the shear buckling strength
the partial safety factor for resistan
failure is caused by yielding (=1.1)
the partial safety factor for resistan
T
w
_
<1.40
w
yb
f
48 . 0
f
67 .
1.40
0
w
_
yb
Remarks :
For an arbitrary composed section, the total Vb,Rd and Vpl,Rd is taken as the sum of
sistance of each web, where the angle (teta) is larger than 45 (see figure)
the basic yield strength is taken equal to the average yield strength
re
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Stability check for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling
See Ref.[4] 6.2.3.
The design buckling resistance N
b,Rd
for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
obtained using buckling curve b, and with relative slenderness given by :
( ) ( ) [ ]
i
y
1
i
l
E
4
T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr
+
2
1
i i
l
EC
i A
1
) , min(
f
0
0
y
y
y , cr
T , cr TF , cr
2
z
2
y
2
T
t
2
0 g
T , cr
TF , cr T , cr cr
A
cr
yb
=
+
=
+ + =
+ =
=
=
y
2
i
2
GI
y , cr
0 0
m
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
with
yb
the basic yield strength
cr
the critical stress
cr,T
the elastic critical s ess for torsional buckling
cr,TF
the elastic critical stress for torsional-flexural buckling
G the shear modulus
E the modulus of elasticity
constant of the gross section
the warping constant
z
the radius of gyration about zz-axis
l the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
of the shear center
-axis
A
the ratio A
eff
/A (see Ref.[1] 5.5)
f
tr
I
T
the torsion
C
M
i
y
the radius of gyration about yy-axis
i
T
y
0
the position
l
y
the buckling length for flexural buckling about the yy
Bending and axial compression
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
When the torsional buckling and/or the torsional-flexural buckling is governing, the
formula (6.12) from Ref.[4], article 6.5.2. is applied.
Battened compression members
) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc
The following section pairs are supported as battened compression member :
(1) 2I
(2
Two links (battens) are used.
The following additional checks are performed :
-
buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with N
f,Sd
-
section check of single chord, using internal forces :
4
a V
M
2
V
V
N N
s
G
s
G
SD f, G
=
=
=
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces :
4
a V
M
2 h
a V
T
s
0
s
=
=
For the calculation of V
s
, the value of M
s
is increased with the value of the internal force
M
zz
.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
l
a
ho
EC3 - FIRE RESISTANCE
Fire actions effect E
fi
The design effects of actions for the fire situation E
fi,d,t
are taken from the results of the
is. It is recommended to use the accidental combination rules, for calculating the analys
internal forces used in the fire resistance check.
The accidental combination is given by
) f ( A Q Q G
d j , k j , 2 1 , k 1 , 1 k GA
+ + +
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
with G
k
characteristic values of permanent actions
Q
k,1
characteristic value of the (main) variable action
characteristic values of the other variable actions
design values of actions from fire exposure
GA
partial safety factor for permanent actions in the accidental
situation
=[1.0]
1,1 2,j
ients
aterial properties
Q
k,j
A
f
(d)
combination coeffic
M
g on the steel temperature.
trength and deformation properties :
The material properties are dependin
S
a
E
E
, a
,
y
, p
, p
y
, y
, y
E
f
f
f
f
=
=
=
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength k
y,
,
proportional limit k
p,
and modulus of elasticity k
E,
is given by tables in ref.[6], table
.1.
t ethod, the following default properties are considered to
nalysis :
unit mass
a
7850 kg/m
k
k
k
3
In he simplified calculation m
be constant during the a
thermal elongation l/l 14 x 10
-6
(
a
-20)
thermal conductivity
a
45 W/mK
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Temperature analysis - Thermal actions
this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are
ction 4, and Ref.[7], II.2.2.
Nominal temperature-time curve
In
described. See Ref.[8], Se
The following temperature-time curves can be selected :
t time in [min]
gas temperature in [C]
c
the coefficient of heat transfer by convection
ISO 834 curve
W 25
t 8 ( 34 20
c
g
=
+ +
external fire curve
with
g
[ ] K m /
) 1
log 5
10
( )
[ ] K m / W 25
20 e 313 . 0 e 687 . 0 1 660
c
t 8 . 3 t 32 . 0
g
=
+ =
drocar curve
hy bon
( )
[ ] K / W 50
e 25 1 1080
c
167 . 0
g
=
=
smoldering fire curv
m
20 e 675 . 0
t 5 . 2 t
+
3 . 0
e
20 t 154
4
g
+ =
during 20 minutes, followed by the standard ISO 834 curve
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Net heat flux
r , n c , net c , n d , net
h h
r , net
h + =
net,d
net,c
the convective heat flux
h
net,r
the radiative heat flux
n,c
factor depending on NAD [1.0]
n,r
factor depending on NAD [1.0]
with h the net heat flux
h
( )
m g c c , net
h =
( ) ( ) ( )
4
m
4
r
273 273 + +
8
res r , net
10 7 =
ith
res
f
emissivity related to fire compartment
= [0.800]
= [0.625]
r
=
g
gas temperature in [C]
m
surface temperature of member in [C]
c
coefficient of heat transfer by convection
Steel Temp
6 . 5 h
w configuration factor [1.0]
resultant emissivity
=
f
m
m
emissivity related to surface material
erature
The increase of temper member during a time interval
t
ature
a,t
in an unprotected steel
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
t h
V
c
/ A
d , net
a
m
t , a
=
ith nit length [m/m]
th [m/m]
taken as less than 10m
-1
t
a
the unit mass of steel [kg/m]
a
w A
m
the exposed surface area per u
V the volume of the member per unit leng
The factor A /V should not be
m
the specific heat of steel [J/kgK] c
a
h
net,d
the net heat flux per unit area [W/m]
the time interval [seconds]
The value should not be taken as more than 5 seconds
The increase of temperature
a,t
in an insulated steel member during a time interval t
( )
( )
V / A d
c
p p
a a
=
c
1 e t
3
c d
V / A
p p
t , g
10 / t , a t , g p p
t , a
=
of fire protection material per unit length [m/m]
p
ess of the fire protection material [m]
t the time interval [seconds]
The value should not be taken as more than 30 seconds
t
g,t
the increase of the ambient gas temperature during the time
interval
1
a a p
with A
p
the area
V the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
c
a
the specific heat of steel [J/kgK]
c
p
the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
d the thickn
a
the unit mass of steel [kg/m]
p
the unit mass of fire protection [kg/m]
a,t
the steel temperature at time t
g,t
the ambient gas temperature at time
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
p
the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
[W/mK]
a,t
0.0
with intumescent
e'.
The value
For the increase of temperature
a,t
in an insulated steel member
ter 'Steel Temperatur
+ =
with f
yb
the tensile yield strength = f
y
the tensile ultimate strength
l thickness
the gross cross-sectional area
is a coefficient depending on the type of forming :
k = 0.5 for other methods of forming
r of 90 bends in the section
Consulted articles
f
u
t the materia
A
g
k
k = 0.7 for cold rolling
n the numbe
T hecked according to the regulations given in "Eurocode 3:
D 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings - EN 1993-1-
1
he beam elements are c
esign of steel structures - Part
:2005".
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
The cross-sections are classified according to Table 5.2. All classes of cross-sections are
i ections) the effective section is calculated in
e N 1993-1-5:2003, Chapter 4.4 .
T .2.: the section is checked for tension (art. 6.2.3.),
c 2.6.), torsion (art.6.2.7.) and
combined bending, shear and axial force (art. 6.2.8., art.6.2.9. and art.6.2.10.).
The stability check is taken from art. 6.3.: the beam element is checked for buckling
(art. 6.3.1.), lateral torsional buckling (art. 6.3.2.), and combined bending and axial
c
T
F
A check for critical slenderness and torsion moment is also included.
or integrated beams, the local plate bending is taken into account for the plastic
oment capacity and the bending stresses in the section. The out-of-balance loading is
A rview for the used articles is given in the following table. The
chapters marked with The chapters marked with (*) hav
s the following chapters.
n of cross section
(*)
ncluded. For class 4 sections (slender s
ach intermediary point, according to prE
he stress check is taken from art. 6
ompression (art. 6.2.4.), bending (art. 6.2.5.), shear (art. 6.
ompression (art. 6.3.3.).
he shear buckling is checked according to prEN 1993-1-5:2003, Chapter 5.
or I sections, U sections and cold formed sections warping can be considered.
F
m
checked.
more detailed ove
x are consulted.
upplementary explanation
e a
EN 1993-1-1
5.5 Classificatio
5.5.1. Basis
x
5.5.2. Classification
x
6. Ultimate limit states
6.1. General
x
6.2. Resistance of cross-sections
x
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Section properties
x(*)
6.2.3 Tension
x
6.2.4 Compression
x
6.2.5 Bending moment
x
6.2.6 Shear
x
6.2.7 Torsion
x(*)
6.2.8 Bending and shear
x
6.2.9 Bending and axial force
x
6.2.10 Bending, shear and axial force
x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
6.3. Buckling resistance of members
6.3.1 Uniform members in compression
x(*)
6.3.2 Uniform members in bending
x
6.3.3 Uniform members in bending and axial compression
x(*)
Annex A:Method 1:Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in 6.3.3.(4)
x
Annex B:Method 2:Interaction factors kij for interaction formula in 6.3.3.(4)
x
prEN 1993-1-3
6.1.2. Axial tension
x
6.1.3. Axial compression
x
6.1.5. Shear force
x
6.1.6. Torsional moment
x
rEN 1993-1-5 p
4.4. Plate elements without longitudinal stiffeners
x
5. Resistance to shear
x
5.1. Basis
5.2. Design resistance
x
5.3. Contribution from webs
x
5.4. Contribution from flanges
x
5.5. Verification
x
7.1. Interaction between shear force, bending moment and axial force
x
Classification of sections
or each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is performed. The classification can change for each intermediary point.
F
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is
used to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for
each load case/combination.
However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is determined
ion.
ve cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section
for each intermediary sect
Effecti
For each intermediary section, the classification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is
ction check is performed. The classification (and effective
rea) can change for each intermediary point. The most critical check is displayed on the
n.
eff is the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment
about the relevant axis. eN is the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross
section is subject to uniform compression.
ith these critical properties, the stability check is performed.
or non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
intermediary ction, als
Section pro ties
The calculation of the effective area is performed with the direct method (sigma_d =
fy,k).
determined and the proper se
a
screen.
For each load case and combination, the most critical effective area properties are saved
:
Aeff is the effective area of the cross section when subject to uniform compressio
W
W
F
se o for the stability check.
per
T e net area perties unt .
T e shear la ffects are
orsion check
h pro are not taken into acco
h g e neglected .
T
arping or the cross section check inclusive torsion and warping, we refer to Chapter 'W F
check'.
uilt-in beams B
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
For built-in beam sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
erformed, taking into account the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
ompression members
p
built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections)
C
e buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling
tio"
Euler force for VARH
lements).
ateral-torsional buckling
For the calculation of th
ra
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
force for this member (see chapter Calculation of critical
e
L
For I sections (symmetric and asymmetric), RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections
ction) sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is
F.2. Annex F Ref. [4]. For the calculation of the moment
ctors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for LTB".
F r the oth ent for LTB Mcr is given by
and CHS (Circular Hollow Se
given by the general formula
fa
o er supported sections, the elastic critical mom
z
2
t
z
2
z
EI I
+
2
L
E
odulus of elasticity
odulus
h of the beam between points which have lateral
restraint (= l
LTB
)
ing constant
nal constant
bout the minor axis
Re particular part 7.7. for channel sections.
+Ud+rail) are
LGI Iw I
Mcr
=
with
E
G
the m
the shear m
L the lengt
Iw the warp
It the torsio
Iz the moment of inertia a
S
ee also f. [5], part 7 and in
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Use of diaphragms
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'
Shear buckling check
.
il,
SUPPO
Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+ra
Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections. I+
RTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS r Hollow Section Rectangula
CHS n Circular Hollow Sectio
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
Z Z section
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM PRIMAWIN Composed section in
O Solid tube
NUM al section Numeric
The nec re described in chapter "Profile
conditions for code check".
he CO nd NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
I
RHS
CHS
L
U
T
PPL
RS
Z
O
COM
NUM
essary data conditions for these sections a
T
M a
Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Section check class 1 x x x
Section check class 2 x x x
Section check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check class 4 x x x x x x
Stability check class 1 x x x
Stability check class 2 x x x
Stability check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check class 4 x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x x
(1) sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default.
REFERENCES
Design of steel structures
and rules for buildings
-1:2005
neral rules
ary rules for cold-formed members and sheeting
Design of steel structures
Part 1.5 : Plated structural elements
prEN 1993-1-5 : 2003
4] R. Maquoi
[1] Eurocode 3
Part 1 - 1 : General rules
993-1 EN 1
[2] Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1-3: Ge
Supplement
EN 1993-1-3:20XX, 2003
] Eurocode 3 [3
[
ELEMENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
Ulg , Facult des Sciences Appliques, 1988
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DIN1880
DIN18800 CODE CHECK
0
The beam elem e ven in
8800
uten
ng und Konstruktion
ber 1990
ents are checked according to the r gulations gi
DIN 1 Teil 1
Stahlba
Bemessu
DK 693.814.014.2, Novem
DIN 1880
tahlbaute
tts Knic on St nd Stabwe
.814.074.5, November 1990
0 Teil 2
S n
Stabili flle, ken v ben u rken
DK 693
DIN 18800 Teil 3
ten
Stabilittsflle, Plattenbeulen
November 1990
Stahlbau
DK 693.814.073.1,
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the yield strength fy and tensile strength fu are defined
according to [ ] the thickness of the element (see Ref. 1 , Tab.1)
The standard steel grades are :
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(fy, fu in N/mm, t in mm)
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=80 40<t<=80
fy fu fy fu
S235 240 360 215 360
S 235
St 37-2
S275 280 430 255 430
S 275
S355 360 510 325 510
S 355
St 52-3
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100
fy fu fy fu
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460 460 550 430 550
S 460
Consulted articles
F Tab
1 n, the section is checked as slend
s stic) or as PL/PL (plastic/plastic).
F ) a
u
T Tab
( Tab
(
T
For the stability check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2 for
buckling, lateral torsional buckling and bending and compression. The following criteria
are used :
or the section check, the cross section is classified according to DIN18800 Teil I, le
2,13,14,15 and 18.. Depending on this classificatio
ection, EL/EL (elastic/elastic), as EL/PL (elastic/pla
er
or the EL/EL check, DIN18800 Teil I, Element (746), (747), (748), (749), (750 re
sed.
he EL/PL check takes the rules from DIN18800 Teil I, Element (756), (757) and
16) ,(17). The PL/PL check is done according to DIN18800 Teil I, Element (758),
le
le
16),(17).
he slender cross section is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2, Element (715).
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Element (304),(306)
pression : Element (320),(323)
F used :
ctive area : Element (705),(706),(708),(709),(712),(713)
F eil
T
A for the used articles is given for the relevant parts followin
t ave
s
compression :
lateral torsional buckling : Element (311),(309)
ssion : Element (313),(321),(322) bending and axial compre
bending (LTB) and com
or slender sections, the following criteria are
calculation of effe
buckling check : Element (715),(716),(718),(719)
LTB check : Element (725),(726),(728),(729)
or the shear buckling check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 T
3), (504), (602),(603)
3.
he following criteria are used : Element (11
more detailed overview g
able. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) h
apters.
a
upplementary explanation the following ch
Teil 1
7.5. Verfahren beim Tragsicherheitsnachweis Nachweise (*)
7.5.1. Abgrenzungskriterien und Detailregelungen (*)
7.5.2. Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(745)
(746)
(747)
(748)
(749)
(750)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Elastisch-Plastisch
(753)
(756)
(757)
x
x
x
x
Nachweis nach dem Verfahren Plastisch-Plastisch
(758)
x
x
Teil 2
3.2. Planmssig mittiger Druck x
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3.2.1. Biegeknicken
(304) (*)
x
x
3.2.2. Biegedrillknicken
(306) )
x
x (*
3.3. Einachsige Biegung ohne Normalkraft
3.3.1. Allgemeines
(307)
x
x
x
3.3.2. Behinderung der Verformung
*) (309)
x
x (
3.3.3. Nachweis des Druckgurtes als Druckstab
3.3.4. Biegedrillknicken
(311)
x
x (*)
3.4. Einachsige Biegung mit Normalkraft x
3.4.1. Stbe mit geringer Normalkraft x
(312) x
3.4.2. Biegeknicken x
(314) x
3.4.3. Biegedrillknicken
(320)
x
x
3.5. Zweiachsige Biegung mit oder ohne Normalkraft x
3.5.1. Biegeknicken
(321)
)
x
x
(322) x(*
3.5.2. Biegedrillknicken x
(323) x
4. Mehrteilige, einfeldrige Stbes
08).
x(*)
4.1. Allgemeines
4.2. Hufig verwendete Formelzeichnen
(404) x
4.3. Ausweichen rechtwinklig zur stofffreien Achse
(405) x
(406). x
(4 x
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(409). x
7. Planmssig gerade Stbe mit ebenen dnnwandigen Quenschnittsteilen
7.1. Allgemeines
(701)
(702)
x
x
x
x
(704) x
7.2. Berechnungsgrundlage
(705)
x
x
x
(706)
(707)
x
(708)
(709)
x
x
7.3. Wirksame Breite beim Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(711)
x
x
x (*)
x
(712)
(713)
7.4. Wirksame Breite beim Verfahren Elastisch-Plastisch
7.5. Biegeknicken
7.5.1. Spannungsnachweis beim Verfahren Elastisch-Elastisch
(715)
x
x
x
7.5.2. Vereinfachte Nachweise
(716)
(718)
(719)
(721)
x
x
x
x
x
7.6. Biegedrillknicken
(722)
(723)
(725)
(726)
(728)
(729)
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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Teil 3
5. Nachweise
(504)
(*)
x
6. Abminderungsfaktoren
(601)
(602)
x
x
x
Classification of sections
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is performed. The classification can change for each intermediary point.
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is
used to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for
each load case/combination.
However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is determined
for each intermediary section.
Net area properties
The net area properties are not taken into account .
The holes for fasteners are neglected.
Plastic interaction formula for RHS section
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b
s/2
h
AG
AS/2
For RHS section, classified as Plastic-Plastic or Elastic-Plastic, the plastic interaction
formula according to Ref.[13], can be selected.
Used variable :
A sectional area
A
S
= s h
A
G
= (A-A
S
)/2.0
Wel,y lastic section modulus around y axis e
Wel,z elastic section modulus around z axis
f
y,d
yield strength
y,d
shear strength
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V
z,pl,Rd
= A
S
y,d
V
y,pl,Rd
= 2A
G
y,d
N
Sd
normal force
M
y,Sd
bending moment around y axis
M
z,Sd
ending moment around z axis b
V
y,Sd
hear force in y direction s
V
z,Sd
shear force in z direction
M
T,Sd
rsional moment to
2
M
Rd , pl , z
Sd , T
Sd , z
z
z
Rd , pl , z
Sd ,
Sd , z
V
b
V
1 else
0 . 1
4
1
V
M
V
if
+
=
=
+
T
b
2
Rd , pl , y
Sd , T
Sd , y
y
y
Rd , pl , y
Sd , T
Sd , y
V
h
M
V
1 else
0 . 1
4
1
V
h
M
V
if
+
=
=
+
A
r
=
z
A
S
+ 2
y
A
G
r
S
z
A
A
=
N
pl,Rd
= A
r
f
y,d
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=
yd y , el Rd , pl Rd , pl , y
f W 25 . 1 , hN
4
2
min M
+
=
yd z , el Rd , pl Rd , pl , z
f W 25 . 1 , bN
4
1
min M
Rd , pl
Sd
N
N
n =
Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
M
M
m =
The following interaction formula are checked :
Plastic interaction formula for CHS section
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For CHS section, classified as Plastic-Plastic or Elastic-Plastic, the plastic interaction
formula according to Ref.[14], Tafel 6.74, is used :
=
=
=
s r Q , pl
r
A N
dt A
=
+ =
+ =
s el Q , pl Q , pl
pl
v
s
pl
2
z
2
y v
2
z
2
y v
plQ
v
Q , pl
v
W 25 . 1 , N
d
min M
Q
1 Q
3
dt 2
M M M
Q Q Q
1
2 N
N
cos
1
M
M
with Q
y
,Q
z
internal shear force
v
internal normal force
y
,M
z
internal bending moments
yield strength
dimensions from CHS
l
elastic
Q
=
pl
1 :
4 Q
= >
2
v
pl
v
Q
1 :
4
1
Q
Q
N
M
s
d,t
W
e
section modulus
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t
d
Torsion check
For the cross section check inclusive torsion and warping, we refer to Chapter 'Warping
check'.
The stability check (DIN 18800 T2, formula 28 & 30) for doubly symmetric I section
becomes (Ref.[9], pp. 259) :
) 30 ( 0 . 1 k
M
z
d , z , pl
+
M M
k
M
N
) 28 ( 0 . 1 k
M
M M
k
M
M
N
N
w , z z
y
d , y , pl
y
d ,
z
d , z , pl
w , z z
y
d , y , pl
y
d , pl
+
+
+ +
with M
z,w
M
M
N
pl z
h
w
=
M 2
M
w
he St.Venant torsion')
Built-in beams
bimoment (see chapter 'Standard diagrams for warping
torque, bimoment and t
k
z
= 1.50
For built-in am sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
performed, t g into local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
b ilt-in beam IFB, SF
be
akin account the
u s ( B, THQ sections)
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the buc Calculation of kling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to chapter "Calculation of buckling
ratio".
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
force for this member (see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).
The buckling curves for steel grade S420 and S460 are taken from Ref.[10], Annex D.
Torsional buckling
The slenderness for torsional buckling
vi
is given by (see Ref.[6] , 7.5):
( )
+
+
+
=
2
2 2
2
2
0
2
2 2
2
2 2
1 093 . 0 4
1 1
2
M
M
z
p
M
z
z
vi
i c
z i c
c
i c
i
ith al buckling length, refers to the input value for
length l
yz
z
the system length for buckling around zz-axis
Remark : the z-axis refers to the axis which goes through
z
Remark : the z-axis refers to the axis which goes through
the shear force centre.
0
refers to end warping and is input by the value k
xy
z
M
the shear center
ation around major axis
n around minor axis
M
= i
p
+ z
M
w
the warping constant
z
l
w l
0
the torsion
the system
l
the shear force centre.
refers to the buckling ratio around the zz-axis
i
y
the radius of gyr
i
z
the radius of gyratio
i
p
= i
y
+ i
z
i
I
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I
z
the moment of inertia around minor axis
t
the torsional constant I
( ) ( ) ( )
z
t z z z z w
I
I l l l I
c
2 2
0 0
2
2
039 . 0 / +
=
With this slenderness
vi
and the buckling curve c, the reduction factor is calculated.
Use of diaphragms
(see also Ref.[7],3.5 and Ref.[8],3.3.4.)
ffness S for diaphragm is calculated as follows
The shear sti
L
K
+
K
10
a.
= S
s
2
1
4
with a the frame distance
The torsiona onstant I ffness of the diaphragms :
L
s
the length of diaphragm
K
1
factor K1
K
2
factor K2
l c t is adapted with the sti
G
l
vorhC
I
2
2
t id
+ =
ith l the LTB length
G the shear modulus
vorhC
+
i
25 . 0 c
2
+ =
p
2
p k
z 5 . 0 z cr
N M
( ) ( ) ( )
z
t
2
z
2
0 0
2
039 . 0 l / +
z w 2
I
I l l I
=
l,l
0
the LTB length
refers to rotational end-restraint in plan (about the z-z local axis).
0
end warping
z
p
the point of load application
the warping constant
nd minor axis
I
t
the torsional constant
A the sectional area
E the modulus of elasticity
vi
the slenderness for torsional buckling ( see above)
the moment factor ( equivalent for factor C1)
c
with
z
refers to
I
w
I
z
the moment of inertia arou
( )
2
z
z
2
i k
l
EI
N
=
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Roik, Carl & Lindner
z
t w
p
2
p
z
cr y , ki
I
I l 039 . 0 I
c
z 5
c
z 5
l
EI
M M
+
=
+ +
= =
with moment factor according to Roik, Carl, Lindner
E modulus of elasticity
I
z
moment of inertia around weak axis zz
l system length for LTB
z
p
application point for loading, negative value is on top and has
negative influence
w
warping constant
The factor is supported for the following cases (described in Ref.[11], tables 5.13,
5.14, 5.15, 5.18, 5.19, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30,
5.33) :
- linear moment distribution :
I
I
t
torsional constant
- moment line according to distributed loading
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- moment line according to concentrated loading
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For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=
with E the modulus of elasticity
estraint
(= l
LTB
)
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Combined flexion for check method 2
G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral r
See also Ref. [5], part 7 and in particular part 7.7. for channel sections.
aunched H
sections (Iw
The value My is the maximum value of the bending moment around the strong axis in
the member. The value Mz is the maximum value of the bending moment around the
weak axis in the member.
For non-prismatic sections, the values My and Mz are the concurrent bending moments
for each intermediary section.
Battened compression members
The following section pairs are supported as battened compression member :
(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc
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Two links (battens) are used.
The following additional checks are performed :
-
buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with N
G
-
section check of single chord, using internal forces (Ref.[7], pp.88-95) :
4
a maxV
M
2
maxV
V
W
A
)
l
a
sin( M max
2
N
N
y
G
y
G
*
z
G
z G
=
=
+ =
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces (Ref.[7], pp.88-95) :
2
Te
y
M
2 h
a maxV
T
y
=
=
ith the value of the internal For the calculation of maxVy, the value of M
z
is increased w
force M
zz
.
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l
a
hy
e
Effective area properties
The calculation of the effective area is perfo e hod (sigma_d =
fy,k) according to the El-El procedure (DIN18800 T2, 7.3.).
F ssification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is
determined and the proper section check is p ed. The classification (and effective
a can change for each intermediary point. ost critical check is displayed on the
screen.
F ation, the most critical effective area properties are saved.
T ea properties are the effective area properties on the
p moment of inertia is the minimum.
W these critical properties, the stability check is performed.
For non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
i ediary section, also for the stability che
rmed with the direct m t
or each intermediary section, the cla
erform
The m rea)
or each load case and combin
he most critical effective ar
osition where the appropriate
ith
nterm ck.
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Shear buckling check
Com (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asym ctions.
Shear buckling check with buckling influen
posed rail sections I+rail, I+2PL+
metric I se
ce
The influence of the buckling effect into the shear buckling control, is neglected when
there is a bending moment present.
It m
Cold formed thin gauge members
eans that k=1 if <0.9. See also Ref.[3], Element 503.
The following table includes a list of DASt-Richtlinie 016 (Ref.[12]
are implemented in EPW by using the related DIN18800 T2 (Ref.[2]) element.
) elements which
Supported elements from
DASt - Richtlinie 016
Covered by DIN
18800 T2 elements
Remarks
3.7.1. Grenzzustand der Tragfhigkeit
328 Tab.26
329 712
330 712
333 Tab.27
335 706
4.3.1. Biegemomententragfhigkeit
404 715
4.4. Biegedrillknicken
biegebeanspruchter Bauteile
4.4.3. Allgemeiner Nachweis
421 311
422 311
423 725, 726
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4.5. Druck Stbe beanspruchte einteilige
4.5.1. Allgemeines
429 708-710
430 708-710
431 708-710
432 708-710
433 708-710
434 708-710
4.5.2. Planmig mittiger Druck
435 716 A
D
ef
is not used
436 manual input / input in
profile library for KSL
437 723
438 72 3
4.5.3. Einachsige B gun mit Druck ie g
440 70 7
441 718
442 72 8
4.5.3. Zweiachsige Biegung mit Druck
443 707
444 721 A
D
ef
is not used
445 729
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
pes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .) I Symmetric I sha
RHS ar Hollow Section (RHS) Rectangul
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
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PPL Asymmetric I shapes
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
The nec ese sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
I
RHS CHS L U T PPL RS O COM NUM
essary data conditions for th
Classification x x x x x x (1) (1) (1) x x x
Section check PL-PL x x
Section check E L-PL x x
Section check x x x EL-EL x x x x x x x x x
Section check sl ender section x x x x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check er section x x x x x x slend
Shear buckling x x x check x
(1) secti tion by default.
REFER CES
ons are classified as EL-EL cross sec
EN
[1]
messung und Konstruktion
1990
[2]
tahlbauten
le, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
ber 1990
[3]
DIN 18800 Teil 1
Stahlbauten
Be
DK 693.814.014.2, November
DIN 18800 Teil 2
S
Stabilittsfl
DK 693.814.074.5, Novem
DIN 18800 Teil 3
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Stahlbauten
nbeulen
[4] 3
esign of steel structures
es and rules for buildings
[5]
LEMENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
t des Sciences Appliques, 1988
[6]
nach DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 3 (11.90)
991
[7]
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf
[8] Beuth-Kommentare
Stahlbauten
Erluterungen zu DIN 18 800 Teil 1 bis Teil 4, 1.Auflage
Beuth Verlag, Berlin-Kln 1993
[9] Stahlbau Kalender 1999
DSTV
Ernst & Sohn, 1999
[10] Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1/ A1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
Stabilittsflle, Platte
DK 693.814.073.1, November 1990
Eurocode
D
Part 1 - 1 : General rul
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
R. Maquoi
E
Ulg , Facul
G. Hnersen, E. Fritzsche
Stahlbau in Beispie
B
len
erechnungspraxis
Werner-Verlag, Dsseldorf 1
E. Kahlmeyer
Stahlbau nach DIN 18 800 (11.90)
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[11] Roik, Carl, Lindner
Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe
Sohn
1972
016
und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus
nnwandigen kaltgeformted Bauteilen
Interaktionsbeziehungen fr doppeltsymmetrische I- und Kasten-
bei zweiachsiger Biegung und Normalkraft
er Stahlbau 5/1978, 6/1978
bH, Dsseldorf
Verlag von Wilhelm Ernst &
[12] DASt-Richtlinie
Bemessung
d
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft - 1992
[13] H. Rubin,
Querschnitte
D
[14] Stahl im Hochbau
14. Auflage, Band I / Teil 2
1986, Verlag Stahleisen m
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ONORM B 4300
ONORM B 4300 CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in
struktion der Tragwerke
messung nach Grenzzustnden
NORM B 4300-1
Stahlbau
Berechnung und Kon
Be
DK 624.014.2.046, Mrz 1994
NORM B 4300-2
Stahlbau
Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
Bedingungen fr die gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 2 und NORM B
300-1
K 624.01 075.2, il 1994
4
D 4.2. Apr
NORM B 4300-3
beulen
ng r die g m endung von DIN 18 800 Teil 3 und NORM B
.014.2.075.4, April 1994
Platten
Bedingu en f emeinsa e Anw
4300-1
DK 624
DIN 18800 Teil 1
uten
messung und Konstruktion
er 1990
Stahlba
Be
DK 693.814.014.2, Novem
b
DIN 18800 Teil 2
Stahlbaute
ts Knick on St und Stabwe
3.8 4.5, N ber 1
n
Stabilit flle,
14.07
en v
ovem
ben
990
rken
DK 69
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54
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
DIN 18800 Teil 3
Stahlbauten
Stabilittsflle, Plattenbeulen
ber 1990 DK 693.814.073.1, Novem
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the yield strength fy and tensile strength fu are defined
according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], 2.1. and Ref. [4], Tab.1)
The standard steel grades are :
(fy, fu in N/mm, t in mm)
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=80 40<t<=80
fy fu fu fy
St 360 240 360 215 360
S235
S 235
St 430 280 430 255 430
S275
S 275
St 510
S355
360 510 325 510
S 355
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100
fy fu fy fu
S420
420
420 520 390 520
S
S460 4 550 60 550 430
SCIA
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
S 460
C sulted a on rticles
F he sect ection is classified according to ONORM B 4300-1
Tab.3,4,5 and to DIN18800 Teil I, Table 15,18. Depending on this classification, the
s ion is ch n, EL/EL (elastic/elastic), as EL/PL (elastic/plastic) or
a L (pl
F EL/E 2. is used. (The 7% increase of the
moment of i en into account for rolled I section - see Ref. [1], Art. 5.2.5.4.).
The EL/PL c from DIN18800 Teil I, Element (756), (757) and Table
6) ,(17). The PL/PL check is done according to DIN18800 Teil I, Element (758), Table
oss section is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2, Element (715).
or the stability check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 2 for
uckling, lateral torsional buckling and bending and compression. The following criteria
are used :
ression : Element (304),(306)
rsional b ckl g : Element (311),(309)
and axia om ression : Element (313),(321),(322)
B) a co pression : Element (320),(323)
F ns, e following criteria are used :
n of eff tiv area Element (705),(706),(708),(709),(712),(713)
buckling check : Element (715),(716),(718),(719)
8),(729)
For the shear buckling check, the beam element is checked according to DIN18800 Teil 3.
eria are used : Element (113), (504), (602),(603)
more detailed overview for the used articles is given in "DIN18800 Code check".
S PO
or t ion check, the cross s
ect ecked as slender sectio
s PL/P
the
astic/plastic).
or L check, ONORM B 4300-1 Art. 5.
nertia is tak
heck takes the rules
(1
(16),(17).
The slender cr
F
b
comp
lateral to u in
bending l c p
bending (LT nd m
or slender sectio th
calculatio ec e :
LTB check : Element (725),(726),(72
The following crit
A
UP RTED SECTIONS
I , HEB, .) Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA
RHS (RHS) Rectangular Hollow Section
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
CHS Section (CHS) Circular Hollow
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM section in PRIMAWIN Composed
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical sections
The nec ary data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
T
PPL
RS
O
COM
NUM
ess
I
RHS CHS L U
Classification x x x x x x x x x (1) (1) (1)
Section check PL-PL x
Section check EL-PL x
Section check x x x x x x x x x x x EL-EL x
Section check s x lender section x x x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check x x slender section x x x x
Shear buckling k x x x x chec
( cti EL-EL cross section by default.
REFER
1) se ons are classified as
ENCES
[1] NORM B 4300-1
Stahlbau
Berechnung und Konstruktion der Tragwerke
Bemessung nach Grenzzustnden
DK 624.014.2.046, Mrz 1994
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
[2] NORM B 4300-2
Stahlbau
Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
einsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 2
und NORM B 4300-1
gemeinsame Anwendung von DIN 18 800 Teil 3
-1
DK 624.014.2.075.4, April 1994
Bemessung und Konstruktion
DK 693.814.014.2, November 1990
[5] DIN 18800 Teil 2
DK 693.814.074.5, November 1990
Stahlbauten
Stabilittsf tten
DK 693.814. 1, Nove 1990
Bedingungen fr die gem
DK 624.014.2.075.2, April 1994
[3] NORM B 4300-3
Plattenbeulen
Bedingungen fr die
und NORM B 4300
[4] DIN 18800 Teil 1
Stahlbauten
Stahlbauten
Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
[6] DIN 18800 Teil 3
lle, Pla beulen
073. mber
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
NEN
EN6770/6771 CODE CHECK N
ing to the regulations given in
ber 1991
The beam elements are checked accord
Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Basiseisen en basisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste constructies
NEN 6770, decem
Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, decem 1 an 000 ber 991-j uari 2
Material properties
For standard steel grades, the yield strength fy and tensile strength fu are defined
according to the thickness of the element (see Ref. [1], art.9.1.2.1.1.)
The standard steel grades are :
(fy, fu in N/mm, t in mm)
t<=40 t<=40 40<t<=100 40<t<=100 100<t<=250 100<t<=250
fy fu fy fu fy fy
S235
S 235
235 360 215 340 175 320
S275
S 275
275 430 255 410 205 380
S355
S 355
355 510 335 490 275 450
S420
S 420
420 520 390 520
S460
S 460
460 550 430 550
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Remark : For cold formed section, the values for fy and fu are not influenced by the
previous table.
Consulted articles
T cording to NEN 6771 Table 1. (class 1,2,3 or 4).
The section is checked on following criteria :
NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.1., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.1.
70 Art. 11.2.2., NEN 677 rt. 11.2.2.
NEN 6770 Art. 11.2.4., NEN 6771 Art. 11.2.4.
d axial force : NEN 6770 Art. 11.3., NEN 6771 t. 11.3.
For the stability check, the element is checked on following criteria :
NEN 6771 Art.12.1.1.1/ 12.1.2./12.1.3.
nal buckling : NEN 6771 Art.12.2.
Art.12.3.
13.9.
he cross section is classified ac
tension :
compression : NEN 67 1 A
shear :
bending, shear an Ar
compression :
lateral torsio
bending and axial compression: NEN 6771
shear buckling : NEN 6771 Art.13.8. /
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
A the used articles is given for NEN6770 part 11,12 and
NEN6771 part 10,11,12,13. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters
m mentary explanation the following chapters.
more detailed overview for
arked with (*) have a supple
NEN6770
11.Toetsing van de doorsnede
11.1. Algemeen
x
x
11.2. Enkelvoudige krachten en momenten
11.2.1. Axiale trek
x
x
11.2.2. Axiale druk x
11.2.3. Buiging
11.2.4. Afschuiving x
11.2.5. Torsie x
11.3. Combinaties van krachten en momenten
ormaalkracht en afschuiving 11.3.1. Enkele buiging met n
x
x
11.3.2. Dubbele buiging met normaalkracht en afschuiving x
11.4. Vloeicriterium x
11.5. De invloed van de boutgaten (*)
NEN6771
10.2.4. Doorsneden x (*)
11.Toetsing van de doorsnede
11.1. Algemeen
x
x
11.2. Enkelvoudige krachten en momenten
11.2.1. Axiale trek
x
x
11.2.2. Axiale druk x
11.2.3. Buiging
11.2.4. Afschuiving x
11.2.5. Torsie
11.3. Combinaties van krachten en momenten x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
12. Toetsing van de stabiliteit
12.1. Op druk belaste staven
12.1.1. Knikstabiliteit
x
*)
x
x (
12.1.2. Torsiestabiliteit x
12.1.3. Torsieknikstabiliteit x
12.1.4. Verend gesteunde staven
12.1.5. Staven in vakwerken
12.1.6. Samengestelde staven
12.1.6.1 Algemeen
12.1.6.2. Benodigde grootheden
iddenveld van de samengestelde staaf
ndvelden van de samengestelde staaf
x(*)
12.1.6.3. Toetsing van het m
12.1.6.4. Toetsing van de ei
12.1.6.4.2 Staven met raamwerkverband
x
x
x
x
x
12.2. Op buiging belaste staven(kipstabiliteit)
12.2.1. Toepassingsgebied
xx
x
12.2.2. Toetsingsregel x
12.2.3. Ongesteunde lengte
12.2.4. Opleggingen en zijdelingse steunen
12.2.5. Het theoretisch elastische kipmoment x (*)
12.3. Op druk en buiging belaste staven
12.3.1. Knikstabiliteit
x
x
12.3.2. Torsiestabilteit x
12.3.3. Torsieknikstabiliteit x
12.4. Op trek en buiging belaste staven
13. Toetsing van de plooistabiliteit x
x 13.1. Algemeen
13.2. Geometrie van het verstijfde en onverstijfde plaatveld x
13.3. Geometrie van de verstijvingen
13.4. Belasting in het vlak van het plaatveld
13.4.1. Normaalspanning in langsrichting
x
x
13.4.2. Schuifspanningen x
13.4.3. Normaalspanningen in dwarsrichting
13.4.4. Platen in en loodrecht op hun vlak belast
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
13.5. Belasting op verstijvingen
13.6. Idele kritieke plooispanning van een onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.7. De plooispanning van een onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.7.1. Bepaling van de relatieve slankheid van het plaatveld x
13.7.2. De plooispanning voor een onverstijfd plaatveld met als
opleggingen dwarsverstijving(en) en/of randen
x
13.7.3. De plooispanning voor een onverstijfd plaatveld met ten
inste een langsverstijving als oplegging
m
13.8. Eisen waaraan plaatvelden en verstijvingen moeten voldoen x
13.8.1. Onverstijfd plaatveld x
13.8.2. Dwarsverstijvingen
13.8.3. Langsverstijvingen
13.8.4. Stijfheidseisen te stellen aan langs- en dwarsverstijvingen
13.8.5. Doorsnedecontrole voor langs- en dwarsverstijvingen
13.9. Interactie tussen plooi en knik
een
x (*)
13.9.1. Algem x
13.9.2. Constructies opgebouwd uit plaatvelden al of niet verstijfd
met dwarsverstijvingen
x
13.9.3. Constructies opgebouwd uit plaatvelden verstijfd met
rstijfd met dwarsverstijvingen
langsverstijvingen en/of niet ve
13.9.4. Berekeningen van de dwarsverstijvingen
Section properties
he influence of the bore hole is neglected. T
Classification of sections
For each intermediary s
check is performe
ection, the classification is determined and the proper section
d. The classification can change for each intermediary point.
or each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is
ad case/combination.
F
used to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for
each lo
However, for non-prismatic sections, the stability section classification is determined
for each intermediary section.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Effective cross-section properties for class 4 cross-section
The calculation of the effective area is pe
fy,k).
rformed with the direct method (sigma_d =
n.
eff is the effective section modulus of the cross-section when subject only to moment
about the relevant axis. eN is the shift of the relevant centroidal axis when the cross
section is subject to uniform compre ion.
With these critical properties, the stability check is performed.
or non-prismatic elements, the effective area properties are calculated on each
intermediary section, also for the stability check.
F gle se ns, see ction properties for compressed lattice
t wer angle mbers'.
Torsion check
For each intermediary section, the classification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is
determined and the proper section check is performed. The classification (and effective
area) can change for each intermediary point. The most critical check is displayed on the
screen.
For each load case and combination, the most critical effective area properties are saved
:
Aeff is the effective area of the cross section when subject to uniform compressio
W
ss
F
or an ctio chapter 'Effective cross-se
o me
For the cros d warping, we refer to Chapter 'Warping
check'.
uilt-in beams
s section check inclusive torsion an
B
or built-in beam sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
uckling length
F
performed, taking into account the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections)
B
the buckling length, we refer tochapter "Calculation of buckling
tio".
t are calculated by using the critical Euler
rce for this member (see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).
For the calculation of
ra
The buckling properties for a VARH elemen
fo
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
The buckling curves for steel grade S420 and S460 are taken from Ref.[5], Annex D.
Lateral-torsional buckling
For symmetric I sections and RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections, the elastic
oment for LTB Mcr is given by the formula of Ref [2], part 12.2.5.. When the
ctor > 5000, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by the general
fo mula in EC3, Annex F, F.2. Ref [3]. For asymmetric I sections, the elastic critical
oment for LTB Mcr is given by the general formula in EC3, Annex F, F.2. Ref [3].
ment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to Ref.[7], tables 9
s given by
critical m
fa
r
m
For the calculation of the mo
(case 1), 10 and 11.
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr i
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=
with E the modulus of elasticity
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint
(= l
LTB
)
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
f. [4], part 7 and in particular part 7.7. for channel sections.
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Use of diaphragms
G the shear modulus
See also Re
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Battened compression members
The following section pairs are supported as battened compression member :
(1) 2I
(2) 2Uo
(3) 2Uc
Two links (battens) are used.
The following additional checks are performed :
-
buckling resistance check around weak axis of single chord with N
f,s;d
-
section check of single chord, using internal forces :
4
a Q
M
2
Q
V
N N
f;s;d
G
f;s;d
G
f;s;d G
=
=
=
- section check of single batten, using the internal forces :
4
M
d s; k;
=
a Q
d s; f;
0
2 h
a Q
V
d s; f;
d s; k;
=
For the calculation of Q
f;s;d
, the value of M
y;s;d
is increased with the value of the internal
force M
zz
.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
l
a
ho
Shear buckling check
Composed rail sections +rail, I+2L+rail,
Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
with buckling influence
(Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL
I+
Shear buckling check
he influence of the buckling effect into the shear buckling control, is neglected when T
there is a bending moment present, i.e. if <0.9.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
NEN6072 - FIRE RESISTANCE
For more info, we refer to Ref.[8], Ref.[9].
effect Fire actions
The design effects of actions for the fire situation are taken from the results of the
analysis. It is recommended to use the special combination rules according to Ref.[10],
NEN6702 6.2.2., for calculating the internal forces used in the fire resistance check.
This special combinatio
n is given by
rep ; a a ; f rep ; i i q ; f rep g ; f
F Q G + +
rep
characteristic values of permanent actions
Q
i
characteristic value of the variable action
de val n (from fire exposure)
partial saf for permanent actions in the special
combination
=1.0
partial safety factor for variable actions in the special
f;a
partial safety factor for special actions in the special
combination
=1.0
I
an' factor for the variable action
Material properties
with G
F
a;rep
sign ues of special actio
f;g
ety factor
f;q
combination
=1.0
the 'momentaa
=
The variation in function of the steel temperature of the value for yield strength is
given by :
The yield strength is depending on the steel temperature :
f
d ; y d ; ; y
f
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
- =1.0 when 400 C
-
a
( )
26 . 0
1 e
03 . 1
+
=
when 400C <
a
1200 C
with
2 . 39
482
a
=
a
steeltemperature in C
f
y;d
;d
alue for yield strength at increased temperature
T e followin efault p stant during the analysis :
nit mass
design value for yield strength at room temperature
f
y;
design v
h g d roperties are considered to be con
u 7850 kg/m
a
thermal elongation
a
-6
-20) l/l 14 x 10 (
thermal conductivity
a
45 W/mK
ominal temperature-time curve N
he standard temperature-time (ISO 834) curve is used :
with t time in [min]
g
gas temperature in [C]
Steel Temperature
T
) 1 t 8 ( log 345 20
10 g
+ + =
The increase of temperature
a
in an unprotected steel member during a time interval
t
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
( )
( )
100
4
a
4
273 3
=
+ =
=
t
t
r
r
r c
a t
a a
a
100
27 67 . 5
t
c
ith nit length [m/m]
th [m/m]
c
a
the ic heat of steel [J/kgK]
a
ass of steel [kg/m]
0.5
c
coefficient of heat transfer by convection
= 25 W/(mK)
he increase of temperature
a
in an insulated (non intumescent coating) steel member
erval
P
w A
m
the exposed surface area per u
V the volume of the member per unit leng
P = A
m
/V
t
gas temperature in [C]
a
steel temperature [C]
specif
t the time interval [seconds]
the unit m
r
resultant emissivity
=
T
during a time int t
( ) ( )
i i
a a
i i
M
i
ef ; d ; i
ef
t
5 /
a
e t
t M
a a
ef
a
d
c 2
c
3
2
1
1
d
1
c
K
=
+
=
=
with A
p
material per unit length [m/m]
i
P
P
K
the area of fire protection
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
V the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
i
= A
p
/V
the specific heat of steel [J/kgK]
c
i
the specific heat of fire protection material [J/kgK]
aterial [m]
The value should not be taken as more than 30 seconds
ass of steel [kg/m]
t
the increase of the ambient gas temperature during the time
i;d;ef
the thermal conductivity of the fire protection material
[W/mK]
e of temperature
a
in an insulated (intumescent coating) steel member
uring a time interval t
P
c
a
d
i
the thickness of the fire protection m
t the time interval [seconds]
a
the unit m
i
the unit mass of fire protection [kg/m]
a
the steel temperature at time t
t
the ambient gas temperature at time t
interval
The increas
d
( ) t
P
i
c
K
a t
a a
ef ; d
a
=
with A
p
V
P
i
c
a
the fic heat of steel [J/kgK]
K
d;ef
t
The value should not be taken as more than 30 seconds
the unit mass of steel [kg/m]
the steel temperature at time t
8925 . 0
846 . 3
l 2 . 39 + =
e t=0
on factor
= 1.00 for beams, statically determined, 4 side exposure
e exposure
= 0.85 for beams, s tica ly un eterm
= 0.60 for beams, statically undeterm
= 1.20 for comp ents (inclusive the buckling
check)
= 1.20 for compression and bending elements (inclusive the
buckling and LTB check)
C
cr , a
with
degree of utilization at tim
correcti
= 1.00 for tension elements
= 0.70 for beams, statically determined, 3 sid
ta l d ined, 4 side exposure
ined, 3 side exposure
ression elem
ode Check
l buckling) are performed
ted with the yield strength
r the increased temperature and the correction factor. The checks are performed in the
resistance domain or in the temperature/time domain. Shear buckling is not considered.
The section and stability checks (buckling, lateral torsiona
according to the regulations given in NEN6770/6771, adap
fo
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
Z Z section
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM ed section in PRIMAWIN Compos
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
T nec onditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
c che
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
T PPL RS
Z
O
COM
NUM
he
ode
essary data c
ck".
I
RHS
CHS
L
U
Classification x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1) x x x
Section check class 1 x x x
Section check cl ass 2 x x x
Section check c x x x x x x x lass 3 x x x x x x
Section check c x x x x lass 4 x x
Stability check class 1 x x x
Stability check class 2 x x x
Stability check x x x x x x x x x x x x class 3 x
Stability check ass 4 x x x x x x cl
Shear buckling eck x x x x ch
(1) sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
REFERENCES
[1]
asisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste
EN 6770, december 1991
[2]
ber 1991
al rules and rules for buildings
NV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[4] R. Maquoi
ELEMENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
Ulg , Facult des Sciences Appliques, 1988
[5] Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1/ A1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1, 1994
[6] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-3 : General rules
Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting
CEN 1996
[7] Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, januari 2000
Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Basiseisen en b
constructies
N
Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Stabiliteit
NEN 6771, decem
[3] Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1 : Gener
E
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74
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
[8] NEN 6072
Rekenkundige bepaling van de brandwerendheid van bouwdelen
Staalconstructies
Rekenkundige bepaling van de brandwerendheid van bouwdelen
Belastingen en vervormingen TGB 1990
December 1991
[9] NEN 6072/A2 - Wijzigingsblad
Staalconstructies
December 2001
[10] NEN 6702
December 1991
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
A
A
ISC - ASD
ISC - ASD CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in
gn
d Codes
T ble B5.1. (compact, noncompact, or slender
s
T ing criteria :
,F2,F3,F4
plate girders : G2
A g n in the
f able. The chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters m rked with
( the following chapters.
Manual of Steel Construction
Allowable Stress Desi
Part 5 : Specification an
AISC, Ninth Edition, 1989
he cross section is classified according to Ta
ection).
he member is checked on follow
tension : D1
compression : E2, E3
flexural members : F1
See Ref. [1], Commentary Chapter E1.
ateral-torsional buckling
The calculation of F
e
is given in Ref. [2], Appendix E.
L
For RHS (Rectangu s and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) ,
the allowable LTB stress is given in F3.
symmetrical legs, the allowable LTB stress is given in Ref. [1],
ress - Design of single-angle members.
For I sections and channel sections, the allowable LTB stress is given in F1.
lar Hollow Section) section
For angle sections with
pp.309-314, Specification for allowable st
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=
with E the modulus of elasticity
G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint
(= l
LTB
)
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
See also Ref. [4], part 7.
W is mo
B
ith th ment Mcr, the critical LTB stress
LT
is calculated :
y
cr
LTB
I
M
=
th the moment of inertia about the major axis
T endern , is given by
wi Iy
he sl ess ratio for LTB
LTB
LTB
LTB
E
=
The allowab ss is calculated using the slenderness
LTB
with the formulas
g Ref
See also Ref. [5], Bijlage E.
tions (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
rail, I+Ud+rail) are
onsidered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Shear buckling check
le LTB stre
iven in .[1], E2.
Haunched sec
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+
c
C sec n (Iw+r w ra I+ il, +2PL rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymm
omposed rail tio s ail, I n+ il, ra I +
etric I sections.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
CHS HS) Circular Hollow Section (C
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL etric I shapes Asymm
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
The nec ry data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
he COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
I
RHS
CHS
L
U
T
PPL
RS
O
COM
NUM
essa
T
Classification x x x x x x x x
x
(1) (1) (1)
Compact section x x x x x
Non-compact section x x x x x x x x
x
x x x
Slender section x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x
(1) sections are classified as non-compact section by default.
REFERENCES
[1] Manual of Steel Construction
Allowable Stress Design
AISC, Ninth Edition, 1989
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81
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
[2] Manual of Steel Construction
Load & Resistance Factor Design
AISC, First Edition, 1986
3] Manual of Steel Construction
AISC, Volume I, Second Edition, 1995
UCTIONS METALLIQUE
acult des Sciences Appliques, 1988
] NBN B 51-001
Stalen Bouwconstructies
[
Load & Resistance Factor Design
[4] R. Maquoi
ELEMENTS DE CONSTR
Ulg , F
[5
BIN, 5e uitg. April 1977
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
A
A
ISC - LRFD
ISC - LRFD CODE CHECK
T are checked according to the regulations given in
oad and Resistance Factor Design
des
The cross se ompact, or slender
s
T owing criteria :
flexural members : F1,Appendix F1, Appendix F2
3, Appendix G5
A more detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is given in the
f pters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with
(*) have a supplem anation the following chapters.
EMENTS
he beam elements
AISC Manual of steel construction
L
Part 16 Specifications and Co
Third Edition
2001
ction is classified according to Table B5.
ection).
1. (compact, nonc
he member is checked on foll
tension : D1
compression : E2, E3, Appendix E3
plate girders : Appendix G2, Appendix G
combined forces : H1,H2
ollowing table. The cha
entary expl
B. DESIGN REQUIR
B1. Gross Area x
B2. Net Area (*)
B3. Effective Area for Tension Members
B4. Stability
B5. Local Buckling ) (*
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
1.Classification of Steel Sections
2.Slender Compression Elements
x
3.Slender-Element Compression Sections
x
x
B6. Bracing at Support
B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios x
B8. Simple Spans
B9. End Restraint
B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders
D. TENSION MEMBERS
D1. Design Tensile Strength x (*)
D2. Built-up members
D3. Pin-Connected Members and Eyebars
E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS
E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations
nalysis
x
*) 1.Effective Length
2.Design by Plastic A
x (
E2. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling x
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling x
E4. Built-up Members
E5. Pin-Connected Compression Members
F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS (*)
F1. Design for Flexure
1.Yielding
2.Lateral-Torsional Buckling
x
x
x
F2. Design for Shear x
F3. Web-tapered Members
F4. Beams and Girders with Web Openings
G. PLATE GIRDERS x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND
TORSION
H1. Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force x
H2. Unsymmetric Members and Members under Torsion and
Combined Torsion, Flexure, Shear and/or Axial Force
x
H3. Alternative Interaction Equation for Members under
Combined Stress
APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
B5. Local Buckling x
APPENDIX E. COLUMN AND OTHER COMPRESSION
MEMBERS
E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling x
APPENDIX F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL
MEMBERS
F1. Design for Flexure x
F2. Design for Shear x
F3. Web-tapered Members
APPENDIX G. PLATE GIRDERS
G1. Limitations
G2. Design Flexural Strength x(*)
G3. Design Shear Strength with Tension Field Action x(*)
G4. Transverse Stiffeners
G5. Flexure-Shear Interaction x(*)
Classification of sections
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined..
ination, the critical section classification over the member is
sed to perform the code check. However, for non-prismatic sections, the section
classification is determined for each intermediary section.
For each load case/comb
u
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Section properties
The influence of the bore hole is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used.
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
see Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements).
force for this member (
Lateral-torsional buckling
For I sections, channel sections, RHS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections, T
s, and asymmetric I sections, the critical LTB moment is
.
For angle sections with symmetrical legs, the critical LTB moment is given in Ref. [1],
pp.281-288, Specification for Load and Resistance Factor Design of Single-Angle
members.
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
sections, rectangular section
given in F1 and Appendix F1
z
2
t
2
z
2
z
2
EI
GI L
I
Iw
L
EI
Mcr
=
s of elasticity
G the shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral restraint
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
ee also Ref. [2], part 7.
with E the modulu
(= l
LTB
)
S
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar +Iw r) a composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+ra , I+ +ra +2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric sec ons
, I va nd
il PL il, I
I ti .
Use of diaphragms
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.
hear buckling check
S
Compo I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+r quivalent asymmetric I sections.
S PO TIONS
sed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail,
ail) are considered as e
UP RTED SEC
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in Appendix D.
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
I
RHS
CHS
L
U
T
PPL
RS
O
COM
NUM
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Classification x x x x x x x x x (1) (1) (1)
Compact section x x x x x
Non-compact section x x x x x x x x x x x x
Slender section x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x
(1) sections are classified as non-compact section by default.
EFERENCES
R
el construction
nce Factor Design
Third Edition
2001
ELEMENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
[1]
AISC Manual of ste
Load and Resista
[2] R. Maquoi
Ulg , Facult des Sciences Appliques, 1988
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
C
CM66 CODE CHE
M66
CK
T are checked according to the regulations given in
ITBTP / CTICM
Consulted articles
he beam elements
Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
Rgles CM Decembre 1966
Editions Eyrolles 1982
T t. 3,2.) and shear (art. 3,3.).
F re considered :
for compression : art. 3,4.
. 1 25 . 0
k
med
f
+
=
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
3 . 1
25 . 0
I 0 f Mmed .0, the formula 3,513 is used : k
f
+
=
LTB Check
The LTB c symmetric I sections. For other cross sections the
factor kd=1.0.
For the calculation of the coefficient C, we refer to "Calculation of moment factors for
LTB".
T ffici the table for B given in Ref[1] 3,643,
a g th given in Ref[1] 3,642.
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
Use of diaphragms
heck is performed for
he coe
nd usin
ent B is calculated by interpolating
e calculated C value with table for C
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional sta '.
Combined flexion
con nt
The values
fx
is the maxi um value of the bending stress in the member for the
ending around the strong axis. The value
fy
is the maximum value of the bending
stress in the member for the bending around the weak axis.
For non-prismatic sections the values
fx
and
fy
are the local (i.e. in each intermediary
stresses.
Shear buckling check
m
b
section) bending
Compos Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+ra as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
ed rail sections (
il) are considered
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB,
.)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
he COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
L
U
T
PPL
RS
O
COM
NUM
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
T
CHS
I
RHS
Se tion check x x x x c x x x x x x x x
Buck heck x x x x x x x x x x x x ling c
Slender section buckling check x x x x x x x x
LTB Check x
Shear buckling check x x x x
REFERENCES
[1] Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
CM
Editions Eyrolles 1982
ITBTP / CTI
Rgles CM Decembre 1966
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
C 80
CM66 - ADDITIF 80 CODE CHECK
M66 - ADDITIF
T ing to the regulations given in Ad tif 80
Consulted articles
he beam elements are checked accord di
ied according to art. 5,12. (classification 'plastic' or 'elastic').
he section is checked for tension and compression (art. 4,2), bending (art 4,3), shear
force (art. 4,4), the combination of bending and axial force (art. 4,5 and art 4.6).
For the stability check, the following criteria are considered :
for lateral torsional buckling : art. 5,2.
for compression : art. 5,31.
more detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table. The
chapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a
supplementary explanation in the following chapters.
The cross-section is classif
T
for compression and bending : art. 5,32
A
4 Resistance des sections
4,1 Rgle gnrale (*)
4,2 Effort normale x
4,3 Moment de flexion x
4,4 Effort tranchant x
4,5 Moment de flexion et effort normal x
4,6 Momens de flexion, effort normal et effort tranchant x
5 Stabilit des lments
5,1 Conditions de non voilement local x (*)
5,2 Rsistance au dversement des poutre flchies
5,21 Rgles de contreventement latral au voisinage des sections
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
plastifies
5,22 Moment ultime de dversement en flexion simple x (*)
5,23 Dimensionnement des entretoises
5,24 Rsistance au dversement en flexion dvie x
5,3 Rsistance au flambement
5,31 Elments simplement comprims x
5,32 Elments comprims et flchis x
5,33 Longueur de flambement (*)
Classification of sections
For each in diary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is per for each intermediary point.
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is
used to perform ck. So, the stability section classification can change for
e h load ca .
H ever, fo sections, the stability section classification is determined
for each intermediary section.
S tion che
terme
formed. The classification can change
the stability che
se/combination ac
ow r non-prismatic
ec ck
I ectio ns specified in art. 5,1, the sections are
checked according to the regulations given in Ref.[2].
I iona t, the sections are checked according to the regulations
g Ref
f the s ns are not according to the conditio
f a tors
iven in
l moment is presen
.[2].
Compression members
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
he buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
force for this member see Calcu critical Euler force for VARH elements).
L l bu lin
T
( lation of
ateral-torsiona ck g
For the calculation of the mom nt factors C1 and C2, we ref r to "Calculation of
moment factors for LTB",
e e
using the EC3 values.
SCIA
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
ar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
ctions (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
nsidered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Use of diaphragms
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwv
se
co
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB,
.)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check".
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
I
RHS
CHS
L
U
T
PPL
RS
O
COM
NUM
Classification Add 80 x x
Plastic section check Add
80
x x
Buck:ling check Add 80 x x
LTB check Add 80 x x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Compression + bendin
Add 80
g x x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
REFERENCES
2] Rgles de calcul des constrcutions en acier
bre 1966
[1] Additif 80
[
ITBTP / CTICM
Rgles CM Decem
Editions Eyrolles 1982
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
BS5950-1:1990
BS5950-1:1990 CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in :
British Standard BS 5950
Structural use of steelwork in
Part1. Code of practice for design in simple
nd continuous construction:hot rolled section
tandard distribution BS5950 Part1 1990 revised in 1992
building
a
British S
Material properties
rades, the yield strength py is defined according to the thickness of
the element (see Table 6 Art.3.1.1.). The standard steel grades are :
rade 50 : yield strength defined between 325 and 355 N/mm
a ield strength defined between 415 and 450 N/mm
, t in mm)
For standard steel g
Grade 43 : yield strength defined between 245 and 275 N/mm
G
Gr de 55 : y
(p
Y
in N/mm
Steel grade
Thickness limits
P
Y
t16 mm 275 N/Mm
t40 mm
265 N/mm
t63 mm
255 N/mm
Grade 43
t100 mm 245 N/mm
t16 mm
355 N/mm
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
t40 mm 345 N/mm
Grade 50
t63 mm 340 N/mm
t100 mm
325 N/mm
t16 mm
450 N/mm
t25 mm 430 N/mm
t40 mm
415 N/mm
Grade 55
t63 mm
400 N/mm
Remark: For cold-formed section, values for P luenced by the previous table.
Remark : The reduction rules from previous ta alid when the used material
is defined as material for the selected code.
C
y are not inf
ble are only v
onsulted articles
According to Art. 3.5. and table 7, cross sections are classified in 4 types:
ct
A reduction factor is applied to the design st aterial in use for slender
sections by following the rules described in Art. 3.6 and in Table 8. Partial safety factor
of design strength is included in py value.
The section is checked for bending (Art.4.2.), tension (Art.4.6.), compression (Art.4.7.),
shear (Art.4 bined moment and axial force (Art. 4.8.) and biaxial moments
(Art.4.9.). For the stability check, the beam hecked for lateral torsional
b d axial compression. Articles
u heck are the following:
rsional buckling : Art. 4.3.
.
Plastic
Compact
Semi-compa
Slender
rength of the m
.2.3.), com
element is c
uckling, shear buckling, compression an
sed for this stability c
bending with
for lateral to
shear buckling : Art. 4.4.5
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
pact
i-compact
The section is checked for shear (Cl 4.2.5 and 4.4.4), bending (Cl.4.2.), tension
(Cl.4.6.), compression (Cl.4.7.), combined mo ial force (Cl. 4.8.) and biaxial
moments (Cl.4.9.). For the stability checks, the potential buckling length is checked for
lateral torsional buckling due to moments, lateral buckling due to compression and
combined bending with axial compression. Re es for this stability check are
the following:
oss sections
Class 1 Plastic
Class 2 Com
Class 3 Sem
Class 4 Slender
ment and ax
levant claus
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
s 4
The first letter of the classification denomination is related to the method used to
c second letter indicates if we perform the
s a plastic approach. Finally, we must note
that the steel code SIA263 is essentially oriented for symmetrical and bisymmetrical
profile like I profiles. In the present modulus, others profiles are calculated by using a
c assification) and EC3 prescriptions.
T pression, shear, combination of bending and
a ement is checked for lateral torsional
buckling, shear buckling, compression and bending with axial compression. A more
detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table :
Analyse structurale et dimensionnement
bviously make a parallel between the calculati
lassification proposed in EC3.
PP (plastic-plastic) or class 1
EP (elastic-plastic) or class 2
EE (elastic-elastic) or class 3
EER (elastic-elastic reduced) or clas
alculate internal forces in the structure. The
ection and the stability check with a elastic or
lassic elastic approach (EE cl
he section is checked for tension, com
xial forces. For the stability check, the beam el
4
4.1 Gnralits x
4.2 Bases de l'analyse structurale et du dimensionnement
4.3 Modlisation
4.3.1 Classification des sections
x
4.4 Rsistance des sections
4.4.1 Effort normal
x
4.4.2 Flexion x
4.4.3 Effort tranchant x
4.4.4 Flexion et effort tranchant x
4.4.5 Flexion et effort normal x
4.4.6 Sollicitations multiaxiales x
4.5 Stabilit
4.5.1 Flambage
x
4.5.2 Dversement des poutres flchies x
4.5.3 Flexion et compression x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
4.5.4 Voilement des lments plans comprims x
4.5.5 Voilement des lments plans cisaills x
4.8 Situtation de projet incendie
4.8.1 PRINCIPES x
4.8.2 Proprits de l'acier en cas d'incendie x
4.8.5 Mthode de calcul simplifie x
5 Elments de construction
5.1 POUTRES ET POTEAUX DES CLASSES DE SECTION 1
ET 2
x
5.3 Elments comprims section compose
5.3.1 Barres trsillones ( travers de liaison) x
5.4 Poutres composes me pleine
5.4.1 Rsistance la flexion
x
5.4.2 Rsistance l'effort tranchant x
5.4.3 Interaction entre flexion et effort tranchant x
Annexe B Moment critique de dversement lastique Mcr x
Annexe C Echauffement des lments de construction en cas
d'incendie
x
Section classification
ection, the classification is determined and the proper section
ed. The classification can change for each intermediary point. For each
ad case/combination, the critical section classification over the member is used to
s, the stability section
lassification is determined for each intermediary section.
ction
For each intermediary s
check is perform
lo
perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for each
load case/combination. However, for non-prismatic section
c
Slender cross-se
4). The using of a reduced area implies the
recalculation of the shear centre position, the inertia and the elastic modulus.
rties
The design of a section that not satisfies the table 5 of SIA263 is always performed by
using a reduced area. This classification correspond to the EER method. The
determination of a reduced area is based on the effective width of each compression
element in the current section (Art. 4.5.
Sections prope
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
The holes due to fastener are neglected in the area of a section
Lateral torsional buckling
metric I profile, we don't have to perform any lateral torsional buckling
heck if N
Ed
/N
pl,Rd
0.15 and the conditions provided in Table 6 SIA263 are satisfied.
SIA263 in the LTB check, we use prescriptions given in EC3 Annex F. Those rules
moment for lateral torsional buckling for
) and non symmetrical (formula F.1. EC3) sections
around the minor axis.
PL and, T only with compression in flange, characterised by a
e have to determined before any calculation irc, defined as the
radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus 1/3 of the
, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
ctions.
For double sym
c
For any other case, a LTB check must be perform.
Calculations described in Annex B for I,U and PPL can be applied to T sections only if
the flange is subjected to compression. Otherwise, as for section not supported by
allow us to determine a elastic critical
symmetrical (formula F.2 EC3
In the case of I, U, P
reduced area or not, w
compression web area, taken about an axis in the plane of the web.
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
ections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail s
considered as equivalent asymmetric I se
Use of diaphragms
e Chapter 'Adaption of torsion Se
al constant'.
Shear buckling
Composed rail sections il, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as e
Stability check
(Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+ra
quivalent asymmetric I sections.
c I profile PP or EP, SIA263 provides specific formula to perform
e stability check of member submitted to biaxial moment. For other sections, non
la is provided to design
For double symmetri
th
symmetric or from EE and EER classification, a general formu
ember under mono-axial sollicitations. m
Torsion check
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
For the cross section check inclusive torsion and warping, we refer to Chapter 'Warping
check'.
Built-in beams
For built-in beam sections (IFB, SFB, THQ sections), proper section checks are
SIA263 - FIRE RESISTANCE
performed, taking into account the local plate bending. See Chapter Section check for
built-in beams (IFB, SFB, THQ sections)
ire actions effect E F
fi
tuation E
fi,d,t
are taken from the results of the
analysis. It is recommended to use the accidental combination rules, for calculating the
ternal forces used in the fire resistance check.
n by
with G
k
characteristic values of permanent actions
k,i
characteristic value of the variable action i
alues of accidental action from fire exposure
2,j
combination coefficients
P
k
characteristic value of prestressing action
Material properties
The design effects of actions for the fire si
in
The accidental combination is given by
The accidental combination is give
G
k
+ P
k
+ A
d
+
2,i
Q
k,i
Q
A
d
design v
material properties are depending on the steel temperature.
Strength and deformation properties :
he T
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
20 , a
20
=
, E , a
, y , y
E k
f k
The variatio functio alue for yield strength k
y,
and
modulus of elasticity k
E
5.
In the simplified calcu sidered to
be constant ng the a
al elongation l/l 14 x 10
-6
(
a
-20)
=
, y
f
E
n in n of the steel temperature of the v
,
is given by tables in ref.[1], Figure 1
lation method, the following default properties are con
duri nalysis :
therm
thermal conductivity 45 W/mK
a
Temperature analysis - Thermal actions
In this part, the nominal temperature-time curves and the related net heat flux are
described. For more info, EC3 Chapter 'Temperature analysis - Thermal actions'
ominal temperature-time curve N
See EC3 Chapter 'Nomi
Net heat flu
nal temperature-time curve'.
x
See EC3 Chapter 'Net h
Steel Temperature
eat flux'
See Ref.[1], Annexe C.
The increase of temper ber during a time interval
t
ature in an unprotected steel mem
a,t
t h
V
c
/ A
d , net
a a
m
t , a
=
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
with A
m
the exposed surface area per unit length [m/m]
c
a
the specific heat of steel [J/kgK]
h the net heat flux per unit area [W/m]
the time interval [seconds]
The value should not be taken as more than 5 seconds
m]
V the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
The factor A
m
/V should not be taken as less than 10m
-1
net,d
t
a
the unit mass of steel [kg/
The increase of temperature
a,t
in an insulated steel member during a time interval t
( )
( )
V /
c
3
p
a a
p
the area of fire protection material per unit length [m/m]
ific heat of steel [J/kgK]
at of fire protection material [J/kgK]
the thickness of the fire protection material [m]
seconds
tion [kg/m]
a,t
the steel temperature at time t
g,t
the ambient gas temperature at time t
crease of the ambient gas temperature during the time
interval
e fire protection material
The value
1 e t
1
c d
V / A
t , g
10 / t , a t , g
a a p
p p
t , a
=
A d
c
p
p p
=
with A
V the volume of the member per unit length [m/m]
c
a
the spec
c
p
the specific he
d
p
the time interval [second t s]
The value should not be taken as more than 30
a
the unit mass of steel [kg/m]
p
the unit mass of fire protec
g,t
the in
p
the thermal conductivity of th
[W/mK]
a,t
0.0
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
For the increase of temperature
a,t
in an insulated steel member with intumescent
coating, we refer to the NEN specifications, Chapter 'Steel Temperature'.
C culatio al n model
The calculation can be performed in 2 domains :
- strength
- era
the strength domain, the strength R
fi,d,t
(unity check) is calculated after a given time t
(e.g. strength after 45 min). In the temperature/time doma cri cal s eel
temperature
cr,d
s c puted. From this cri al t perature, the fire resistance time
fi,d
is calculated (the tim dom in).
Code Check
domain
temp ture/time domain
n I
in, the ti t
i om tic em t
e a
The section and stability checks (buckling, late l to iona buc ling are erfor ed
accord the regu Ref.[1], 4.8.5.
For each memb r, classification th the section eck and e
tability check are performed.
ion : art. 4.8.5.2.
resistance for tension members : art. 4.8.5.4.
- resistance for compression members (class 1,2 or 3) : art. 4.8.5.5..
- resistance for beams (class 1,2,3) : art. 4.8.5.6., art. 4.8.5.7., art. 4.8.5.8.
members (class 4) : art. 4.8.5.9.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
ra rs l k ) p m
ing to lations given in
e the of e cross section, ch th
s
The following checks are executed :
- classification of cross sect
-
- resistance for
I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .) Symmetric I
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section
CHS Hollow Section Circular
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
Z Z section
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
I
RHS
CHS
L
U
T
PPL
RS
Z
O
COM
NUM
Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
Section check PP x x(2) x(3)
Section check EP x x(2) x(3)
Section check EE x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check EER x x x x x x
Stability check PP x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EP x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EE x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Stability check EER x x x x x x
Shear buckling check x x x
LTB x x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4) x(4)
(1) sections are classified as class 3 cross section by default.
(2) check according to EN 1993-1-1
(3) check according to ENV 1993-1-1
(4) general formula for Mcr
REFERENCES
[1] SIA263
Construction en acier
SIA263:2003
[2] SIA263/1
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Construction en acier / Spcification complmentaires
SIA263/1:2003
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G 17-8
THE GBJ 17-88 CODE CHECK
BJ 8
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in :
National standard of the Peoples Republic of China
for de n of steel structures
GBJ 17-88
eijing 199
Material properties
Code sig
B 5
he used steel grades are
16Mnq
15Mn
15Mnq
For Steel3, the following groups are defined according to the element thickness (in
sections
T
Grade3
16Mn
mm):
Group Diameter or thickness of bars Thickness of L-, I- and U Thickness of Plates
1 <=40 <=15 <=20
2 >40-100 >15-20 >20-40
3 >20 >40-80
T
Group Thickness f fv fce
he design values are (in N/mm)
Steel fy
Steel3 1
3
215
200
190
125
115
110
320
320
320
5
235
2
23
235
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Steel Group Thickness f fv fce fy
16Mn
16Mnq
<=16
17-25
26-36
315
300
290
185
175
170
445
425
410
5
5
5
34
34
34
15Mn
15Mnq
<=16
17-25
26-36
350
335
320
205
195
185
450
435
415
0
390
390
39
with f the resistance design value for tension, compression, bending
(N/mm)
fv the resistance design value for shear (N/mm)
aring resistance (N/mm)
fy the yield strength (N/mm)
R aterial
is defined as material for the selected code. If they are not defined as GBJ material, the
f g rule is used
f = 0.91 x yield strength
fv = 0.58 x yield strength
Consulted articles
fce the be
emark : The reduction rules from previous table are only valid when the used m
ollowin
tion and elements are checked according to part 4 and 5. When plastic design is
allowed, part 9 is supported.
A detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is given in the
following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted.
4. Calculation of flexural members
The sec
more
4.1.Strength
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
*) x (
x
4.2.Overall stability (*)
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
4.2.1.
4.2.3.
4.2.2.
4.2.4.
x
x
x
x
4.3.Local stability ) (*
4.3.1.
4.3.2.
x 4.3.3.
4.3.9.
x
x
x
5.Calculation of axially loaded members and members
ubjected to combined axial load and bending
s
5.1.Axially loaded members
5.1.1.
5.1.2.
x(*)
(*) x
5.2.Members subjected ot combined axial load and
bending
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
x(*)
5.2.5.
x
x
5.3.Effective length and allowable slenderness ratio (*)
5.4.Local stability of compression members
5.4.1.
5.4.2.
x
x
x
x (*)
5.4.3.
5.4.4. x
5.4.5.
9.Plastic design
9.1.General requirements
9.1.3.
9.1.4.
x
x
9.2.Calculation of members (*)
9.2.1. x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
9.2.2.
9.2.3.
9.2.4.
x
x
x
9.3.Allowable slenderness and detailing requirements
Appendix 1 Overall stability factor of beams
A1.1.Simply supported beam of uniform welded I section x
A1.2.Simply supported beam of rolled I section x
A1.3.Simply supported beam of rolled channel section x
A1.4.Cantilever beams of doubly symmetric I section x
A1.5.Approximate calculation of overall stability factors x
Appendix 2 Calculation of local stability of girder web
A2.1.Web plate strengthened with transverse stiffeners x(*)
A2.2.Web strengthened with transverse and longitudinal
stiffeners
A2.2.Web strengthened with transverse, longitudinal and
short stiffeners
Appendix 3 Stability factor of axially loaded compression x
members
Section properties
Shear buckling check
The influence of the net section is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used.
The local compressive stress
c
, is considered as 0.0.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Buckling curves
For welded I and PPL sections the default value for the buckling curve about the weak
xis is b. This can be changed to c on users request.
a
Buckling length
or the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
f ce for thi force for VARH elements").
L l tors
F
or s member (see "Calculation of critical Euler
atera ional buckling
The LTB check is g sections : I section, U section, RHS
section, T section, PPL section.
For the othe e, the factor
b
= 1.0.
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections (Iw il, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
c sidered a
Local stability of compressed members
supported for the followin
r section typ
+rail, Iwn+rail, I+ra
on s equivalent asymmetric I sections.
d the effective area
properties over the member are used to perform the stability check. However, for non-
prismatic sections, the section classifica are
determined for each intermedi se n to er rm he bil ch k.
When the web ratio ( dept /thickness) does not conform to th requ rem nts, the web is
r ulating k nd ta lity check A idth of 2 t
w
s each side f th web take int ac un
For each intermediary section, the ratios are determined. The section classification and
the effective area properties are determined for each intermediary section for performing
the section check.
or each load case/combination, the critical section classification an F
tion and the effective area properties
ary ctio p fo t sta ity ec
e i e
educed for calc of the section chec a s bi . w 0
qrt(235/f ) on
y
o e is n o co t.
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
y
w
f
235
t 20 d=
Shear buckling check
Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I+Ud+rail) are considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
The necessary data conditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
code check"
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
I
RHS
CHS
L
U
T
PPL
RS
O
COM
NUM
Plastic (single bend ing) x x
Compact section (w x x x x ith ) x x
Non-compact secti x x x x x x x x x x on
S ction x lender se x x x x x
N kling x x x x ormal buc x x x x x x x x
LTB x x x x x
Shear buckling x x x
Plastic stability
bending)
x x check (single
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
REFERENCES
[1] Chinese Steel Code
(Chinese version)
standard of the Peoples Republic of
Code for design of steel structures
GBJ 17-88
Beijing 1995
GBJ 17-88
.[2] National
China
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK
THE KOREAN STEEL CODE CHECK
aterial properties M
The following design values are used :
teel fy
=40 mm
fy
t>40 mm
S
t<
SS41
SPS41
240 220
SPSR41
SS50 280 260
SS55 380 380
with fy the yield strength (N/mm)
The following steel characteristics are valid :
odulus of elasticity 210000 N/mm
shear modulus 81000 N/mm
10-6
7850 kg/m
m
coefficient of linear thermal expansion 12 x
density
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Consulted articles
he section and elements are checked according to part 2 and 3. The shear buckling
c article 7.5.2. The classiffication of sections is based on the
rules of part 4.
A more detailed overview for the used articles of the relevant parts is given in the
following table. The chapters marked with x are consulted.
T
heck is perfromed using
TEXT
2.Allowable stress
2.1.Structural material x
2.1.1.Allowable tensile stress x
2.1.2.Allowable shear stress x
2.1.3.Allowable compressive stress x
2.1.4.Allowable bending stress (*)
x a)
b)
c)
x
x
2.1.5.Allowable bearing stress
3.Load and stresses
3.3.Combined stresses (*)
3.3.1.Compression force and bending moment x
3.3.2.Tensile force and bending moment x (*)
3.3.3.Shear force and tensile stress
4.Width-Thickness ratio of plates (*)
4.1.1.Cantilever plate x
4.1.2.Two side fixed plate x
4.1.3.Effective area x
4.2.CHS section and thickness ratio x
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
5. Tensile member
6.Compressive member
6.1.Slenderness ratio x
6.2.Buckling length x(*)
7.Beam element
7.5.Stiffener
7.5.2.Buckling verification of the web
a)
x
Section classification
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined..
For each load case/combination, the critical section classification and the effective area
properties over the member are used to perform the code check. However, for non-
prismatic sections, the section classification and the effective area properties are
etermined for each intermediary section.
When the element properties dont satisfy the limiting values for the ratios, the section
i sified slender. ave to be reduced for the calculation of the stresses.
F tstand mpressi the part that is situated on the fixed side, remains.
T e length of the part b l on
the limiting ratio.
d
s clas
or ou
as
co
The section h
on elements,
h is calculated by the equation in which the ratio b/t is equa
For internal compression elements, the remaining parts are symmetrically divided to the
end of the elements. The length of the part d is calculated by the equation in which the
ratio d/t is equal on the limiting ratio.
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The reduced section properties are calculated for I, U, PPL, RHS and Cold formed
ections-types.
Section properties
s
The slenderness ratios (for buckling and LTB) are calculated with the full section
properties.
he influence of the bore hole is neglected, i.e. only the gross area is used. T
Buckling length
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculatio
he buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using
n of buckling ratio"
the critical Euler
rce for this member(see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elements") .
Lateral torsional buckling
T
fo
For I sections, PPL sections, U sections RHS and CHS sections, the formulas from 2.1.4
are used.
or the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by F
z
2
t
z
2
z
EI I L
Mcr
+ =
2 2
GI L Iw EI
with L LTB length
E modulus of elasticity
G shear modulus
warping constant
It torsion constant
Iz
Iw
moment of inertia about minor axis
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
With this moment Mcr, the critical LTB stress
LTB
is calculated :
y
cr
LTB
I
M
=
with Iy
The slendern s ratio fo
moment of inertia about major axis
es r LTB
LTB
, is given by
LTB
LTB
E
=
The allowab TB str TB with the formulas
given in 2.1.3.
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Combined stresses
le L ess is calculated using the slenderness L
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn
, the following formulas are used :
For compression and bending
1
f
t t
1
f
c
by
f
c
f
t
by bx
by bx
bx
c
+
+
+
For tension and bending, the following formulas are used :
c
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
1
c
by
+
1
f
t t
by bx t
+ +
f f
c
f
by bx
bx
bx
ith
c
norm l compression stress
t
normal tension stress
c
b
bending compression stress
t
b
bending tension stress
c
bx
bending compression stress around x axis
t
bx
bending tension stress around x axis
c
by
bending compression stress around y axis
t
by
bending tension stress around y axis
f
t
allowable tension stress
f
c
allowable compression stress
owable bending stress
wable bending stress around x axis
f allowable bending stress around y axis
Shear buckling check
t
+
t
w a
f
b
all
f
bx
allo
by
Composed rail sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
I +ra etric I sections.
SUPPORT
+Ud il) are considered as equivalent asymm
ED SECTIONS
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS)
CHS Circular Hollow Section (CHS)
L Angle section
U Channel section
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T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
T onditions for these sections are described in "Profile conditions for
c
The COM and NUM sections are not read out of the profile library.
RHS
CHS
L
U
T
PPL
RS
O
COM
NUM
he necessary data c
ode check"
I
Slender sections x x x x x
Allowable stresses x x x x x x x x x x x x
Shear buckling x x x
REFERE ES NC
K an S d
(Korean Version)
1983
Extracts Korean Standard
(Internal English Vers
Translated by Karam Kim - 19.03.1998
Structural Standard of
B ing tecture
(internal english document)
[1] ore tandar
[2]
ion)
[3] Regulations of
uild Archi
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BSK 99
BSK 99 CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in
Boverket, Byggavdelningen, 2000
M
BSK 99
StalKonstruktioner
aterial properties
F gth fyk and ten trength fuk
a ness of the element (see Ref. [1 tab.2:21a and
tab.2:21b)
T
Steel
s Poisson Unit mass
(kg /m
3
)
Extensibility
(m/m K)
Ultim
tensil
strength
(N/mm
2
)
Yield
strength
(N/mm
2
)
or standard steel grades, the characteristic yield stren sile s
re defined according to the thick ],
he standard steel grades are :
Name Type E-modulu
(N/mm
2
)
ate
e
S235 Steel 210000 0.
S 235
3 7850 12*10
-6
340 235
S275 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
410 275
S 275
S355 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
490 355
S 355
S420 Steel 210000 0.3
S 420
7850 12*10
-6
500 420
S460
S 460
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
530 460
S500 Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
590 500
S 500
S550
S 550
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
640 550
S620
S 620
Steel 210000 0.3 7850 12*10
-6
700 620
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S690 Steel 210000
S 690
0.3 7850 12*10
-6
770 690
(
Steel grade Thickness fuk fyk
fyk, fuk in N/mm, t in mm)
S235, S 235 0 < t <= 16 340 235
16 < t <= 40 340 225
40 < t <= 63 340 215
63 < t <= 80 340 215
80 < t <=100 340 215
S275, S 275 0 < t <= 16 410 275
16 < t <= 40 410 265
40 < t <= 63 410 255
63 < t <= 80 410 245
80 < t <=100 410 235
S355, S 355 0 < t <= 16 490 355
16 < t <= 40 490 345
40 < t <= 63 490 335
63 < t <= 80 490 325
80 < t <=100 490 315
S420, S 420 0 < t <= 16 500 420
16 < t <= 40 500 400
40 < t <= 63 500 390
S460, S 460 0 < t <= 16 530 460
16 < t <= 40 530 440
40 < t <= 63 530 430
S500, S 500 0 < t <= 50 550 500
50 < t <= 100 550 480
S550, S 550 0 < t <= 50 640 550
50 < t <= 100 640 550
S620, S 620 0 < t <= 50 700 620
50 < t <= 100 700 580
S690, S 690 0 < t <= 50 770 690
50 < t <= 100 760 650
Remark : For cold formed section, the values for fy and fu are not influenced by the
Rem re only valid when the used material
previous table.
ark : The reduction rules from previous table a
is defined as material for the selected code.
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Consulted articles
The cross-section is classified according to Table 6:211a . (class 1,2 or 3).
he section is checked for tension (art. 6:22), compression (6:23), bending (6:24), shear
:26), torsion (art. 6:27), the combination of bending and axial force (art.
ore detailed overview for the used articles is given for part 6:2 in the following
ed with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a
6:2.Calculation of the capacity of construction elements
T
force (art. 6
:25). 6
A m
table. The chapters mark
upplementary explanation in the following chapters. s
6:21.Limiting values of slenderness for cross section parts x
6:211.Classes of cross sections x (*)
6:212.Design methods for the different section classes x (*)
6:22.Tensile force x
6:23.Compression force x
6:231. Initial curvature, initial inclination and load eccentricity
6:232.Loss of restraint x (*)
6:233.Reduction factor for flexural buckling x
6:24.Bending moment x
6:241.Cross section classes x (*)
6:242.Shape factors in flexure x (*)
6:243.Bending moment x
6:244.Lateral torsional buckling x (*)
6:2441.Lateral bracing of beam x
6:2442.Reduction factor for LTB x
6:25. Bending and axial force
6:251.Section check x
6:252.Flexural buckling x
6:253.Flexural-torsional buckling x
6:26.Shear force and concentrated load
6:261.Shear force x(*)
6:262.Web crippling under concentrated force
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6:263.Local compression
6:27.Torsional moment x
6:271.Pure torsion x
6:272.Warping
6:273.Torsional moment, shear force and bending moment x
Classification of sections
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
check is performed using the actual internal forces. The classification can change for
each intermediary point.
Effective cross-section properties for class 3 cross-section
The calculation of the effective area properties is performed according to the rules given
in [5], part :23 and :24.
For each intermediary section, the classification (and if necessary, the effective area ) is
etermined and the proper section check is performed. The classification (and effective
area) can change for each intermediary point. The most critical check is displayed on the
screen.
is the ctive a when subject to uniform compression.
Weff is the effective sec e cross-section when subject only to moment
about the relevant axi ability check is
performed.
Section pro ties
d
Aeff effe rea of the cross section
tion modulus of th
s. With these properties, the section and st
per
6:22 ; 6:243 51 ; 6: into account .
Section che
; 6:2 261 : The net area properties are not taken
ck
- Double symmetric I
- Solid sec s (O, R S) use the formula (6:251c)
- For single bending, the sections U, PPL, T use formula (6:251a). For double
bending the biaxial state of stress is consulted.
All other cases use the biaxial state of stress.
The (bi)axial stress check is given by formula (3:412a) and (3:412c):
sections (I) use the formula (6:251a) and (6:251b)
tion S) and hollow sections (RHS, CH
-
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yd
2 2
x
f 3 +
yd x
f
with =1.1
Compression members
6:232 : For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling
ratio". The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical
Euler force for this member (see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH
lements") .
For class 3 sections, the sed, including the calculating of
Idef.
Stability check for tors d torsional-flexural buckling
e
rules given in [5], part :34 are u
ional buckling an
See [5], part :37.
The design buckling resistance for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
o tained usi he follo b ng t wing reduction factor
c
and slenderness
c
:
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( ) ( ) [ ]
2
c
c
0
0
y
y
y , cr
T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr T , cr y , cr TF , cr
2
0
2
z
2
y
2
0
2
T
m
t
2
0 g
T , cr
TF , cr T , cr cr
cr cr
cr
A N
N
=
yk eff
f A
c
1
16 . 1
i
y
i
l
E
4
2
1
y i i i
l
EC
GI
i A
1
) , min(
+
=
=
+ +
=
+ + =
+ =
=
=
f
yk
the basic yield strength
cr
the critical stress
cr,T
the elastic critical stress for torsional buckling
cr,TF
the elastic critical stress for torsional-flexural buckling
G the shear modulus
E the modulus of elasticity
I
T
the torsion constant of the gross section
M
the warping constant
y
the radius of gyration about yy-axis
the radius of gyration about zz-axis
0
l
y
the buckling length for flexural buckling about the yy-axis
1 =
with
C
i
i
z
l
T
the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
y the position of the shear center
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Lateral-torsional buckling
The calculation of
cr
based on [6], part 6.2.3.(5).
Alterna ly to th egulations given in 6 2442. for bisymmetric sections, the elastic
critica oment for LTB Mcr for I section (symme
( r Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section) sections, can
b ed using he rmula given by the general formula F.2. Annex F Ref. [3]
For the calculation of the moment factors C1 "Calculation of
m factors for TB".
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
tive
l m
e r :
s tric and asymmetric), RHS
Rectangula
e calculat t fo .
, C2 and C3 we refer to
oment L
z
2
t
z
2
z
2
EI
LGI
I
Iw EI
+
E he m dulus f el stic y
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral
restraint (= l
LTB
)
the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
Mcr
=
L
with t o o a it
G the shear modulus
Iw
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See also Ref. rt 7.7. for channel sections.
F las used.
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections d+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Use of d
[ ] 4 , part 7 and in particular pa
s 3 section, I
zdef
according to [5], part :44 is or c
(Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+U
iaphragms
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.
Shear force ( shear buckling)
The shear buckling check is using the values for
v
from table 6:261 in column 2.
The valu d)) taken as below :
e for
w
is (according to [5], part :26, (18:26
2
w
a
34 . 5 00 . 4 k 1
+ = <
w
2
w
w
k w
w
b
b
a
if
b
b
a
if
E t
k
. 0
=
k
the modulus of elasticity
f
yk
the yield strength
a the field length
b
w
the field height
t
w
the web thickness
yk
w
f
b 81
a
00 . 4 34 . 5 k 1
+ =
with E
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a
bw
ns (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail,
ered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
Composed rail sectio
I+Ud+rail) are consid
Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .) I
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section
CHS Circular Hollow Section
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section in PRIMAWIN
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
The necess nditions for these sections are described in chapter "Profile
conditions for code check".
sections are not read out of the profile library.
RS
O
COM
NUM
ary data co
The COM and NUM
I RHS CHS L U T PPL
Classification x x x x x x x x x (1) (1) (1)
Section check x x x x x x x x x x x x
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double bending
Class 3 support x x x x x x
Buck:ling check x x x x x x x x x x x x
LTB check x x x x x x x x x x x x
Compression + bending
ouble bending
x
d
Compression + bending
single bending
x x x x x x x x
Compression + LTB x
le bending
doub
Shear buckling x x x x
Torsional check x
(1) sections are classified as class 2 cross section by default.
REFERENCES
el Structures
I Swedish Institute of Steel Construction, Publication 118, 1989
Design of steel structures
- 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
] R. Maquoi
ENTS DE CONSTRUCTIONS METALLIQUE
Ulg , Facult des Sciences Appliques, 1988
orsten Hglund
C E Fritzes AB, Stockholm
[1] BSK 99
StalKonstruktioner
Boverket, Byggavdelningen, 2000
[2] Swedish Regulations for Ste
BSK
SB
[3] Eurocode 3
Part 1
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[4
ELEM
[5] T
K18, Dimensionering av Stalkonstruktioner
Utdrag ur Handboken Bygg, kapitel K18 och K19
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[6] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
gn of steel structures Eurocode 3 : Desi
Part 1-3 : General rules
Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting
CEN 1996
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IS 800
IS:800 CODE CHECK
The beam elements are checked according to the regulations given in
IS 800 Draft version
Material properties
The following steel grades are supported :
Grade/
Classification
Yield stress(Mpa)
Ultimate
tensile
stress(Mpa)
A/Fe410WA 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
B/Fe410WB 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
C/Fe410WC 250(<20mm), 240(20mm to 40mm), 230(>40mm) 410
Fe440W 300(<16mm), 290(16mm to 40mm), 280(>41mm to 63mm) 440 A
Fe440WB 300(<16m ), 280(>41mm to 63mm) 440 m), 290(16mm to 40mm
Fe490 350(<16mm), 330(16mm to 40mm), 320(>41mm to 63mm) 490
Fe490B (<16m m) 490 350 m), 330(16mm to 40mm), 320(>41mm to 63m
Fe540 410(<16mm), 390(16mm to 40mm), 380(>41mm to 63mm) 540
Fe540B mm), 380(>41mm to 63mm) 540 410(<16mm), 390(16mm to 40
The string in the column Grade/Classification is used to determine the proper yield
stress reduction.
Consulted articles
The cross-se n is clas
he section is checked for tension (Section 6), compression (Section 7), bending (Section
) and the combination of forces (Section 9).
ctio sified according to Table 3.1.
T
8
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ore detailed overview for the used articles is given in the following table. The
hapters marked with x are consulted. The chapters marked with (*) have a
upplementary explanation in the following chapters.
3.7. Classification of Cross Section x(*)
A m
c
s
6.1. Tension members x
6.2. Design strength due to Yielding of Gross section
7.1. Design Strength x(*)
8.2. Design strength in bending x
8.2.1. Laterally supported beam
8.2.1.1. Section with slender webs x
8.2.1.2. When factored shear force < 0.6 Vd x
8.2.1.3. When factored shear force > 0.6 Vd x
8.2.2. Laterally unsupported beam x
8.2.2.1. Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling moment x
8.4. Shear x
8.4.1. The n inal plastic shear resistance om x
8.4.2. Resis nce to she ta ar buckling x
9.1. Genera x l
9.2. Combi Shear a ned nd bending x
9.3. Combined Axial Force and Bending Moment x
Appendix F x
Remarks
- the design of slender compression elements is outside the scope of this
implementation
- the shear buckling check is only using the Simple Post Critical Method
-
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Classification of sections
For each intermediary section, the classification is determined and the proper section
sification can change for each intermediary point.
tion, the critical section classification over the member is
sed to perform the stability check. So, the stability section classification can change for
ility section classification is determined
each int
T ss s
- ss 1
- class 2
- class 3
- class 4
The class 4 (slender) section check is not supported. For this sections a class 3 (semi-
c ct) s ed.
S on pr
check is performed. The clas
For each load case/combina
u
each load case/combination.
owever, for non-prismatic sections, the stab H
for ermediary section
he cro ections are classified as
cla : plastic
: compact
: semi-compact
: slender section
ompa ection check is perform
ecti operties
T are
Section check
he net a properties are not taken into account .
of high shear for cla In the cas
fa
e ss 3 sectio, the allowable normal stress is reduced with a
ompression members
ctor (1-). When torsional shear stress is present, the VonMisis criterium is checked.
C
For the calculation of the buckling length, we refer to "Calculation of buckling ratio".
The buckling properties for a VARH element are calculated by using the critical Euler
force for this member (see "Calculation of critical Euler force for VARH elem
S eck for torsional buckling and torsional-flexural buckling
ents") .
tability ch
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The design buckling resistance N
b,Rd
for torsional or torsional-flexural buckling shall be
axis, and with relative
slenderness given by :
obtained using buckling for buckling around the weak
( ) ( ) [ ]
1
4
2
1
1
GI
) m
0
0
,
, , , , , , ,
2
0
2 2 2
0
2 2
0
,
,
=
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
i
y
i
l
E
y i i i
l
EC
i A
y
y
y cr
T cr y cr T cr y cr T cr y cr TF cr
z y
T
m
t
g
T cr
TF cr
A cr
with f
yb
the basic yield strength
cr
the critical stress
cr,T
the elastic critical stress for torsional buckling
cr,TF
the elastic critical stress for torsional-flexural buckling
G the shear modulus
E the modulus of elasticity
I
T
the torsion constant of the gross section
C
M
the warping constant
i
y
the radius of gyration about yy-axis
i
z
the radius of gyration about zz-axis
l
T
the buckling length of the member for torsional buckling
y
0
the position of the shear center
l
y
the buckling length for flexural buckling about the yy-axis
, in(
,T cr
=
cr
=
f
yb
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torsional buckling
Lateral-
e or LTB Mcr for I sections (symmetric and asymmetric),
HS (Rectangular Hollow Section) sections and CHS (Circular Hollow Section)
sections, can be calculated using the formula given by Annex F.
or the calculation of the moment factors C1, C2 and C3 we refer to "Calculation of
moment factors for LTB".
For the other supported sections, the elastic critical moment for LTB Mcr is given by
h elastic critical moment f T
R
F
z
2
t
EI
z
2
2
I
Iw
L
EI
cr
=
with the modulus of elasticity
G e shear modulus
L the length of the beam between points which have lateral
z
LGI
M
E
th
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restraint (= l
LTB
)
Iw the warping constant
It the torsional constant
Iz the moment of inertia about the minor axis
Haunched sections (I+Ivar, Iw+Plvar, Iw+Iwvar, Iw+Ivar, I+Iwvar) and composed rail
sections (Iw+rail, Iwn+rail, I+rail, I+2PL+rail, I+PL+rail, I+2L+rail, I+Ud+rail) are
considered as equivalent asymmetric I sections.
Use of diaphragms
SUPPORTED SECTIONS
See Chapter 'Adaption of torsional constant'.
tandard sections are defined :
I Symmetric I shapes (IPE, HEA, HEB, .)
The following s
RHS Rectangular Hollow Section
CHS Circular Hollow Section
L Angle section
U Channel section
T T section
PPL Asymmetric I shapes
Z Z section
RS Rectangular section
Cold formed section
COM Composed section ( sheet welded, section
pairs, )
O Solid tube
NUM Numerical section
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158
In the following matrix is shown which sections are supported for the different analysis
parts in the Indian steel Code check :
I
RHS CHS L U T PPL RS Z O COM NUM
Section Classification x x x x x x x x (1) x (1) (1) (1)
Section check class 1 x x x
Section check class 2 x x x
Section check class 3 x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Section check class 4
Stability check class 1 x x x
Stability check c lass 2 x x x
Stability check cl x x x x x x x x x x ass 3 x x x
Stability check c lass 4
Shear buckling x check x x
) secti s are c
REFERE ES
(1 on lassified as class 3 cross section by default.
NC
1] 00 [ IS:8
2005
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO
INTRODUCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF BUCKLING RATIO
For the calculation of buckling ratio, several methods can be applied.
The general method is described in chapter "Calculation buckling ratio general
formula". For crossing diagonals, the buckling ratio is explained in chapter "Calculation
buckling ratios for crossing diagonalS". For VARH elements, the critical Euler force is
calculated according to the method given in chapter "Calculation of critical Euler force
for VARH elements". For lattice tower members, see the chapter "Calculation buckling
ratio for lattice tower members".
CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIO GENERAL FORMULA
For the calculation of the buckling ratios, some approximate formulas are used. These
formulas are treated in reference [1], [2] and [3].
The following formulas are used for the buckling ratios (Ref[1],pp.21) :
for a non sway structure :
24) + 11 + 5 + 24)(2 + 5 + 11 + (2
12)2 + 4 + 4 + 24)( + 5 + 5 + (
= l/L
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
for a sway structure :
4 +
x
x = l/L
1
2
with L the system length
E the modulus of Young
I the moment of inertia
Ci the stiffness in node I
Mi the moment in node I
Fi the rotation in node I
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2 1 2 1
2
1
2
2 1
8 + ) + (
+ 4
= x
EI
L
C
=
i
i
i
i
i
M
=
C
The values for M
i
and
i
are approximately determined by the internal forces and the
deformations, calculated by load cases which generate deformation forms, having an
affinity with the buckling form. (See also Ref.[5], pp.113 and Ref.[6],pp.112).
The following load cases are considered :
load case 1 : on the beams, the local distributed loads qy=1 N/m and qz=-100 N/m
are used, on the columns the global distributed loads Qx = 10000 N/m and Qy
=10000 N/m are used.
load case 2 : on the beams, the local distributed loads qy=-1 N/m and qz=-100 N/m
are used, on the columns the global distributed loads Qx = -10000 N/m and Qy= -
10000 N/m are used.
The used approach gives good results for frame structures with perpendicular rigid or
semi-rigid beam connections. For other cases, the user has to evaluate the presented
bucking ratios.
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CALCULATION BUCKLING RATIOS FOR CROSSING DIAGONALS
For crossing diagonal elements, the buckling length perpendicular to the diagonal plane,
is calculated according to Ref.[4], DIN18800 Teil 2, table 15. This means that the
buckling length s
K
is dependant on the load distribution in the element, and it is not a
purely geometrical data anymore.
In the following chapters, the buckling length sK is defined,
with s
K
buckling length
l member length
l
1
length of supporting diagonal
I moment of inertia (in the buckling plane) of the member
I
1
moment of inertia (in the buckling plane) of the
supporting diagonal
N compression force in member
N
1
compression force in supporting diagonal
Z tension force in supporting diagonal
E elastic modulus
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Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2
l 5 . 0 s
l I
l 1 I
1
l N 4
l Z 3
1
l s
K
3
1
3
1
K
=
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 1.
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Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned tension diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2
l 5 . 0 s
l N
l Z
75 . 0 1 l s
K
1
K
=
S
ee Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 4.
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Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous tension diagonal
N
N
Z
Z
l/2
l1/2
) 1
l Z
l N
(
4
l Z 3
) I E (
1
l Z
l N
l 5 . 0 s
1
2
2
1
d 1
1
K
=
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 5.
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Continuous compression diagonal, supported by continuous compression diagonal
N
N1
N1
l/2
N
l1/2
l 5 . 0 s
l I
l 1 I
1
l N
l N
1
l s
K
3
1
3
1
1
K
+
=
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 2.
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Continuous compression diagonal, supported by pinned compression diagonal
N
N
N1
N1
l/2
l1/2
1
1
2
K
l N
l N
12
1 l s
+ =
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 3 (2).
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Pinned compression diagonal, supported by continuous compression diagonal
N
N
N1
N1
l/2
l1/2
)
N
l N
12
(
l
l N
) I E (
l 5 . 0 s
1
1
2
1
2
3
d
K
=
CALCULATION OF CRITICAL EULER FORCE FOR VARH ELEMENTS
See Ref.[4], Tab. 15, case 3 (3).
Definitions
A llows :
The member has the properties of a symmetric I secion (formcode=1), where only the
height is linear variable along the member. The system length for buckling around the
local yy axis (strong axis), is equal to member length.
For this non-prismatic section, the critical Euler force is given in Ref[7].
VARH element is defined as fo
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force Calculation of the critical Euler
For a VARH element (form node i to node j), we can define
L beam length
i j
E modulus of Young
N
cr
critical Euler force
R
i
, R
j
beam stiffness at end i and j
by :
I
i
, I
j
moment of inertia at end i and j
A, A sectional area at end i and j
The stiffness R and R' is given
EI
L
R
=
R
EI
L
R
=
R
M
= R
i
j j
i
i i
I
I
=
i
j
The critical Euler force is given by
L
EI
=
N
2
i 2
cr
To calculate , the next steps are followed :
1. Calculate L, I
i
, I
j
, R
i
, R
j
, R'
i
, R'
j
,
2. We suppose that
2
1
>
1 -
3. Calculate a, b, c and d as follows
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)] ln cotg( +
2
1
(
1) - (
+ [1
1
= d
]
1 -
) ln ( sin
- [1
1
= c = b
)] ln cotg( -
2
1
1)( - ( + [1
1
= a
4
1
-
) 1 - (
=
2
2
2
2
2
4. For a beam in non-sway system, we solve
0 =
R R
bc) - (ad +
R
d +
R
a + 1
j i j i
For a beam in sway system, we solve
0 = bc)) - (ad - d + c - b - (a
R R
+ - ) d - (1
R
+ ) a - (1
R
2
j i
2 2
j
2
i
5. When a solution is found, we check if
2
1
>
1 -
6. If not, then recalculate a,b,c en d as follows :
]
) - (
) ) +
2
1
( - ) -
2
1
1)(( - (
+ [1
1
= d
]
) - (
1) - ( 2
- [1
1
= c = b
]
-
) ) +
2
1
( - ) -
2
1
1)(( - (
+ [1
1
= a
-
-
2
- 2
-
2
and resolve the proper equation of 4.
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CALCU TION BUCKLING RATIO FOR LATTICE TOWER MEMBERS LA
6771 is selected, the following buckling
onfiguration can be selected. For each configuration, the critical slendernesses to be
considered, are defined.
When the national code EC3 or NEN6770/
c
The values are taken from Ref.[8].
y
y
z z
v
v
We defi
i
yy
radius of gyration around yy axis
i
zz
radius of gyration around zz axis
ith the option 'Bracing members are sufficiently supported', the effective
slendernesses may be reduced as follows :
- for vv-axis :
ne :
i
vv
radius of gyration around vv axis
W
vv 7 . 0 35 . 0 + =
- for yy-axis : yy 7 . 0 50 . 0 + =
The buckling curve 'b' is used..
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Leg with symmetrical bracing
vv
i
L
=
Leg with intermediate transverse support
yy
i
L
=
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Leg with staggered bracing
vv
yy
i
52 . 1 ) 2 a , 1 a max(
i
L
=
=
Single Bracing
vv
i
L
=
Single Bracing with SBS (Secondary Bracing System)
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yy
2
vv
1
i
L
i
L
=
=
Cross bracing
yy
com
com
y
E
E
com
com
com
com
1 b
1
com
sup
2 b com b
'
2
zz
2
yy
2
1
i
L
f
E
58 . 0 70 . 0 K
L
K
1
1 25 . 0 K
0 . 1 5 . 0
K
1
1 25 . 0
F
F
K
1
L K L K
i
,
i
L
=
=
=
+ =
+
+
+ +
= =
=
=
1
1
L
=
1 b
1 38 . 0 75 . 0 K
+ =
' '
vv
L L
i
L
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
with L
com
Length of compressed member (L2 from figure)
com
Force in compressed member (L2 from figure)
F
sup
Force in supporting member (member crossing member L2)
E Modulus of Young
f
y
Yield strength
Cross bracing with SBS
F
3 b com b
'
3
zz
'
3
yy
'
3
zz
2
yy
2
vv
1
L K L K L
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
,
i
L
i
L
= =
=
=
=
with L
com
Length of compressed member (L3 from figure)
F
com
Force in compressed member (L3 from figure)
F
sup
Force in supporting member (member crossing member L3)
K
b
See Chapter 'Cross bracing'
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K Bracing
zz yy
i i
3
2 2
vv
1
L
,
L
,
L
L
=
=
i
=
3
zz yy
L
i i
Horizontal Bracing
L
1 R 0
P
P
R
73 . 0 R 316 . 0 R 085 . 0 k
i
L
k
1
2
2
vv
=
+ =
=
with P
1
Compression load
P
2
Tensile load
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Horizo S ntal Bracing with SB
L
1 R 0
P
P
R
73 . 0 R 316 . 0 R 085 . 0 k
i
L
k
1
2
2
yy
=
+ =
=
with P
1
Compression load
P
2
Tensile load
iscontinuous Cross bracing with horizontal member
D
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N1 N2
N1 N2
F F
a
a
( ) + =
=
cos ) 2 N 1 N ( , F max F
i
a
,
i
a 2
Sd
vv yy
with F normal force to check
F
Sd
actual compression force in horizontal member
N1 tensile force in diagonal
N2 compression force in diagonal
REFERENCES
[1] Handleiding moduul STACO VGI
Staalbouwkundig Genootschap
Staalcentrum Nederland
5684/82
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ate formula for effective end-fixity of
J.Aero.Sc. Vol.16 Feb.1949 pp.116
Stabiliteit voor de staalconstructeur
uitgave Staalbouwkundig Genootschap
Stahlbauten : Stabilittsflle, Knicken von Stben und Stabwerken
November 1990
Controleregels voor lijnvormige constructie-elementen
IBBC Maart 1987
[6] Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Basiseisen en basisrekenregels voor overwegend statisch belaste constructies
NEN 6770, december 1991
Flambement des poteaux inertie variable
Construction Mtallique 1-1981
[8] NEN-EN 50341-3-15
Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 45 kV - Part 3: Set of National
Normative Aspects
Number 15: National Normative Aspects (NNA) for The Netherlands
[2] Newmark N.M. A simple approxim
columns
[3]
[4] DIN18800 Teil 2
[5] Rapportnr. BI-87-20/63.4.3360
[7] Y. Gala
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CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS FOR LTB
UCTION TO THE CALCULATION OF MOMENT FACTORS INTROD
or determining the moment factors C1 and C2 for lateral torsional buckling (LTB), we
use the standard tables which are defined in Ref.[1] Art.12.25.3 table 9.1.,10 end 11.
tribution is compared with some standard moment distributions.
his standard moment distributions are moment lines generated by a distributed q load, a
nodal F load, or where the moment line is maximum at the start or at the end of the beam.
The standard moment distributions which is closest to the current moment distribution, is
taken for the calculation of the factors C1 and C2.
he factor C3 is taken out of the tables F.1.1. and F.1.2. from Ref.[2] - Annex F.
CALCULATION MOMENT FACTORS
F
The current moment dis
T
T
load
Moment distribution generated by q
For EC3, IS800 and CM66 :
if M2
C
*
C2 = 0.45 A* [1 + C* e ( + )]
if M2
< 0
1 = A
*
(1.45 B
*
+ 1) 1.13 + B
*
(-0.71 A
*
+ 1) E
D*
> 0
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
C1 = 1.13 A
*
+ B
*
E
*
C2 = 0.45A
*
For DIN18800 and ONORM4300 :
if M2 < 0
C1 = A
*
(1.45 B
*
+ 1) 1.12 + B
*
(-0.71 A
*
+ 1) E
*
C2 = 0.45 A
*
[1 + C
*
e
D*
( + )]
if M2 > 0
C1 = 1.12 A
*
+ B
*
E
*
C2 = 0.45A
*
with :
l
+q | M2 | 8
l
q
= A
2
2
*
l
+q | M2 | 8
| M2 | 8
= B
2
*
ql
| M2 | 94
= C
2
*
)
ql
| M2 |
-72( = D
2
2
*
for DIN18800 / ONORM 4300 :
0.77 - 1.77 = E
*
for EC3 Code and IS800 :
2.70 < E*
0.52 + 1.40 - 1.88 = E*
2
for NEN6770/6771, SIA263 Code :
E*=1.75-1.05*+0.30* and E*<2.3
for CM66 :
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2.70 < E*
0.52 + 1.40 - 1.88 = E*
2
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load Moment distribution generated by F
M2 < 0
C1 = A
**
(2.75 B
**
+ 1) 1.35 + B
**
(-1.62 A
**
+ 1) E
**
C2 = 0.55 A
**
[1 + C
**
e
D**
( + )]
M2 > 0
C1 = 1.35 A
**
+ B
**
E
**
C2 = 0.55 A
**
with :
+Fl | M2 | 4
Fl
= A
* *
+Fl | M2 | 4
Fl
= B
* *
Fl
| M2 | 38
= C
* *
)
Fl
| M2 |
-32( = D
2 * *
The values for E
**
can be taken as E
*
from chapter "Moment distribution generated by q
load".
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Moment line with maximum at the start or at the end of the beam
C2 = 0.0
f IN1880 RM 4300 or D 0 / ONO
0.77 - 1.77 = 1 C
for EC3 Code / IS800 :
52 1.40 - 1.88
2
2.70 < 1 C and
0. + = 1 C
for CM66 :
( )
2 2
1 152 . 0 1
3
= 1 C
+ +
for NEN6770/6771, SIA263 Code :
E*=1.75-1.05*+0.30* and E*<2.3
REFERENCES
[1] Staalconstructies TGB 1990
Stabiliteit
NEN 6771 - 1991
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
[2] Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992
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PROFILE CONDITIONS FOR CODE CHECK
NTRODUCTION TO PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS I
The standard profile sections have fixed sections properties and dimensions, which have
to be present in the profile library.
The section properties are described in chapter "Data for general section stability
check".
The required dimension properties are described in chapter "Data depending in the
profile shape".
DATA FOR GENERAL SECTION STABILITY CHECK
The following properties have to be present in the profile library for the execution of the
section and the stability check :
Description Property number
Iy moment of inertie yy 8
Wy elastic section modulus yy 10
Sy statical moment of area yy 6
Iz moment of inertia zz 9
Wz elastic section modulus zz 11
Sz statical moment of area zz 7
It* torsional constant 14
Wt* torsional resistance 13
A0 sectional area 1
Iyz centrifugal moment 12
iy radius of gyration yy 2
iz radius of gyration zz 3
Mpy plastic moment yy 30
Mpz plastic moment zz 31
fab fabri
0=rolled section (default value)
1=welded section
105 cation code
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
2=cold formed section
he fabrication code is not obligatory.
hen the section is made out of 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can be
alculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. When this is not the case,
by the user in the profile library.
The plastic moments are calculated with a yield strength of 240 N/mm.
T
W
c
these properties have to be input
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
DATA DEPENDING IN THE PROFILE SHAPE
I section
mcode 1 For
PSS Type .I.
Property Description
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
74 W
140 wm1
61 R1
146
109 1
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
B
s
w
t
R
R1
a
H
HS
R
Formcode 2
PSS Type .M.
Property Description
49 H
48 B
67 s
66 R
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
109 2
B
s
H
R
CHS
mcode 3 For
PSS Type O. .R
Property Description
64 D
65 s
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
109 3
D
w
Angle section
Formcode 4
PSS Type .L.
Property Description
49 H
48 B
44 t
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61 1 R
66 R
74 W1
75 W2
76 W3
109 4
B
R
R1
w1
w2
t
w3
w1
w2
C ctio hannel se n
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Formcode 5
PSS Type .U.
Property Description
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
68
41
61 R1
146
109 5
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
B
s
H
t
R
R1
a
T section
Formcode 6
PSS Type .T.
Property Description
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
66 R
61 R1
62 R2
146 1
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
147 2
109 6
B
s
t
R
a1
H
a2
R1
R2
Full rectangular section
Formcode 7
PSS Type .B.
Property Description
48 B
67 H
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
109 7
B
H
Full circular section
ode 11 Formc
PSS Type .RU.
Property Description
64 D
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
109 11
D
Asymmetric I section
code 101
Form
PSS Type
Property Description
49 H
48
44
47 s
42 Bt
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
43 Bb
45 tt
46 tb
66 R
109 101
R
H
Bt
Bb
tt
tb
Z
section
mcode 102
For
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
PSS Type .Z.
Property Description
49 H
48 B
44 t
47 s
67 R
61 R1
109 102
B
s
t
H
R
R1
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
General cold formed section
Each section is considered as a composition of rectangular parts. Each part represents a
plate unit which is considered as element for defining the effective width. The start and
end parts are considered as unstiffened elements, the intermediate parts are considered
as stifffened parts.
This way of definition of the section assumes that the area is concentrated at its centre
line. The rounding in the corners are ignored.
Description Property number Value
form code 109 110
Dy* 22
Dz* 23
CM* 26
buckling curve around yy axis 106 (1)
buckling curve around zz axis 107 (1)
buckling curve for LTB 108 (1)
) The values for the buckling curves are defined as follows :
1 = buckling curve a
2 = buckling curve b
(1
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
3 = buckling curve c
4 = buckling curve d
The conditions are that the section is an open profile. Only the geometry commands O,
L etry description.
made out of 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can be
alculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. The properties from the
r tion lated by the code check.
When the section is made out of more then 1 plate, the properties marked with (*) can
NOT be calculated by the calculation routine in the profile library. The properties from
the reduced section can be calculated, except for the marked properties. These
properties have to be input by the user in the profile library.
mcode 110
, N, A may be used in the geom
When the section is
c
educed sec can be calcu
For
PSS Type
Property Description
44 s
61 r
48 B
142 sp
143 e2
68 H
109 110
Remark :
r is rounding, special for KLS section (Voest Alpine)
sp is number of shear planes
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
B
H
e2
s
ld formed angle section Co
Formcode 111
PSS Type
Property Description
44 s
61 r
48 B
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
68 H
109 111
B
s
H
r
Cold formed channel section
Formcode 112
PSS Type
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Property Description
44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
109 112
B
s
H
r
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Cold formed Z n sectio
code 113
Form
PSS Type
Property Description
44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
109 113
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
B
s
H
R
Figure 1
Cold formed C section
Formcode 114
PSS Type
Property Description
44 s
61 r
48 B
49 H
68 c
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
109 114
B
s
H
r
c
Figure 2
Cold formed Omega section
Formcode 115
PSS Type
Property Description
44 s
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
61 r
48 B
49 H
42 c
109 115
B
s
H
c
R
Rail type KA
Formcode 150
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
PSS Type .KA.
Property Description
148 h1
149 h2
150 h3
151 b1
152 b2
153 b3
154 k
155 f1
156 f2
157 f3
61 r1
62 r2
63 r3
158 r4
159 5 r
160 a
109 150
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
r1
r2
r4
r3
r5
b3
k
b2
b1
f3
f2
f1
h1
h3
h2
R ype K
ail t F
Formcode 51 1
PSS Type .KF.
Property Description
48 b
154 k
49 h
153 b3
155 f1
157 f3
148 h1
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149 h2
61 r1
62 r2
63 3 r
109 151
r1
r2
r2
r2
r2
r3
k
b
b3
f3
f1
h
h1
h2
Rail type KQ
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Formcode 152
PSS Type .KQ.
Property Description
48 b
154 k
49 h
153 b3
155 f1
149 h2
150 3 h
61 r1
109 152
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
b
k
b3
r1
h3
h2
f1
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WARPING CHECK
STRESS CHECK
In cross sections subject to torsion, the following is checked :
Ed , w Ed , t Ed , Vz Ed , Vy Ed , t ot
Ed , w Ed , Mz Ed , My Ed , N Ed , t ot
M
y 2
Ed , t ot
2
Ed , t ot
0 M
y
Ed , t ot
M
y
Ed , t ot
f
1 . 1 3
3
f
f
+ + + =
+ + + =
+
with
fy the yield strength
tot,Ed
the total direct stress
tot,Ed
the total shear stres
M
=
M0
(class 1,2 and 3 section)
=
M1
(class 4 section)
M0
the partial safety f tance of cross-sections
where failure is caused by yielding (=1.1)
the partial safety
where failure is caused by buckling (=1.1)
the direct stress due to the axial force on the relevant
effective cross-section
My,Ed
the direct stress due to the bending moment around y axis on
the relevant effective cross-section
Mz,Ed
the direct stress due to the bending moment around z axis on
the relevant effectiv
w,Ed
the direct stress due to warping on the gross cross-section
Vy,Ed
the shear stress due ss
s
actor for resis
M1
factor for resistance of cross-sections
N,Ed
e cross-section
to shear force in y direction on the gro
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
cross-section
Vz,Ed
the shear stress due to shear force in z direction on the gross
cross-section
t,Ed
the shear stress du t. Venant) torsion on the
gross cross-section
w,Ed
the shear stress due the gross cross-section
The warping effect is considered for standard I sections and U sections, and for (=
cold formed sections) sections. The def ctions and U sections, and
sections are described in "Profile conditions
T her standard sections ( RHS, CHS rectangular
sections) are considered as warping free. See also Ref.[2], Bild 7.4.40.
C ULATION OF THE DIRECT STRESS DUE TO WARPING
e to uniform (S
to warping on
inition of I se
for code check".
he ot , Angle section, T section and
ALC
The direct stress due to warping is given by (Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3, Ref.[3])
m
, w
C
M w
Ed
w M
=
w
the bimoment
w
M
the unit warping
C
m
the warping constant
I sections
with M
For I sections, the value of w
M
is given in the tables (Ref. [2], Tafel 7.87, 7.88). This
value is added to the profile library. The diagram of w
M
is given in the following figure:
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
The direct stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure).
The value for wM can be calculated by (Ref.[5] pp.135) :
m M
4
h b
1
=
with b the section width
h
m
the section height (see figure)
U sections
w
For I sections, the value of w
M
is given in the tables as w
M1
and w
M2
(Ref. [2], Tafel
7.89). This values are added to the profile library. The diagram of w
M
is given in the
following figure :
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure).
sections
The direct stress
The values for w
M
are calculated for the critical points according to the general
approach given in Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3 and Ref.[8] Part 27.
The critical points for each part are shown as circles in the figure.
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CALCULATION OF THE SHEAR STRESS DUE TO WARPING
The shear stress due to warping is given by (Ref.[2] 7.4.3.2.3, Ref.[3])
=
s
0
M
w
m
xs
tds
t C
M
with the warping torque (see "Standard
warping torque, bimoment
on")
I sections
Ed , w
M
xs
diagrams for
and the St.Venant torsi
w
M
the unit warping
C
m
t
the warping constant
the element thickness
The shear stress due to warping is calculated in the critical points (see circles in figure)
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
For I sections, we have the following :
A
4
w t b
tds w
M
2 / b
0
M
=
=
U sections, sections
Starting from the w
M
diagram, we calculate the value
f critical points.
The shear stres due to warping is calculated in these critical points (see circles in
f
s
0
M
tds w
or the
s
igures)
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
PLASTIC CHECK
For doubly symmetric I sections of class 1 and class 2 (plastic check), the interaction
f la given in Ref.[10] is used.
ormu
b
tw
tf
h H
y y
z
z
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Used variables
Section Properties
A sectional area
b width
H heigth of section
t
f
flange thickness
t
w
web thickness
h = H - t
f
A
w
= 1.05 (h+t
f
) t
w
for rolled section
A
w
= h t
w
for welded sections
f f
t b 2 A =
A
A
f
f
=
f w
1 =
W
z,pl
plastic section modulus around z
axis
W
y,pl
plastic section modulus around y
axis
Material Properties
f
y,d
yield strength
y,d
shear strength
Internal forces
N
Sd
normal force
M
y,Sd
bending moment around y axis
M
z,Sd
bending moment around z axis
M
w,Sd
bimoment
V
y,Sd
shear force in y direction
V
z,Sd
shear force in z direction
M
xp,Sd
torque due to St. Venant
M
xs,Sd
warping torque
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Plastic capacities
N
pl,Rd
= A f
y,d
M
z,pl,Rd
= W
z,pl
f
y,d
V
z,pl,Rd
= A
w
y,d
d , y
2
w 2
f Rd , pl , xp
2
t
h bt
+ =
M
M
y,pl,Rd
= W
y,pl
f
y,d
2
h
M M
Rd , pl , z Rd , pl , w
=
V
y,pl,Rd
= A
f
y,d
2
h
V M
Rd , pl , y Rd , pl , xs
=
Rd , pl
Sd
N
N
n =
Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , w
Sd , w
w
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , y
Sd , y
y
V
V
v =
Rd , pl , z
Sd , z
z
V
V
v =
Rd , pl , xp
Sd , xp
xp
M
M
m =
Rd , pl , xs
Sd , xs
xs
M
M
m =
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Shear force reduction
( )
w w z
2
z w
xp
2
z z
1 s 5 . 0 for
1 2
m v
>
=
+ =
=
( )
( )
f f y
2
y f
xp
2
y xs y
1 s 5 . 0 for
1 2
m v m
= >
=
+ + =
Sign
p=sign ( M
z,Sd
x M
w,Sd
)
( )
2
s
n
p 1
s 4
s
m m
m m
m m
1
w w
w w
f f
w z
w z
w z
s
=
w w
s w w s
s
n
p 1 s 4
Unity checks :
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( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
s
m
p
s
m
s 2
n s 2 1 m
and
1
s
m
p
s
m
s 2
n s 2 1 m
s n if
1
s
m
s
m
s 2
s
n
s 1 m
s n if
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w f y
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w f y
w w
f
w
f
z
2
f f
w w
w w f y
w w
+
+
+ +
+
>
+ +
+ +
m
m
R e values between must be >0.
STANDARD DIAGRAMS FOR WARPING TORQUE, BIMOMENT AND THE
{ } emark : th
ST.VENANT TORSION
The following 6 standard situations are given in the literature (Ref.[2], Ref.[3]).
The value is defined as follows :
m
t
C E
I G
=
with M
x
the total torque
= M
xp
+ M
xs
M
xp
the torque due to St. Venant
M
xs
the warping torque
w
the bimoment
I
T
the torsional constant
C
M
the warping constant
E the modulus of elasticity
M
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
G the shear modulus
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Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, local torsional loading Mt
x
M
L
a M
L
t
b M
t
M
M
xb
xa
=
=
M
xp
for a
side
= ) x cosh(
) L sinh(
) b sinh(
L
b
M M
t xp
M
xp
for b
side
+ = ) ' x cosh(
) L sinh(
) a sinh(
L
a
M M
t xp
M
xs
for a
side
= ) x cosh(
) L sinh(
) b sinh(
M M
t xs
M
xs
for b
side
= ) ' x cosh(
) L sinh(
) a sinh(
M M
t xs
M
w
for a side
) L sinh(
= ) x sinh(
) b sinh( M
M
t
w
M
w
for b side
) L sinh(
= ) ' x sinh(
) a sinh( M
M
t
w
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Tor Mt sion fixed ends, warping fixed ends, local torsional loading
M
x
L
a M
M
L
b M
M
t
xb
t
xa
=
=
M
xp
for a
= M M
t xp
side
+
3 D
L
1 k 2 k b
M
xp
fo
side
r b
= 4 D
L
M M
t xp
1 k a 2 k
M
xs
fo
side
r a 3 D M M
t
=
xs
M
xs
for b
4 D M M
t xs
=
side
M
w
for a side
1 D
M
M
t
=
w
M
w
for b side
2 D
M
M
t
w
=
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( )
( )
( )
( )
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L ) b
)
2
L
tanh( 2
sin
2 k
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
) L sinh(
) b sinh( ) a sinh( b sin
k
) L sinh(
) 2 k
4 D
sinh
3 D
) ' x sinh( 1 k ) a sinh( ) x ( 2 k
sinh
1 D
+ =
=
=
+ +
) L sinh( 2
1
) L sinh(
2
a
1
) L sinh(
) b sinh( ) a h(
+
1 =
' x cosh( 1 k ) a sinh( ) x cosh( +
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( 1 k ) x cosh( 2 k ) b (
+
) L sinh(
sinh
2 D =
) L sinh(
) ' x sinh( 1 k ) x sinh( 2 k ) b (
+ +
=
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Torsion fixed ends, warping free ends, distributed torsional loading mt
M
x
2
L m
M
2
L m
M
t
xb
t
xa
=
M
xp
=
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( ) x cosh(
) x
2
L
(
m
M
t
xp
M
xs
) L sinh(
=
) ' x cosh( ) x cosh( m
M
t
xs
M
w
) L sinh(
1
2
+ sinh( ) x sinh( m
t
=
) ' x
w
M
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Torsion fixed ends, war istributed torsional loading mt ping fixed ends, d
M
x
2
L m
M
2
L m
M
t
xb
t
xa
=
M
xp
=
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( ) x cosh(
) k 1 ( ) x
2
L
(
m
M
t
xp
M
xs
=
) L sinh(
) ' x cosh( ) x cosh(
) k 1 (
m
M
t
xs
M
w
=
) L sinh(
) ' x sinh( ) x sinh(
) k 1 ( 1
m
M
2
t
w
)
2
L
tanh(
2
L
1 k
=
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
One end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, local torsional loading Mt
M
x
t xa
M M =
M
xp
=
) L cosh(
) ' x cosh(
1 M M
t xp
M
xs
=
) L cosh(
) ' x cosh(
M M
t xs
M
w
=
) L cosh(
) ' x sinh( M
M
t
w
ne end free, other end torsion and warping fixed, distributed torsional loading mt O
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
M
x
L m
t
M
xa
=
M
xp
) x cosh( L ' x
t
m
+
=
) L cosh(
) x sinh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
M
xp
M
xs
=
) L cosh(
) x sinh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
) x cosh( L
m
M
t
xs
M
w
+
+
=
) L cosh(
) x cosh( )) L sinh( L 1 (
) x sinh( L 1
m
M
t
w
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DECOMPOSITION OF ARBITRARY TORSION LINE
There the EPW solver does not take into account the extra DOF for warping, the
determination of the warping torque and the related bimoment, is based on some
he following end conditions are considered :
standard situations.
T
warping free
warping fixed
This results in the following 3 beam situations :
situation 1 : warping free / warping free
situation 2 : warping free / warping fixed
situation 3 : warping fixed / warping fixed
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Decomposition for situation 1 and situation 3
The arbitrary total torque line is decomposed into the following standard situations :
n number of torsion lines generated by a local torsional loading Mt
n
one torsion line generated by a distributed torsional loading mt
one torsion line with constant torque Mt
0
The values for Mxp, Mxs and Mw are taken from the previous tables for the local
rsional loadings Mt
n
and the distributed loading mt. The value Mt
0
is added to the M
xp
alue.
Decomposition for situation 2
to
v
The arbitrary total torque line is decomposed into the following standard situations :
one torsion line generated by a local torsional loading Mt
n
one torsion line generated by a distributed torsional loading mt
The values for Mxp, Mxs and Mw are taken from the previous tables for the local
torsional loading Mt
and the distributed loading mt.
REFERENCES
ules Supplementary rules for cold formed thin
heeting
CEN 1996
[1] ENV 1993-1-3:1996
Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-3 : General r
gauge members and s
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
[2] Stahl im Hochbau
14. Auglage Band I/ Teil 2
Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf 1986
[3] Kaltprofile
3. Auflage
Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dsseldorf 1982
Carl, Lindner
Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe
Verlag von Wilhem ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1972
D erg
K ne und Kranba n Ausfhrung
B . Teubner, Stut
] D t-Richtlinie 01
B ssung und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus
d wandigen kalt
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft, Kln 1992
[7] Esa Prima Win
Steel Code Check Manual
SCIA
EPW 3.10
[8] C. Petersen
Stahlbau : Grundlagen der Berechnung und baulichen Ausbildung von
Stahlbauten
Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig 1988
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[4] Roik,
[5] ietrich von B
ra hnen Berechnung Konstruktio
.G tgart 1988
[6 AS 6
eme
nn geformten Bauteilen
[9] Eurocode 3
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
[10] I. Vayas,
Interaktion der plastischen Grenzschnittgrssen doppelsymmetrischer I-
Querschnitte
Stahlbau 69 (2000), Heft 9
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CHECK OF NUMERICAL SECTIONS
STRESS CHECK
The stress calculation for a numerical section is as follows :
z
z
Vz
y
y
Vy
z
Mz
W
=
zz
x
Vz Vy tot
2
tot
2
tot vm
A
V
A
V
M
A
N
3
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
with
vm
the VonMises stress, the composed stress
tot
the total normal stress
tot
the total shear stress
N
the normal stress due to the normal force N
normal stress due to the bending
ent Myy around y axis
Mz
the norma stress due to the bending
Vy
the shear stress due to shear force Vy in y
direction
Vz
the shear stress due to shear force Vz in z
direction
Mz My N tot
+ + =
N
y
yy
My
W
=
M
My
the
mom
moment Mzz around z axis
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
Ax the sectional area
Ay the shear area in y direction
Az the shear area in z direction
Wy the elastic section modulus around y axis
Wz the elastic section modulus around z axis
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SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
USE OF APHRAGMS
ADAPTION OF TORSIONAL CONSTANT
DI
See Ref.[1], Chapter 10.1.5., Ref.[2],3.5 and Ref.[3],3.3.4..
When diaphragms (steel sheeting) are used, the torsional contant It is adapted for
symmetric/asymmetric I sections, channel sections, Z sections, cold formed U, C , Z
sections.
The torsional constant It is adapted with the stiffness of the diaphragms :
12
s
I
) t h (
I E 3
C
100
b
C 2 . 1 C
125 b if
100
b
C
s
EI
k C
C
1
C C
G
l
vorhC I
s
s
k , P
a
100 k , A
a
2
a
100 k , A
eff
k , M
k , P k , A k , M
2
2
t id , t
=
=
=
+
+ =
with l the LTB length
G the shear modulus
vorhC
+ +
=
=
1 1
t f t
q e e
b 6
e e e e 2 3 3 t
1
A A
u y u
M 2 1
u
2 1 2 1 u
u eff , u
for SFB beam :
with e
1
, e
2
, t
u
, b
u
see the figures above
q load on flange, plate (as N/m)
f
y
yield strength
M
partial safety factor
see formula
u
=
o
analog to
u
, but with
b
u
=b
o
e
1
=b
o
t
u
=t
o
e
2
=t
w
PLASTIC INTERACTION FORMULA FOR SINGLE BENDING AND SHEAR
o o u u eff
A A A + =
FORCE
The following plastic interaction formula can be used, when single bending around yy-
axis M
y,Sd
, in combination with shear force V
z,Sd,
is acting :
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244
y , pl
f m
Rd , z , pl
Sd , z
m
v
Rd , y , pl
Sd , y
W 2
h A
0 . 1
V
V
A
A
M
M
=
with M
y,Sd
, V
z,Sd
internal forces
M
pl,y,Rd
plastic bending capacity around yy axis
V
pl,z,Rd
plastic shear capacity in z direction
A
v
shear area (see figure)
A
m
= A - | A
o,x
- A
u,x
| (see figure)
h
f
= h+t
u
/2-t
o
/2 (see figure)
W
pl,y
plastic section modulus around yy axis - reduced if necessary
PLASTIC CHECK FOR PLATE IN BENDING
The following condition for the plate in bending must be verified :
( ) ( )
0 . 1
t
e e
t f
1 q
t f
1 q
4
3
u
2 1
u y
M
2
u y
M
+
+
+
with e
1
, e
2
, t
u
see figures
q load on flange, plate (as N/m)
= q
max
+q
min
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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245
(Ksi)
q
q q
min max
=
f
y
yield strength
M
partial safety factor
0.5 q (1+Ksi) 0.5 q (1-Ksi)
STRESS CHECK FOR SLIM FLOOR BEAMS
Normal stress check
At the edges of the bottom plate, the following composed stress check is performed :
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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246
( )
12
t
Ix
2
e e
) q , q ( M
2
t
I
M
f
3
u
2 1
min max x
u
x
x
y
M
y 2
y y x
2
x
=
=
=
+
Shear stress check in plate
In the middle of the bottom plate, transverse shear stress is checked :
u
min max
M
y 2
x
t
) q , q (
2
3
f
3
=
+
Torsion check due to unbalanced loading
for IFB and SFB beams :
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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247
12
b Et
EI
GI
EI
h 2 L
L
L
tanh
2
QeL
M
h t b
M
2
3
L
L
L
L
tanh
1
2
QeL
M
I
t M
3
f
3
o o
o
t
o
f k
k
k
max , w
f o o
max , w
max , w
k
k
max , t
t
o max , t
max , t
M
y
max , w max , t
=
=
=
=
=
=
+
with t
o
, b
o
see figures
h
f
= h+t
u
/2-t
o
/2 (see figure)
I
t
torsional constant for complete section
E modulus of Young
G shear modulus
L system length for L
yz
Q,e see figure
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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248
Q
e
for THQ beams :
2
V
b
e
1
4
qL
Rd , z , pl
f
with e, bf see figure
h
f
= h+t
u
/2-t
o
/2 (see figure)
q load on flanges, plate (as N/m)
= q
max
+q
min
(Ksi)
q
q q
min max
=
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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249
q max q min
bf
e e
REFERENCES
[1] Multi-Storey Buildings in Steel
Design Guide for Slim Floors with Built-in Beams
ECCS N 83 - 1995
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR
LATTICE TOWER ANGLE MEMBERS
EFFECTIVE CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES FOR COMPRESSED LATTICE
TOWER ANGLE MEMBERS
The effective cross-section properties shall be based on the effective width b
eff
of the
leg. See Ref.[1], Chapter J.2.3.
b
The effective width shall be obtained from the nominal width of the leg, assuming
uniform stress distribution :
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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251
b b
f
235
43 . 0 K
K 4 . 28
t
b
eff
y
c
c
p
p
p
=
=
=
=
=
For rolled angle :
2
p
p
p
p
p
98 . 0
213 . 1
91 . 0
2 213 . 1 91 . 0
0 . 1 91 . 0
= >
= <
=
For cold formed angle :
2
p
p
p
p
p
98 . 0
213 . 1
3
404 . 0
5
213 . 1 809 . 0
0 . 1 809 . 0
= >
= <
=
with t the thickness
b the nominal width
f
y
the yield strength in Mpa
REFERENCES
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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[1] EN 50341-1:2001
Overhead electrical lines exceeding AC 45 kV Part 1: General
requirements
SCIA.ESA PT Steel Code Check Theoretical Background
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