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This document discusses different types of dams based on their purpose, hydraulic design, material of construction, structural behavior, and size. There are several types of dams including storage dams, detention dams, diversion dams, coffer dams, and debris dams. Dams can also be classified as overflow dams, non-overflow dams, rigid dams, non-rigid dams, gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and embankment dams. Proper operation and maintenance is required for dams to remain watertight and structurally stable.
This document discusses different types of dams based on their purpose, hydraulic design, material of construction, structural behavior, and size. There are several types of dams including storage dams, detention dams, diversion dams, coffer dams, and debris dams. Dams can also be classified as overflow dams, non-overflow dams, rigid dams, non-rigid dams, gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and embankment dams. Proper operation and maintenance is required for dams to remain watertight and structurally stable.
This document discusses different types of dams based on their purpose, hydraulic design, material of construction, structural behavior, and size. There are several types of dams including storage dams, detention dams, diversion dams, coffer dams, and debris dams. Dams can also be classified as overflow dams, non-overflow dams, rigid dams, non-rigid dams, gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and embankment dams. Proper operation and maintenance is required for dams to remain watertight and structurally stable.
1. STORAGE DAM OR IMPOUNDING DAM It is constructed to create a reservoir to store water during periods when there is huge flow in the river (in excess of demand) for utilization later during periods of low flow (demand exceeds flow in the river). Water stored in the reservoir is used for irrigation, power generation, water supply etc. By suitable operation, it can also serve as a detention dam.
2. DETENTION DAM It is primarily constructed to temporarily detain all or part of the flood water in a river and to gradually release the stored water later at controlled rates so that the entire region on the downstream side of the dam is protected from possible damage due to floods. It may also be used as a storage dam.
3. DIVERSION DAM It is constructed to divert part of or all the water from a river into a conduit or a channel. For diverting water from a river into an irrigation canal, mostly a diversion weir is constructed across the river.
4. COFFER DAM It is a temporary dam constructed to exclude water from a specific area. It is constructed on the u/s side of the site where a dam is to be constructed so that the site is dry. In this case, it behaves like a diversion dam. Storage Dam on Scioto River, Columbus, Ohio
Los Banos Creek Detention Dam The Faraday Diversion Dam, Clackamas River
5. DEBRIS DAM It is constructed to catch and retain debris flowing in a river.
BASED ON HYDRAULIC DESIGN:
1. OVERFLOW DAM OR OVERFALL DAM It is constructed with a crest to permit overflow of surplus water that cannot be retained in the reservoir. Generally dams are not designed as overflow dams for its entire length. Diversion weirs of small height may be designed to permit overflow over its entire length.
2. NON-OVERFLOW DAM It is constructed such that water is not allowed to overflow over its crest. In most cases, dams are so designed that part of its length is designed as an overflow dam (this part is called the spillway) while the rest of its length is designed as a non-overflow dam. In some cases, these two sections are not combined.
BASED ON MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION:
1. RIGID DAM A cofferdam on the Ohio River near Olmsted, Illinois Natural woody debris dam in Pickering Beck just above Levisham
It is constructed with rigid material such as stone, masonry, concrete, steel, or timber. Steel dams (steel plates supported on inclined struts) and timber dams (wooden planks supported on a wooden framework) are constructed only for small heights (rarely).
2. NON-RIGID DAM (EMBANKMENT DAMS) It is constructed with non-rigid material such as earth, tailings, rock fill etc. Earthen dam gravel, sand, silt, clay etc Tailings dam waste or refuse obtained from mines Rock fill dam rock material supporting a water tight material on the u/s face Rock fill composite dam Rock fill on the d/s side and earth fill on the u/s side
BASED ON STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR:
1. GRAVITY DAM It is a masonry or concrete dam which resists the forces acting on it by its own weight. Its c/s is approximately triangular in shape. Most gravity dams are straight solid gravity dams. Straight gravity dam A gravity dam that is straight in plan Curved gravity plan A gravity dam that is curved in plan Curved gravity dam (Arch gravity dam) It resists the forces acting on it by combined gravity action (its own weight) and arch action. Solid gravity dam Its body consists of a solid mass of masonry or concrete Hollow gravity dam It has hollow spaces within its body.
2. ARCH DAM It is a curved masonry or concrete dam, convex upstream, which resists the forces acting on it by arch action.
Arch Dams Arch shape gives strength Less material (cheaper) Bhakra Dam is the highest Concrete Gravity dam in Asia and the second highest in the world. It is across river Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh.
The Idukki Dam, (Kerala, India) is currently the 14th largest arch dam in Asia, at 555 feet in height. The dam stands between the two mountains Kuravanmala
Narrow sites Need strong abutments These type of dams are concrete or masonry dams which are curved or convex upstream in plan This shape helps to transmit the major part of the water load to the abutments Arch dams are built across narrow, deep river gorges, but now in recent years they have been considered even for little wider valleys. Good for narrow, rocky locations. They are curved and the natural shape of the arch holds back the water in the reservoir. 3. BUTTRESS DAM It consists of water retaining sloping membrane or deck on the u/s which is supported by a series of buttresses. These buttresses are in the form of equally spaced triangular masonry or reinforced concrete walls or counter forts. The sloping membrane is usually a reinforced concrete slab. In some cases, the u/s slab is replaced by multiple arches supported on buttresses (multiple arch buttress dam) or by flaring the u/s edge of the buttresses to span the distance between the buttresses (bulkhead buttress dam or massive head buttress dam). In general, the structural behavior of a buttress dam is similar to that of a gravity dam.
Buttress Dams Face is held up by a series of supports Flat or curved face Buttress Dam Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports Buttress a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structure This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation rocks are little weaker.
4. EMBANKMENT DAM Buttress Dam Bartlett Dam Verde River, Arizona The Magballo Balicotoc Canlamay Dam is known to be the first and only buttress dam in Negros Occidental.
It is a non-rigid dam which resists the forces acting on it by its shear strength and to some extent also by its own weight (gravity). Its structural behavior is in many ways different from that of a gravity dam.
Earth or rock dam They are trapezoidal in shape. Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth. Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base. They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill dam. Weight resists flow of water BASED ON SIZE (HYDRAULIC HEAD AND GROSS STORAGE IN THE RESERVOIR BEHIND THE DAM):
S Sl l. . N No o. . C Cl la as ss si if fi ic ca at ti io on n G Gr ro os ss s S St to or ra ag ge e ( (M MC CM M) ) H Hy yd dr ra au ul li ic c H He ea ad d ( (m m) ) 1 1 S Sm ma al ll l 0 0. .5 50 0 1 10 0. .0 00 0 7 7. .5 5 1 12 2. .0 0 2 2 I In nt te er rm me ed di ia at te e 1 10 0. .0 00 0 6 60 0. .0 00 0 1 12 2. .0 0 3 30 0. .0 0 3 3 L La ar rg ge e > > 6 60 0. .0 00 0 > > 3 30 0 Caliraya Dam is an embankment dam located in the town of Lumban province of Laguna, in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range of the Philippines.
Operation and Maintenance of Dams
A typical dam is a wall of solid material built across a river to block the flow of the river thus storing water in the lake that will form upstream of the dam as water continues to flow from the river upstream of the dam.
The main purpose of most dams is to create a permanent reservoir of water for use at a later time. The dam must be watertight (i.e. impermeable or impervious to water) so that water does not leak out of the dam and escape downstream. An essential part of a dam is therefore the "impermeable membrane", i.e. the watertight part of the dam that prevents water leaking out. As we shall see later, it is not necessary that the entire dam
wall be watertight. The natural earth or rock on which the dam is built (i.e. the dam foundation) must also be watertight as must the river valley in which the storage reservoir forms. If these natural areas (dam foundation and storage area) are not watertight then water could leak out of the reservoir even if the dam itself is watertight.
As well as being watertight a dam must also be stable i.e. the dam wall must have sufficient strength to firstly, stand permanently under its own weight especially when at least part of the dam wall is saturated with water and secondly, resist the water pressure in the lake upstream of the dam. This water pressure exerts a force on the dam wall tending to push it downstream. The higher the dam, the greater the depth of water stored behind the dam and the greater the water pressure on the dam wall. The dam must also have sufficient strength to resist other forces to which it may be subjected from time to time e.g. shaking from earthquakes. The threat that earthquakes pose to dams varies widely depending on the region of the world in which the dam is located.
A dam must have some way of releasing water in controlled amounts as it is needed i.e. an outlet valve of some type. Depending on the purpose of the dam the water may be released into a pipeline to supply a city with water, or into a hydro-electric power station to generate electricity or the water may simply be released into the river bed downstream of the dam and allowed to flow naturally down the river, eventually to be pumped out and used for irrigation of crops further downstream. The outlet valve must be connected via a pipe or tunnel to some type of intake structure where the water is actually drawn from the storage reservoir.
When the river on which the dam has been built floods a very large volume of flood water will flow into the storage reservoir. Usually this is very, very much more water than can be released through the outlet valve. A dam must have some means whereby these large volumes of flood water can flow around the dam without causing damage to the dam itself; i.e. a spillway which, in most cases, is an open cut channel large enough to carry the flood water around the dam. If the dam is built of concrete the spillway may form part of the dam wall itself. However, if the dam is built of earth and/or rock fill (i.e. soil and broken rock) the spillway must be a separate structure because flood waters cannot be allowed to flow over the top of a fill (or embankment) dam which would be quickly washed away by the flood water if this was to happen.
A large dam project may involve many types of construction apart from building the dam wall itself e.g. tunneling for diversion or outlet works; road building to replace roads flooded by the reservoir; quarrying to
obtain rock fill and other construction materials; excavation of open cuts for the spillway, access roads and road deviations.
Failure of dam may result in loss of life or property in the downstream area.
The design of dams should be reviewed to assure competency of the structure and its site, and inspection should be made during construction to ensure that the requirements of the design and specification are incorporated in the structure.
After completion and filling, inspections should be regularly scheduled. The objective is to detect symptoms of possible distress in the dam at earliest time.
These symptoms include slough or slides in embankments; piping or boils; abnormal changes in flow; increase in seepage quantities; changes in pore water or uplift pressures; movement or cracking of embankments/abutments; cracking of concrete structures; appearance of sinkholes near foundations; excessive deflection, displacement erosion, vibration of concrete structures; movement, deflection or vibration of spillway gates; or any other unusual condition in the structure or surrounding terrain.
Detection should be followed by an investigation of the causes, probable effects, and remedial measures required.
Systematic monitoring of the instrumentation installed in dams is essential to the inspection program.