x F W
r F W
r F W
A =
A =
A =
Constant force
Non-Constant force
with several constant forces
with several 1D constant forces
1D non-constant force(s)
General Case
}
E =
f
i
net
r
r
d W r F
The force of a spring varies with distance and is given by
Hooke's law:
kx F =
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
1
2
) (
f i
i f
x
x
x
x
s s
x x k W
x x
k
dx kx dx F W
f
i
f
i
=
= = =
} }
The kinetic energy of a particle of mass m moving with a
speed v is
2
2
1
mv K =
The work-kinetic energy theorem states that when work
is done on a system and the only change in the system is in
its speed, the net work done on the system by external
forces equals the change in kinetic energy of the system:
2 2
2
1
2
1
i f i f
mv mv K K K
net
W = = A =
In the case of an object sliding through displacement d over
a surface with friction, the work done by friction is:
d f
W
k f
=
The change in internal energy (heating) is given by
negative value of the work done by friction:
d f W E
k f
= = A
int
Average power is the time rate of energy transfer. If we
use work as the energy transfer mechanism,
If an agent applies a force F to an object moving with a
velocity v, the instantaneous power delivered by that
agent is
t
W
P
A
v F =
dt
dW
P
Solution 6.84
Solution 6.91
Example 1
A skier of mass 70.9 kg is pulled up a slope by a motor-driven cable.
(a) How much work is required to pull him a distance of 60.0 m up a
29.0 slope (assumed frictionless) at a constant speed of 2.07 m/s?
(b) A motor of what power is required to perform this task?
Example 1 solution
0 = A
A =
K
K W
The skier moves at constant speed.
kJ m s m kg W
mgd W W
o
M
g M
2 . 20 0 . 29 sin ) 0 . 60 )( / 80 . 9 ( ) 9 . 70 (
) sin (
2
= =
= = u
hp W
s
P
t
W
P
s
s m
m
speed
d
t
M
934 . 0 697
29
10 2 . 20
29
/ 07 . 2
0 . 60
3
= =
=
A
=
= = = A
(b) A motor of what power is required to perform this task?
Chapter 7 Summary
A force is conservative if the work it does on a particle is
independent of the path the particle takes between two
given points. A conservative force in mechanics does not
cause a transformation of mechanical energy to internal
energy. A force that does not meet these criteria is said to
be non-conservative.
If a particle of mass m is elevated a distance y from a
reference point y = 0 near the Earths surface, the
gravitational potential energy of the particle-Earth system
can be defined as
mgy
g
U
The elastic potential energy stored in a spring of force
constant k that is compressed or stretched a distance x is
2
2
1
kx
s
U =
A potential energy function U can be associated only with a
conservative force. If a conservative force F acts on a
particle that moves along the x axis from x
i
to x
f
, the
change in the potential energy equals the negative of the
work done by that force:
}
=
f
x
i
x
dx
x
F
i
U
f
U
The total mechanical energy of a system is defined as the sum of
the kinetic energy and potential energy:
U K E + =
mech
The principle of conservation of mechanical energy of the system
is constant if all the forces in the system are conservative:
0 = A + A U K
f f i i
U K U K + = +
f i
E E =
If some of the forces acting with a system are not
conservative, the mechanical energy of the system does not
remain constant and the energy equation becomes:
int
0 K U E A +A +A =
In the case of friction being the non-conservative force, the
last term is due to the work done by friction, which is the
negative of the force of friction (f
k
) times the distance
traveled (d), i.e.,
nc k
K U W f d A +A = =
Problem
A 20.0 kg block is connected to a 30.0 kg block by a string that
passes over a light, frictionless pulley. The 30.0 kg block is
connected to a spring that has negligible mass and a force
constant of 280 N/m, as shown in the figure below. The spring is
unstretched when the system is as shown in the figure, and the
incline is frictionless. The 20.0 kg block is pulled 16.0 cm down
the incline (so that the 30.0 kg block is 36.0 cm above the floor)
and released from rest. Find the speed of each block when the
30.0 kg block is 20.0 cm above the floor (that is, when the spring
is unstretched).
f i i
U Kf U K + = +
( ) u sin
1 1 1
gd m h h g m U
B A gr
= = A
For block 2 the change in the potential energy is:
2
2 2 2
2
1
and kd U gd m U
s gr
= A = A
( )
( )
( )
s m v
m s m
kg
v
kd m m gd
m m
v
kd m m gd v
m m
kd gd m gd m v m v m
/ 1 . 1
) 16 . 0 ( 280
2
1
40 sin 20 30 ) 16 . 0 )( / 8 . 9 (
) 30 20 (
2
2
1
sin
2
2
1
sin
2
0
2
1
sin
2
1
2
1
2 2
2
1 2
2 1
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
=
+ =
+
= + +
u
u
u
A
B
d
For block 1 the change in the potential energy is:
Rotation of Rigid Objects: Rotational Kinematics
The Rigid Object under Constant Angular Acceleration
e
f
=e
i
+ot
( )
1
2
f i f i
t u u e e = + +
u
f
=u
i
+e
i
t +
1
2
ot
2
e
f
2
=e
i
2
+ 2o u
f
u
i
( )
a
t
is the tangential component of the linear acceleration of the
particle moving in a circle of radius r
o is the angular acceleration of the rotating body
Centripetal, acceleration to be a
r
= v
2
/r for a particle
moving in a circle.
v is the linear speed of the particle moving in a circle of radius r
e is the angular speed of the rotating body
We define I the rotational inertia or moment of inertia as
The unit of the moment of inertia is kg.m
2.
Kinetic energy of rotation
where is the density of the object and V is its volume.
Moment of inertia for a continuous rigid object
For the one-dimensional case dm = dx where is mass per unit length
dx dm/ =
dx x I
}
=
2
k
m
k
d
2 2
2
1
2
1
mv kd =
a)
m
k
d v =
b)
W kd kx kxdx W
d
d
= = = =
}
2
0
0
2
2
1
2
1
c)
f
W E = A
mgx x f W
E
kd E
k k f
f
i
= =
=
=
0
2
1
2
mg
kd
x
mgx kd
k
k
=
=
2
2
1
0
2
2
use in the energy equation
2
2
2
1
2
kd
mg
kd
mg mgx W
k
k k f
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
d)