Z Wave Technical Basics Small

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Z-Wave
Technical Basics

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Ver si on 01. 06. 2011

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1 I ntroduct| on. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
"# " $%&'( )%*%+,- ./ 0 1( )%2 %-- -3-,%* / .) 4.*% 5.+,).2 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6
"# 7 82 ,%)+0,( 9%- / .) 1( )%2 %-- 4.*% 5.+,).2 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :
1. 2. 1 Anal ogue Cont rol usi ng 27 MHz or 433 MHz f requency band! ! ! ! "
1. 2. 2 Propri et ary Prot ocol s of di f f erent vendors ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #
1. 2. 3 Power l i ne ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! $
1. 2. 4 Zi gbee! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&
1. 2. 5 En-Ocean ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&
1. 2. 6 Z-Wave ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %%
"# ; <( -,.)3 0+= >40)05,%)( -,( 5- ./ ?@A09% # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # "7
"# B C%+%)02 D03%) E.=%2 ./ 1( )%2 %-- 5.**'+( 50,( .+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # "B
2 kad| o Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
7# " A( )%2 %-- F0-( 5- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # "6
2. 1. 1 Wi rel ess Di st ance Est i mat i ons! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %"
2. 1. 2 Di st ances t o ot her wi rel ess si gnal sources ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %$
2. 1. 3 Ef f ect i ve t hi ckness of wal l s ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '&
2. 1. 4 Wi rel ess Shadows ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '&
2. 1. 5 Ref l exi ons ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '%
2. 1. 6 I nt erf erences ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '%
2. 1. 8 General Basi cs of I nst al l at i on ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '(
2. 1. 9 EME and Bi ol ogy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '(
7# 7 ?@A09% %+5.=( +G# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 7B
3 Network Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
;# " E%=( 0 855%-- D03%) 0+= H)0+-I.), D03%) # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 76
;# 7 ?@A09% J%,1.)K F0-( 5- L M+52 '-( .+ ./ J.=%- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 7N
;# ; E%-4( +G 0+= $.',( +G # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ;B
;# B H3I%- ./ J%,1.)K J.=%- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ;O
;# P >402 2 %+G%- ( + ,3I( 502 +%,1.)K 5.+/ ( G')0,( .+- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # BP
3. 5. 1 Z-Wave Net work wi t h one port abl e cont rol l er ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! )*
3. 5. 2 Z-Wave Net work wi t h one st at i c cont rol l er ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! )+
3. 5. 3 Net works wi t h mul t i pl e cont rol l ers ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! )"
;# 6 Q,0,( 5 RI=0,% >.+,).2 2 %) SQR>T 0+= QR> MU Q%)9%) SQMQT # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # BO
3. 6. 1 St at i c Updat e-Cont rol l er (SUC) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! *&
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3. 6. 2 St at i c I D Server (SI S) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! *'
;# : J%,1.)K- 1( ,4 I.),0V2 % -2 09%- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # PB
;# N M+52 '-( .+ 0+= WX52 '-( .+ ( + I)05,( -% # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # P:
3. 8. 1 I ncl usi on and Excl usi on of Sl aves! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! *"
3. 8. 2 I ncl usi on of Cont rol l ers! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! +&
3. 8. 3 I ncl usi on of bat t ery operat ed devi ces ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! +'
4 App| | cat| on Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
B# " H3I%- ./ ?@A09% U%9( 5%- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # 6;
4. 1. 1 Command Cl asses ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! +*
4. 1. 2 The command cl ass Basi c ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ++
4. 1. 3 Devi ce Cl asses ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! +"
B# 7 >.+/ ( G')0,( .+ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :;
B# ; F0,,%)3 .I%)0,%= =%9( 5%- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # :B
4. 3. 1 Typi cal Fai l ure duri ng I ncl usi on i nt o a Net work ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ""
4. 3. 2 Maxi mi zat i on of bat t ery l i f e t i me ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! "$
B# B C).'I-Y Q5%+%- 0+= 8--.5( 0,( .+- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # N7
4. 4. 1 Associ at i ons ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! #'
4. 4. 2 Groups ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ##
4. 4. 3 Scenes ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ##
4. 4. 4 Compari son of groups, scenes and associ at i ons! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ##
B# P R-0G% ./ MZ@C0,%103- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # O[
4. 5. 1 Di spl ay of Swi t chi ng St at us I nf ormat i on ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! $'
4. 5. 2 Usi ng cont rol l ers t o swi t ch scenes! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! $)
4. 5. 3 Conf i gurat i on of Devi ces by t he gat eway ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! $$
S 2-Wave ract| ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
P# " C%+%)02 0II).054 ,. -%,'I 0 ?@A09% J%,1.)K L \8 ]'( 5K Q,0), C'( =%^
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # "[[
P# 7 Q%2 %5,( .+ ./ U%9( 5%- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # "["
5. 2. 1 Cont rol l er ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&%
5. 2. 2 Sl aves ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&%
P# ; C%+%)02 )%5.**%+=0,( .+ / .) ( +-,02 2 0,( .+ ./ ?@A09% +%,1.)K- # # # # # # # "[7
P# B H3I( 502 =( / / ( 5'2 ,( %- '-( +G ?@A09% # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # "[B
5. 4. 1 Lack of knowl edge ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&)
5. 4. 2 Uncl ear and conf usi ng l anguage ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&)
5. 4. 3 Di f f erent usage of si mi l ar devi ces ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&)
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5. 4. 4 Mul t i pl e Nodes wi t h si mi l ar I Ds ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&*
5. 4. 5 Compat i bi l i t y Probl ems ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&+
6 Some kecommendat| ons for I nsta| | ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6# " U( **%)- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # "[:
6. 1. 1 Leadi ng-edge phase cont rol ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&"
6. 1. 2 Leadi ng Edge Phase Cont rol f or i nduct i ve l oads ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&#
6. 1. 3 Trai l i ng Edge Phase Cont rol Di mmer ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %&$
6. 1. 4 Uni versal Di mmers! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %%&
6. 1. 5 Fl uorescent Lamps ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %%%
6. 1. 6 LED Lamps ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %%%
6. 1. 7 Di mmer Summary ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %%%
6# 7 Z).='5, _0*( 2 ( %- # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ""7
6. 2. 1 ACT HomePro ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %%'
6. 2. 2 Mert en Connect ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %%(
6. 2. 3 Duwi Z-Wave (f ormer I nt eract ) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! %%*
Annex A: 2-Wave Command C| asses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Annex 8: Gener| c Dev| ce C| asses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Annex C: 2-Wave Contro| | ers for Scene Sw| tch| ng | n I Gateways . 123

6

1 Introduction

Z-Wave i s an i nt ernat i onal st andard f or wi rel ess home aut omat i on.
Home aut omat i on al l ows t o i nt erconnect al l f unct i ons deal i ng wi t h
el ect ri ci t y such as l i ght , heat i ng, cooki ng, cool i ng, securi t y et c wi t h
each ot her and t o appl y aut omat i on of t hese f unct i ons. Thi s resul t s i n
more securi t y and more conveni ence i n homes and of f i ces. Home
aut omat i on al so hel ps t o save energy and ot her resources.

The i nt erconnect i on of al l t hese f unct i ons can be accompl i shed usi ng
wi res or a wi rel ess t echnol ogy. Part i cul arl y f or wi red home aut omat i on
t he so-cal l ed European I nst al l at i on bus or KNX i s very popul ar and t he
def act o st andard.
Wi red sol ut i ons are very rel i abl e but requi re proper pl anni ng of wi res
and devi ces duri ng t he const ruct i on of t he home and t he i nst al l at i on of
al l t he ut i l i t i es.

For ret rof i t t i ng or part i al sol ut i ons a wi red home aut omat i on syst em i s
not appl i cabl e. Here wi rel ess sol ut i ons come i nt o pl ay. Unf ort unat el y
t here i s no cl ear st andard f or wi rel ess home aut omat i on prot ocol i n t he
market yet .

1.1 Requirements of a wireless system for home
control
To i dent i f y a good wi rel ess t echnol ogy f or house aut omat i on a l i st of
requi rement s must be consi dered. These are:

1. Rel i abi l i t y of t he communi cat i on: I mport ant f unct i ons such as
wi ndow bl i nd or even securi t y i nst al l at i ons are t o be cont rol l ed
vi a wi rel ess si gnal . Hence i t i s essent i al t hat al l messages wi l l
reach i t s dest i nat i on and wi l l be conf i rmed by t he recei ved
devi ce back t o t he t ransmi t t er. Not al l wi rel ess prot ocol s compl y
wi t h t hi s requi rement .
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2. Securi t y of communi cat i on: I t must be guarant eed t hat an
unaut hori zed t hi rd part y cannot on purpose or acci dent l y
i nt ercept or i nt erf ere t he communi cat i on of t he wi rel ess syst em.
Typi cal l y encodi ng t echnol ogi es and handshake mechani sms
ensures t hi s.
3. Low radi o emi ssi on: Wi rel ess t echnol ogy f or home aut omat i on i s
used on l i vi ng rooms; hence i ssues l i ke el ect romagnet i c
emi ssi on need t o be t aken i nt o account .
4. Si mpl e usage: Home aut omat i on shal l make t he l i f e of t he user
easi er and not more compl i cat ed.
5. Adequat e pri ce:
6. Prot ect i on of i nvest ment : Home aut omat i on sol ut i ons are
t ypi cal l y i nst al l ed duri ng t he const ruct i on of new bui l di ngs or
renovat i on and need t o compl y wi t h t ypi cal product l i f e cycl es of
home i nst al l at i on equi pment . I t i s i mport ant t o make sure, t hat
t he user can repl ace devi ces or ext ends t hei r syst ems even af t er
years and do not run i nt o compat i bi l i t y i ssues.
7. I nt eroperabi l i t y: Home aut omat i on f unct i ons such as heat i ng,
l i ght i ng or wi ndow cont rol are i mpl ement ed wi t h product s of
di f f erent vendors wi t h expert i se i n t hei r respect i ve area. I t i s not
accept abl e t o be f orced t o st i ck wi t h one vendor and buy - as an
exampl e - heat i ng t echnol ogy f rom a vendor wi t h core
compet ence i n l i ght i ng j ust t o enabl e i nt eroperabi l i t y. Each
i nst al l ed wi rel ess t echnol ogy has t o be used i ndependent f rom
several manuf act urers.

1.2 Alternatives for wireless home control
On t he market t here are vari ous wi rel ess t echnol ogi es, whi ch compl y
more or l ess wi t h t he requi rement s j ust out l i ned.

1. 2. 1 Anal ogue Control usi ng 27 MHz or 433 MHz frequency
band

Anal ogue wi rel ess syst ems, whi ch are avai l abl e f rom no-name
vendors, have a remarkabl y l ow pri ce. The st rong f ocus on t he pri ce
8
wi l l resul t i n l ow manuf act uri ng qual i t y and very poor securi t y.
Because a f requency i s used whi ch i s shared wi t h baby si t t er radi o or
CB t ranscei vers mal f unct i ons are t ypi cal and t he behavi our of t hi s
equi pment becomes unpredi ct abl e. Anal ogue product s are t here not
wi del y used f or more seri ous i nst al l at i ons i n homes.

1. Rel i abi l i t y of communi cat i on: no
2. Securi t y of communi cat i on: no
3. Low radi o emi ssi on: yes
4. Si mpl e usage: yes
5. Low pri ce: yes
6. Prot ect i on of i nvest ment : no
7. I nt eroperabi l i t y: no

1. 2. 2 Propri etary Protocol s of di fferent vendors

Mul t i pl e manuf act urers have devel oped t hei r own propri et ary sol ut i on
f or wi rel ess cont rol and some of t hem of f er a vari et y of di f f erent
product s. Some names f rom t hi s cat egory are I nt ert echno, Free
Cont rol (Kopp), Homeeasy, FS 20, Homemat i c (bot h ELV) or Xcomf ort
(Eat on). Most of t hese prot ocol s use t he f requency of 868 MHz and
communi cat e di gi t al l y.
Some prot ocol s have i mpl ement ed a t wo-way communi cat i on.
The by f ar bi ggest di sadvant age of t hese sol ut i ons i s t he l i mi t at i on of
f ew or even one si ngl e vendor. Whi l e t hi s may be at t ract i ve f or t he
i nst al l at i on out of one hand i t bears a great ri sk f or l ong-t erm
avai l abi l i t y of component s and st abi l i t y of t he prot ocol . Several
vendors have al ready proven t hei r wi l l i ngness t o change prot ocol s and
make t he f ormer product s obsol et e.

1. Rel i abi l i t y of communi cat i on: part l y
2. Securi t y of communi cat i on: part l y
5. Low pri ce: yes
6. Prot ect i on of i nvest ment : no
9

1. 2. 3 Power l i ne

The so-cal l ed power l i ne communi cat i on uses t he 230 V mai ns l i nes as
communi cat i on medi um. Thi s i s not a wi rel ess t echnol ogy but i t
compet es wi t h wi rel ess aut omat i on t echnol ogi es.
The f i rst and st i l l i mport ant t echnol ogy f or power l i ne communi cat i on i s
cal l ed X10. I t was i nt roduced al most 20 years ago i n t he US and st i l l
has pl ent y of users bot h i n US and Europe. X10 has reached i t s end of
l i f e si nce t he bandwi dt h i s very l i mi t ed and t he prot ocol has probl ems
wi t h t he modern swi t ched power suppl i es of PCs i nj ect i ng a l ot of
el ect ri cal noi se i nt o t he power net work.
Modern power l i ne communi cat i on t echnol ogy uses di gi t al si gnal
codi ng and i s more robust agai nst noi se. Unf ort unat el y mul t i pl e
di f f erent st andards exi st s whi ch are not compat i bl e wi t h each ot her.
Furt hermore t he compat i bi l i t y t o t he CE regul at i on on cabl e emi ssi on
i s quest i onabl e.

Anot her i ni t i at i ve based on power l i ne i s cal l ed Di gi t al st rom. Thi s i s a
devel opment f rom t he Uni versi t y of Zuri ch and has gai ned some
awareness i n t he press. As of t oday t he t echnol ogy hasn t yet proven
i t s st abi l i t y i n real envi ronment s beyond prot ot ype i nst al l at i ons.

1. Rel i abi l i t y of communi cat i on: quest i onabl e
2. Securi t y of communi cat i on: quest i onabl e
5. Low pri ce: yes
6. Prot ect i on of i nvest ment : yes
7. I nt eroperabi l i t y: yes

10
1. 2. 4 Zi gbee

Zi gBee i s qui t e a new pl ayer on t he bl ock, wi t h t he f i rst product s
on t he market i n t he begi nni ng of 2005.
Zi gBee i s an open wi rel ess net worki ng prot ocol whi ch works
si mi l arl y, but bet t er t han Bl uet oot h. Whereas Bl uet oot h wi l l pai r up
wi t h a mere seven devi ces, Zi gBee can pai r wi t h many hundred!
A part of t he f unct i onal i t y i s based on t he I EEE speci f i cat i on I EEE
802. 15. 4, whi ch enabl es t o connect househol d appl i ances, sensors,
et c. on short di st ances (10 t o 100 met res).
The downsi de i s Zi gBee devi ces f rom di f f erent manuf act urers are
not compat i bl e wi t h each ot her because Zi gbee st andardi ses onl y
t he l ower prot ocol l ayers (radi o l ayer), whereas di f f erent
manuf act urers have def i ned t hei r own hi gher sof t ware l ayers.

1. Rel i abi l i t y of communi cat i on: usual l y yes
2. Securi t y of communi cat i on: yes
4. Si mpl e usage: -
5. Low pri ce: not yet
6. Prot ect i on of i nvest ment : -
1. 2. 5 En-Ocean

EnOcean GmbH i s a spi n-of f company f rom t he German company,
Si emens AG, f ounded i n 2001. EnOcean act ors and sensors work
wi t hout bat t ery usi ng energy harvest i ng t echni ques.
I n t he meant i me, more t han 100 manuf act urers, pri mari l y f rom Europe,
adopt EnOcean. Pri cewi se Enocean t ri es t o al i gn wi t h t he hi gher
pri ci ng l evel of KNX.
11

1. Rel i abi l i t y of communi cat i on: no
2. Securi t y of communi cat i on: no
5. Low pri ce: no

1. 2. 6 Z-Wave

Z-Wave t echnol ogy i s t he key t o havi ng compl et e cont rol over your
home securi t y and energy sol ut i ons, wi t h t he mi ni mum of f uss. Wi t h a
Z-Wave home aut omat i on syst em, you can program al l maj or el ect ri cal
el ement s of t he home, such as l i ght , heat i ng, cooki ng, cool i ng and
even your home securi t y.
The benef i t s don t end t here, al t hough i t s a sophi st i cat ed syst em, i t i s
si mpl e t o use, and works out t o be an energy ef f i ci ent and cost
ef f ect i ve opt i on.
The syst em works vi a a remot e cont rol , and uses l ow-powered radi o
waves. I t s mesh net work covers al l areas of t he home, as t he radi o
waves t ravel easi l y t hrough wal l s, f l oors and f urni t ure, maki ng
connect i vi t y 100% rel i abl e.
Thi s f reedom of connect i vi t y means t hat you can easi l y st art wi t h a
basi c package, and bui l d i t up over t i me wi t h addi t i onal component s,
personal i si ng your home energy and securi t y syst em, uni que t o your
home and at your conveni ence. Each Z-Wave modul e can act as an RF
repeat er and commands can rout e t hrough a maxi mum of f our devi ces.
Thi s gi ves t he syst em a maxi mum range of 400 f t and rout i ng i s
managed aut omat i cal l y. Component s i ncl ude socket s, swi t ches,
remot e cont rol s, and t he Z-Wave I nt ernet Gat eway VERA where you
can creat e scenes, event s and t i mer set t i ngs t o personal i se your
el ect ri cal appl i ances as you woul d your home. In terms of pricing Z-
Wave product s ranges above propri et ary sol ut i ons of some
manuf act urers but are cl earl y l ower t han comparabl e sol ut i ons by
12
Zi gbee or Enocean.

1. Rel i abi l i t y of communi cat i on: yes
2. Securi t y of communi cat i on: yes
5. Low pri ce: not yet

1.3 History and Characteristics of Z-Wave

Z-Wave i s a devel opment of t he Dani sh company of Zen-Sys. Two
Dani sh engi neers f ounded Zen-Sys at t he end of t he ni net i es of t he
l ast cent ury. From t he i ni t i al i dea of devel opi ng t hei r own home
aut omat i on sol ut i on t he company soon evol ved i nt o becomi ng a chi p
provi der sel l i ng a home aut omat i on ASI C t oget her wi t h own f i rmware
t o ot her manuf act urers. Thi s f ormed an ecosyst em of manuf act urers
wi t h compat i bl e product s.

Fi gure 1. 1: 3rd Generat i on Zen-Sys Chi p

The f i rst generat i on of Zensys hardware was sol d f rom 2003 - at t hat
t i me st i l l as a combi nat i on of a st andard mi crocont rol l er (At mel ) and a
radi o t ranscei ver. Thi s hardware pl at f orm was ext ended duri ng t he
f ol l owi ng years wi t h t he chi p generat i ons 100 (2003), 200 (2005), 300
(2007) and l ast 400 (2009).

13
Zen-Sys f ound t he f i rst bi g cust omers i n t he USA where - t hanks t o
X10 a rel evant market and market awareness al ready exi st ed f or
home aut omat i on.

The f i rst l arger Z-Wave devi ce manuf act urer i n Europe was t he
German swi t ch manuf act urer Mert en (now a part of Schnei der
El ect ri c), whi ch publ i cl y i nt roduced t he Z-Wave based l i ght i ng syst em
CONNECT i n t he end of 2007. Si nce begi nni ng of 2009 t he market
dynami cs has st rongl y i ncreased i n Europe and Z-Wave al so get s more
and more adopt ers i n Asi a. Thi s i s al so f ost ered by t he t akeover of
Zen-Sys by t he Asi an-i nf l uenced chi p manuf act urer Si gma Desi gns.
Si gma bought t he vent ure capi t al f unded Zen-Sys among ot her
f unded by I nt el Vent ures - i n December 2008.

Fi gure 1. 2: Z-Wave Al l i ance Websi t e (as of 2009)

One ot her l andmark of t he Z-Wave devel opment was t he f oundat i on of
t he Z-Wave Al l i ance i n 2005. I n t hi s i ndust ri al al l i ance t he
manuf act urers of Z-Wave compat i bl e product s are gat hered. The
al l i ance had more t han 200 manuf act urers i n t he end of 2009. The Z-
14
Wave al l i ance enhances t he st andard and al so t akes care of cent ral
market i ng event s such t rade shows. Anot her cent ral dut y of t he Z-
Wave al l i ance i s t he mai nt enance of t he i nt eroperabi l i t y of t he devi ces
on t he basi s of t he Z Wave prot ocol . Thi s i s guarant eed by a
cert i f i cat i on program, whi ch resul t s i n a l ogo on t he devi ce
guarant eei ng t he compl i ance t o t he Z-Wave prot ocol .

Fi gure 1. 3: Z-Wave Compat i bi l i t y Program

Whi l e al l manuf act urers base t hei r product s on t he hardware of Zen-
Sys, t hey have some f reedom t o i mpl ement appl i cat i on.
Zen-Sys def i nes t he radi o l evel wi t h t he l i ne encodi ngs and al so
def i nes t he f unct i ons t o organi ze t he net work i t sel f . Precompi l ed
f i rmware l i brari es accompl i sh t hi s. The manuf act urers cannot change
t hem. Z-Wave al so def i nes appl i cat i on speci f i c f unct i ons (e. g. swi t ch
A i s swi t ched when but t on B i s pressed) but t he manuf act urers are
responsi bl e t o i mpl ement t hi s. Most manuf act urers opt i mi ze and
enhance f unct i ons on appl i cat i on l ayer.

Hence, t he cert i f i cat i on t est s concent rat e t o make sure t hat t he
appl i cat i on l ayer f unct i ons of t he devi ce compl y wi t h t he st andard t o
al l ow and guarant ee i nt eroperabi l i t y across f unct i onal i t y and
manuf act urers boundari es.
1.4 General Layer Model of wireless communication

Wi rel ess syst ems are compl ex and consi st of a huge number of
f unct i ons. As you have al ready read, t here are numerous rout es t o
choose f rom, but i mport ant l y, what ever you choose, has t o be
15
compat i bl e wi t h t he product s you are usi ng. To hel p manage t he huge
number of f unct i ons, i t s usef ul t o spl i t t hem i nt o di f f erent l ayers.
The l owest l ayer i s al ways used f or communi cat i on medi a. I n t he case
of a wi rel ess prot ocol , t hi s i s t he ai r. The hi ghest l ayer i s al ways t he
user, i n t hi s case, a human bei ng. I n case of Z-Wave a t hree-l ayer
st ruct ure has t urned out t o be usef ul .

1. Radi o Layer: Thi s l ayer def i nes t he way; a si gnal i s exchanged
bet ween a t ransmi t t er and a recei ver. Thi s i ncl udes i ssues l i ke
f requency, encodi ng, hardware access, et c.
2. Network Layer: Thi s l ayer def i nes how real cont rol dat a are
exchanged bet ween t wo communi cat i on part ners. Thi s i ncl udes
i ssues l i ke addressi ng, net work organi zat i on, rout i ng, et c.
3. Appl i cati on Layer: Thi s l ayer def i nes whi ch messages need t o
be exchanged t o speci f i c appl i cat i ons such as swi t chi ng a l i ght
or i ncreasi ng t he t emperat ure of a heat i ng devi ce.

Fi gure 1. 4: General model of an communi cat i on archi t ect ure

The f ol l owi ng chapt ers descri be t he archi t ect ure and t he necessary
user' s knowl edge of t he t hree communi cat i on l ayers radi o, net work
and appl i cat i on.

16
2 Radio Layer
2.1 Wireless Basics

Z-Wave uses radi o waves, and i n compari son t o ot her si mi l ar syst ems,
proves t o be st ronger and more rel i abl e.
I n an i deal si t uat i on, radi o waves spread out st eadi l y l i ke l i ght waves
i n al l di rect i ons, generat i ng a spheri cal f i el d. For t echni cal
appl i cat i ons t he wavel engt h and t he f requency are rel at ed t o each
ot her wi t h t he f ormul a:
! = c / f

I n cont rast t o i nf rared l i ght , or l i ght waves i n general , radi o waves can
penet rat e i n cei l i ngs, wal l s, pi eces, of f urni t ure and ot her obj ect s.
Such obst acl es however weaken t he radi o si gnal and reduce t he
range.

Fi gure 2. 1: At t enuat i on of radi o si gnal s on a wal l

I deal l y, i f you are goi ng t o i nst al l wi rel ess component s, t he l ess
obst acl es t here are t he more ef f ect i ve i t wi l l be. I n pract i se, t hi s
17
means t hat wi rel ess component s shoul d not be i nst al l ed i n random
pl aces.
Z-Wave uses t he so-cal l ed I SM Band i n Europe (I ndust ri al -Sci ent i f i c-
Medi cal ) t hat i s open f or vari ous i ndust ri al and sci ent i f i c appl i cat i ons.
The f requency i s 868. 42 MHz t hat resul t s i n a wavel engt h of about
34cm.
Devi ces can use t hi s band f ree of f urt her cert i f i cat i on and permi t s;
however t he maxi mum t ransmi t t i ng power and t ransmi ssi on t i me i s
l i mi t ed. The t ransmi ssi on t i me i s i n Mi l l i Wat t s and t ransmi t t ers have
t o st ri ct l y regul at e t he maxi mum ai rt i me t o mi ni mi se i nt erf erences.
Sendi ng a permanent carri er si gnal i s st ri ct l y f orbi dden.
Transcei vers usi ng t he I SM band are permi t t ed i n most European
Count ri es t hat have si gned t he CEPT agreement . Count ri es l i ke UK,
Germany, Net herl ands, and even t he Mi ddl e East have adopt ed t he
CEPT regul at i ons i nt o t hei r nat i onal wi rel ess band cont rol scheme.

Fi gure 2. 2: Members of t he CEPT-Accord i n Europe

2. 1. 1 Wi rel ess Di stance Esti mati ons

When pl anni ng your wi rel ess net work, t here are vari ous aspect s you
need t o consi der. As wi t h most i nst al l at i ons, i t s al l i n t he pl anni ng.
The f i t t i ng i s rel at i vel y easy af t er t hat .
18
The general basi cs t o consi der are as f ol l ows:
Di st ance t o di st urbance sources;
Ef f ect i ve wal l t hi cknesses;
Pay at t ent i on t o shi el di ng mat eri al s;
At t enuat i on by bui l di ng mat eri al s and f urni shi ngs;
wi t h a negat i ve cal cul at i on resul t i f necessary t o check whet her
t he radi o t ransmi ssi on wi l l f unct i on t hanks t o ref l exi ons.

ATTENUATI ON

The mai n t hi ng t o consi der i s t he wi rel ess di st ance bet ween t he
t ransmi t t er and recei ver. Thi s di st ance needs t o be short er t han t he
maxi mum di st ance of t he t echni cal devi ces paramet er (50m or
100m). Then every possi bl e obst acl e i s det ermi ned bet ween t he
t ransmi t t er and t he recei ver.
The t abl e overl eaf can det ermi ne t he t ot al at t enuat i on of t he radi o
si gnal .

Here are some aspect s expl ai ned. . .
Obstacl e Former
di stance
Type Attenuati on New
di stance
No 1 30 m Concret e 30% 21 m
<< Take new val ue t o next st ep <<
No 2 21 m Gl ass 10 % 18, 90 m
No 3 18, 9 m Pl ast er wal l 10 % 17 m
17 m

Fi gure 2. 3: Work Sheet t o det ermi ne t he max wi rel ess di st ance

I f t he radi o si gnal penet rat es t he obst acl e at a di f f erent angl e (more
t han 90 degrees), t hen t he at t enuat i on ef f ect wi l l be i ncreased. I f t he
range resul t i ng i n t he end i s bi gger t han t he measured di st ance
bet ween t ransmi t t er and recei ver, t he component s shoul d f unct i on
wel l .
19
Pi eces of f urni t ure, i nst al l at i on of radi o component s, met al coat i ngs,
pl ant i ngs and hi gh ai r humi di t y shoul d al l be consi dered when pl anni ng
t he best rout e f or your wi rel ess syst em. Because t hese at t enuat i ons
are approxi mat e, a t est i s recommended bef ore t he f i xed i nst al l at i on i s
made.

Nr. Mat eri al Thi ckness At t enuat i on
1 Wood < 30 cm 10 %
2 Pl ast er < 10 cm 10 %
3 Gl ass (wi t hout met al coat i ng) < 5 cm 10 %
4 St one < 30 cm 30 %
5 Pumi ce < 30 cm 10 %
6 Aerat ed concret e st one < 30 cm 20 %
7 Red bri ck < 30 cm 35 %
8 I ron-rei nf orced concret e < 30 cm 30 . . . 90 %
9 Cei l i ng < 30 cm 70 %
10 . . . Out er wal l < 30 cm 60 %
11 . . . I nner wal l < 30 cm 40 %
12 Met al gri d < 1 mm 90 %
13 Al umi ni um coat i ng < 1 mm 100 %

Tabl e 2. 1: At t enuat i on by bui l di ng mat eri al s

2. 1. 2 Di stances to other wi rel ess si gnal sources

Radi o recei vers shoul d be at t ached i n a di st ance of mi ni mum 50 cm
f rom ot her radi o sources. Exampl es of radi o sources are:
Comput ers;
Mi crowave devi ces;
20
El ect roni c t ransf ormers;
Audi o equi pment s and vi deo equi pment ;
Pre-coupl i ng devi ces f or f l uorescent l amps.
The di st ance t o ot her wi rel ess t ransmi t t ers l i ke cordl ess phones or
audi o radi o t ransmi ssi ons shoul d be l east 3 met res. As wel l as t hi s,
t he f ol l owi ng radi o sources shoul d be t aken i nt o account :
Di st urbances by swi t ch of el ect ri c mot ors;
I nt erf erences by def ect i ve el ect ri cal appl i ances;
Di st urbances by HF wel di ng apparat uses;
Medi cal t reat ment devi ces.
2. 1. 3 Effecti ve thi ckness of wal l s

The l ocat i ons of t ransmi t t er and recei ver shoul d be sel ect ed i n such a
way t hat t he di rect connect i ng l i ne onl y runs on a very short di st ance
t hrough mat eri al , whi ch causes at t enuat i on.
Met al l i c part s of t he bui l di ng or pi eces of f urni t ure shi el d t he
el ect romagnet i c waves. Behi nd a st ruct ure l i ke t hi s, t here may be a
so-cal l ed radi o shadow, where no di rect recept i on i s possi bl e.

Fi gure 2. 4: Ef f ect i ve wal l t hi ckness

2. 1. 4 Wi rel ess Shadows

Met al l i c part s of t he bui l di ng or pi eces of f urni t ure shi el d t he
el ect romagnet i c waves. Behi nd a st ruct ure l i ke t hi s, t here may be a
so-cal l ed radi o shadow, where no di rect recept i on i s possi bl e.
21

Fi gure 2. 5: Radi o shadow by met al l i c st ruct ures

Despi t e radi o shadow, i t i s possi bl e f or wi rel ess si gnal s t o be ref l ect ed
by met al st ruct ures and st i l l reach t he f i nal dest i nat i on. Ref l ect i ons
are unpredi ct abl e and i t i s recommended t hat you t est your syst ems
unt i l you creat e a more permanent f i xi ng.
2. 1. 5 Refl exi ons
Ref l exi ons are used by amat eur radi o connect i ons t o bri dge bi g
di st ances (several t housand ki l omet res wi t h rel at i vel y l ow power) i n
t he short wave band. On t hi s occasi on, t he ref l ect i ve propert y of t he
i onosphere i s used.
Wi t hi n bui l di ngs ref l ect i ons may cause di st urbances or at t enuat i on i f
t he ori gi nal and t he ref l ect ed way are recei ved t oget her.
2. 1. 6 I nterferences

Fi gure 2. 6: Si gnal gai n by i nt erf erence

22
I nt erf erence can occur i n di f f erent phase si t uat i ons t hat are caused by
di f f erent run t i mes and by t he way t he radi o waves are i ncreased or
at t enuat ed.

Fi gure 2. 7: Si gnal assuagement by i nt erf erence

I nt erf erence can be resol ved by changi ng t he posi t i ons of t he
t ransmi t t er or recei ver sl i ght l y. Even a coupl e of cent i met res may
work. I t real l y i s a process of t ri al and error t o see what works f or you
i n your home. 2. 1. 7 Rel evance of Mount i ng hei ght s

I f mot i on det ect ors are mount ed out si de t he house, t he assembl y
hei ght i s cri t i cal . I f t he mot i on det ect or i s mount ed next t o a f l oor or
cei l i ng l evel , t hen t he radi o si gnal has t o penet rat e t he concret e of t he
f l oor/ cei l i ng. Thi s wi l l be i nef f ect i ve as t hi s wi l l resul t i n very hi gh
at t enuat i on of t he si gnal .

Fi gure 2. 8: Chal l enge of mount i ng hei ght
23
2. 1. 8 General Basi cs of I nstal l ati on

The f ol l owi ng basi c rul es shoul d be consi dered i n every pl anni ng of a
wi rel ess cont rol syst em:

Di st ance t o di st urbance sources,
Ef f ect i ve wal l t hi cknesses,
Pay at t ent i on t o shi el di ng mat eri al s,
At t enuat i on by bui l di ng mat eri al s and f urni shi ngs,
Wi t h a negat i ve cal cul at i on resul t i f necessary t o check whet her
t he radi o t ransmi ssi on wi l l f unct i on t hanks t o ref l exi ons.

2. 1. 9 EME and Bi ol ogy

From i nf rared, t o Bl uet oot h, t o Z-Wave, t here are numerous wi rel ess
messages f l yi ng t hrough t he ai r. I t s bound t o be a concern whet her i t
can af f ect users heal t h.
Radi at i on power f rom radi o t ransmi t t ers i s a cri t i cal f act or. As most of
us use mobi l e phones, a compari son can be drawn.
Mobi l e phones t ransmi t a const ant radi o si gnal wi t h a peak capaci t y of
2000 mW i nt o t he brai n. Wi t hout any ot her prot ect i on and most l y i t s
operat ed next t o your ear, a human wi l l consume about 100 mW i nt o
t hei r head. Thi s exposure cont i nues t hroughout t he whol e t el ephone
cal l !
Z-Wave i s nowhere near as much of a t hreat , as mobi l e phones. The
syst em works wi t h peak t ransmi ssi on power, of a maxi mum of 10mW at
a short t i me. Thi s corresponds t o an average radi at i on power of onl y
1mW. Thi s i s because nei t her a radi o remot e cont rol , radi o swi t ch nor
a radi o t ransmi t t er f rom a mot i on det ect or operat es di rect l y i n or cl ose
t o t he body.

24

Fi gure 2. 9: Transmi t t i ng power of Z-Wave compared t o cel l phone

The si gnal at t enuat i on t hat i s generat ed i n a di st ance of onl y 1 m
causes anot her reduct i on of t he radi at i on power around t he f act or of
40. The human body i s onl y hi t by a radi at i on power of 0. 025 mW. Thi s
i s about 1: 4000 l ower t han t he emi ssi on of a mobi l e phone.
Taki ng f urt her i nt o account t hat t he radi o si gnal wi l l onl y be
t ransmi t t ed duri ng a short peri od of t i me when a but t on i s pressed or a
sensor si gnal i s t ransmi t t ed, t he el ect romagnet i cal l y emi ssi on of a Z-
Wave net work does not cont ri but e t o t he general el ect romagnet i c
pol l ut i on i n a home and does not have any negat i ve ef f ect t o human
bei ngs.
2.2 Z-Wave encoding

Z-Wave uses t he I SM f requency band i n Europe whi ch i s f i xed at
868. 42 and uses a very robust f requency key modul at i on (Gaussi an
Frequency Shi f t Keyi ng), whi ch al l ows t ransmi t t i ng dat a wi t h up t o 40
KB/ s. Ol der devi ces st i l l use 9. 6 kb/ s so t hat (f or backward
compat i bi l i t y reasons), al l devi ces al so underst and a l i ne encodi ng
based on 9. 6 KB/ s.
The new hardware f ami l y Z400, whi ch was i nt roduced i n 2009, of f ers
an addi t i onal radi o, usi ng t he f requency of 2. 4 GHz
25
A good ant enna f or 868 MHz wi l l al l ow a bri dgi ng di st ance of up t o 200
m out doors. However, i nsi de bui l di ngs t he maxi mum di st ance i s l i mi t ed
t o 30 m or even bel ow, dependi ng on t he st ruct ures and t he l evel s of
at t enuat i on i n t he bui l di ng.
General l y t hough, al l devi ces use compat i bl e hardware so t heref ore
t he det ai l s of modul at i on and l i ne encodi ng i s not of i nt erest t o t he end
user.

26
3 Network Layer

The net work l ayer i s di vi ded i nt o t hree sub l ayers:
Medi a Access Layer: The MAC l ayer cont rol s t he usage of t he
wi rel ess hardware. I t s f unct i ons are i nvi si bl e f or t he end user
and hence onl y of l i t t l e rel evance t o hi m.
Transport Layer: Thi s f unct i on makes sure, t hat a message can
be exchanged f ree of error bet ween t wo wi rel ess nodes. The end
user cannot i nf l uence f unct i ons of t hi s l ayer but t he resul t s of
t hi s l ayer are vi si bl e.
Rout i ng Layer: Thi s l ayer makes sure, t hat by ut i l i zi ng ot her
nodes i f needed a message i s passed bet ween t he ori gi nal
sender and t he desi red recei ver. The f unct i ons of t he rout i ng
l ayer are vi si bl e t o t he end users and can be opti mi zed by hi m.

3.1 Media Access Layer and Transport Layer

I n many wi rel ess communi cat i on net works a communi cat i on bet ween a
sender and a recei ver i s accompl i shed by si mpl y sendi ng a message
over t he ai r.
I n case t he message get s l ost (due t o i nt erf erence or posi t i oni ng of
t he recei ve t oo f ar away f rom t he sender), t he sender does not get any
f eedback, i f t he message was recei ved and t he recei ver was abl e t o
execut e t he command properl y. Thi s may resul t i n st abi l i t y probl ems
and f rust rat e t he user of such a net work.
I n Z-Wave t he recei ver wi l l acknowl edge every command sent by t he
t ransmi t t er. Thi s gi ves an i ndi cat i on whet her t he communi cat i on was
successf ul or not .

Thi s approach can be compared t o t he del i very of a l et t er by
t radi t i onal mai l servi ce. Not havi ng acknowl edged messages i s l i ke
sendi ng a normal st andard l et t er t o a dest i nat i on. I n most of t he cases
t hi s l et t er wi l l be del i vered correct l y and t he recei ver wi l l be abl e t o
27
read t he l et t er. However t here i s no guarant ee and some uncert ai nt y
remai ns.

I mport ant messages are t heref ore t o send as regi st ered l et t er wi t h
ret urn recei pt

Fi gure 3. 1: Communi cat i on wi t h and wi t hout acknowl edgement

Now t he sender has a wri t t en proof t hat hi s l et t er was del i vered
correct l y and handed over t o t he recei ver.

Even a regi st ered l et t er wi t h ret urn recei pt does not guarant ee t hat
t he l et t er wi l l al ways be del i vered correct l y. However, t he sender wi l l
get an i ndi cat i on when a recei ver has f or i nst ance moved out of t own
and can do ot her act i ons t o make sure t he l et t er wi l l f i nal l y reach i t s
dest i nat i on.

The ret urn recei pt i s cal l ed Acknowl edge (ACK). A Z-Wave t ranscei ver
wi l l t ry up t o t hree t i mes t o send a message whi l e wai t i ng f or an ACK.
Af t er t hree unsuccessf ul at t empt s t he Z-Wave t ranscei ver wi l l gi ve up
and report a f ai l ure message t o t he user. The number of unsuccessf ul
t ransmi ssi on at t empt s can be served as an i ndi cat or of t he qual i t y of
wi rel ess connect i on.
28
3.2 Z-Wave Network Basics Inclusion of Nodes

A net work consi st s of at l east t wo nodes t hat communi cat e wi t h each
ot her. To be abl e t o communi cat e wi t h each ot her, t hese nodes need
t o have access t o a common medi a or need t o have somet hi ng i n
common. I n most cases t hi s i s a physi cal communi cat i on medi a l i ke a
cabl e. The communi cat i on medi a f or radi o i s t he ai r t hat i s used by al l
ki nd of di f f erent users. Hence t he communi cat i on prot ocol needs t o
def i ne an i dent i f i cat i on t hat al l ows t he di f f erent nodes of one net work
t o i dent i f y each ot her and t o excl ude recei ved messages f rom unknown
or ot her radi o sources.

Furt hermore every node i n a net work must have an i ndi vi dual
i dent i f i cat i on t o di st i ngui sh hi m f rom ot her nodes wi t hi n t he net work.

The Z-Wave prot ocol def i nes t wo i dent i f i cat i ons f or t he organi sat i on of
t he net work:

The Home I D i s t he common i dent i f i cat i on of al l nodes bel ongi ng
t o one l ogi cal Z-Wave net work. I t has a l engt h of 4 byt es = 32
bi t s and i s l ess of i nt erest f or t he f i nal user.
The Node I D i s t he address of t he si ngl e node i n t he net work.
The Node I D has a l engt h of 1 byt e = 8 bi t s.

As nodes wi t h di f f erent Home I D s can not communi cat e wi t h each
ot her (t hi s i s l i ke t hey are connect ed t o di f f erent cabl es), t hey may
have a si mi l ar Node I D. Wi t hi n one net work, def i ned by one common
home-i d i t s not al l owed and not possi bl e t o have t wo nodes wi t h
i dent i cal Node I D.

Z-Wave di st i ngui shes t wo basi c t ypes f rom devi ces:

Control l ers are Z-Wave devi ces t hat can cont rol ot her Z-Wave
devi ces,
Sl aves are Z-Wave devi ces t hat are cont rol l ed by ot her Z-Wave
devi ces.
29

Cont rol l ers al ready have t hei r own i ndi vi dual Home I D at f act ory
def aul t . Sl aves do not have a Home I D.

Because cont rol l ers have al ready an own Home I D, t hey can hand over
t hi s Home I D t o ot her Z-Wave devi ces and add t hem t o t hei r own Z-
Wave net work.

Fi gure 3. 2: Di f f erent t ypes of Z-Wave Nodes

Z-Wave cont rol l ers exi st i n di f f erent f orms: as a remot e cont rol , as PC
sof t ware i n conj unct i on wi t h a Z-Wave t ranscei ver connect ed i n t he PC
(t ypi cal l y vi a USB), as a gat eway or as a wal l swi t ch wi t h speci al
cont rol l er f unct i on.

30
The Home I D of a cont rol l er cannot be changed by t he user and
becomes t he common Home I D of al l devi ces, whi ch were i ncl uded by
t hi s cont rol l er.

Modern Cont rol l ers creat e a random Home I D at every f act ory reset t o
avoi d probl ems wi t h re i ncl uded sl ave nodes (see chapt er 5. 4. 4 f or
det ai l s)

The cont rol l er who begi ns t o bui l d up a net work t ransf ers i t s Home I D
t o ot her devi ces becomes t he desi gnat ed pri mary cont rol l er of t hi s
net work. I n a bi gger net work several cont rol l ers can work t oget her, but
t here i s al ways onl y one cont rol l er wi t h t he pri vi l ege t o i ncl ude ot her
cont rol l er - t he pri mary cont rol l er.

The pri mary cont rol l er i ncl udes ot her nodes i nt o t he net work by
assi gni ng t hem hi s own Home I D. I f a node accept s t he Home I D of t he
pri mary cont rol l er t hi s node becomes part of t he net work. Toget her
wi t h assi gni ng t he Home I D t he pri mary cont rol l er al so assi gns an
i ndi vi dual Node I D t o t he new devi ce, whi ch i s i ncl uded. Thi s process
i s ref erred t o as I ncl usi on.

Def i ni t i on

I n t he Cont rol l er

I n t he Sl ave

Home I D

The Home I D i s
t he common
i dent i f i cat i on of a
Z-Wave net work

The Home I D i s
al ready avai l abl e
at f act ory def aul t .

No Home I D at
f act ory def aul t

Node I D

The Node I D i s
t he i ndi vi dual
i dent i f i cat i on
(address) of a
node wi t hi n a
common net work
Cont rol l er has i t s
own Node I D
predef i ned
(most l y 0x01)

I s assi gned by
t he pri mary
cont rol l er

Tabl e 3. 1: Home I D versus Node I D

The f ol l owi ng f i gure cl ari f i es t he process:
31

Fi gure 3. 3: Z-Wave devi ces bef ore i ncl usi on i n a net work

I n Fi gure 3. 3 f our devi ces are avai l abl e i n f act ory def aul t st at e. There
are t wo cont rol l ers wi t h a preset Home I D. Two ot her devi ces cannot
operat e as a cont rol l er (Sl ave) and, hence, have no own Home I D.

Dependi ng on whi ch of t he cont rol l ers i s used t o bui l d up a Z-Wave
net work, t he net work Home I D i n t hi s exampl e wi l l be ei t her
0x00001111 or 0x00002222.

Bot h cont rol l ers have t he same Node I D #1. The sl ave devi ces do not
have any Node I D assi gned. I n t heory t hi s pi ct ure shows t wo net works
wi t h one node i n each of t hem.

Because none of t he node i n t he f i gure has any common Home I D, no
communi cat i on can t ake pl ace.

One of t he t wo cont rol l ers i s now sel ect ed as bei ng t he pri mary
cont rol l er of t he net work. Thi s cont rol l er assi gns hi s Home I D t o al l t he
32
ot her devi ces (i ncl udes t hem) and al so assi gns t hem i ndi vi dual Node
I D.

Fi gure 3. 4: Net work af t er successf ul I ncl usi on.

Af t er successf ul I ncl usi on al l nodes have t he same Home I D, i . e. t hey
are connect ed i n a net work wi t h each ot her. At t he same t i me every
node has a di f f erent i ndi vi dual Node I D. Onl y wi t h t hi s i ndi vi dual Node
I D s t hey can be di st i ngui shed f rom each ot her and can communi cat e
wi t h each ot her. I n a Z-Wave net work several nodes havi ng a common
Home I D must not have t he same Node I D ever.

I n t he net work shown as an exampl e t here are t wo cont rol l ers. That
cont rol l er whose Home I D became t he Home I D of al l devi ces i s t he
33
pri mary cont rol l er. Al l ot her cont rol l ers become so cal l ed secondary
cont rol l ers.

A secondary cont rol l er i s al so a cont rol l er f rom t he t echni cal poi nt of
vi ew and does not di f f er f rom t he pri mary cont rol l er. However, onl y t he
cont rol l er wi t h t he pri vi l ege bei ng t he pri mary cont rol l er can i ncl ude
f urt her devi ces.

Fi gure 3. 5: Two Z-Wave-Net work wi t h di f f erent Home I Ds coexi st

Because t he nodes of di f f erent net works can t communi cat e wi t h each
ot her due t o t he di f f erent Home I D, t hey can coexi st and does not even
see each ot her.

The 32 bi t l ong Home I D al l ows t o di st i ngui sh up t o 4 bi l l i on (2^32)
di f f erent Z-Wave t o net works wi t h a maxi mum number of 2^8 = 256
di f f erent nodes.

I t i s not possi bl e t hat one si ngl e node has t wo di f f erent Home I Ds or
Node I Ds. There are devi ces (so cal l ed bri dge cont rol l ers) t hat al l ow
bri dgi ng t wo di f f erent net works but t hey consi st of t wo i ndependent Z-
Wave nodes wi t h an i nt erconnect i on of a hi gher l ayer. Wi t h t hei r
i ndi vi dual Z-Wave net works t hey st i l l appear as a si mpl e node.
34

Because some addresses of t he net work are al l ocat ed f or t he i nt ernal
communi cat i on and speci al f unct i ons, maxi mum 232 di f f erent nodes
can communi cat e i n a net work.

I f Z-Wave nodes are del et ed f rom a net work, t hi s i s cal l ed Excl usi on
i n t he Z-Wave t ermi nol ogy. Duri ng t he Excl usi on process t he Home I D
and t he Node I D are del et ed i n t he devi ce. The devi ce i s moved back
i n t he f act ory def aul t st at e (cont rol l ers have t hei r own Home I D and
sl aves do not have any Home I D).

3.3 Meshing and Routing

I n a t ypi cal wi rel ess net work t he cent ral cont rol l er has a di rect
wi rel ess connect i on t o al l of t he ot her net worki ng nodes. Thi s
al ways requi res a di rect radi o l i nk. I n case of di st urbances t he
cont rol l er does not have any backup rout e t o reach t he nodes.

Fi gure 3. 6: Net work wi t hout rout i ng

The radi o net work i l l ust rat ed above i s a non-rout ed net work.
Nodes t wo, t hree and f our l i e wi t hi n t he radi o ranges of t he cont rol l er
t hat i s l abel l ed number 1. Node 5 l i es beyond t he radi o range and
cannot be reached f rom t he cont rol l er.
However, Z-Wave i s a wi rel ess syst em t hat of f ers a very powerf ul
35
mechani sm t o overcome t hi s l i mi t at i on. Z-Wave nodes can f orward and
repeat messages t hat are not i n di rect range of t he cont rol l er. Thi s
gi ves great er f l exi bi l i t y as Z-Wave al l ows communi cat i on, even t hough
t here i s no di rect wi rel ess connect i on or i f a connect i on i s t emporari l y
not avai l abl e, due t o some change i n t he room or bui l di ng.

Fi gure 3. 7: Z-Wave-Net wi t h rout i ng

Fi gure 3. 7 shows t he cont rol l er wi t h Node I D 1 can communi cat e
di rect l y t o t he nodes 2, 3 and node 4. Node 6 l i es out si de i t s radi o
range, however, i t i s wi t hi n t he radi o range of node 2. Theref ore t he
cont rol l er can communi cat e t o node 6 vi a node 2. Thi s way f rom t he
cont rol l er vi a node 2 t o node 6 i s cal l ed a rout e.

Fi gure 3. 7 i l l ust rat es anot her si de ef f ect of t he rout i ng. I n case t he
di rect communi cat i on bet ween Node 1 and Node 2 i s bl ocked, but
t here i s st i l l anot her opt i on t o communi cat e t o node 6 vi a node 2, by
usi ng node 3 as anot her repeat er of t he si gnal . I t i s evi dent , t hat more
nodes resul t i n more di f f erent rout i ng opt i ons f or t he cont rol l er and
t heref ore i n a more st abl e net work.

Z-Wave i s abl e t o rout e messages vi a up t o f our repeat i ng nodes. Thi s
i s a compromi se bet ween t he net work si ze and st abi l i t y, and t he
maxi mum t i me a message i s al l owed t o t ravel i n t he net work.
36

Fi gure 3. 8: Z-Wave communi cat es across t he corner

How are t hese rout es bui l t i n a Z-Wave net work?

Fi gure 3. 9: Maxi mum di st ance bet ween t wo nodes vi a 4 repeat ers

Every node i s abl e t o det ermi ne whi ch nodes are i n i t s di rect wi rel ess
range. These nodes are cal l ed nei ghbours. Duri ng i ncl usi on and l at er
on request , t he node i s abl e t o i nf orm t he cont rol l er about i t s l i st of
nei ghbours. Usi ng t hi s i nf ormat i on, t he cont rol l er i s abl e t o bui l d a
t abl e t hat has al l i nf ormat i on about possi bl e communi cat i on rout es i n a
net work. The user can access t he rout i ng t abl e. There are several
sof t ware sol ut i ons, t ypi cal l y cal l ed i nstal l er tool s, whi ch vi sual i se t he
rout i ng t abl e t o opt i mi ze t he net work set up.
37

Fi gure 3. 10: Exampl e of a meshed net work

Fi gure 3. 10 shows an exampl e of a Z-Wave meshed net work, wi t h one
cont rol l er and f i ve ot her nodes. The cont rol l er and i s t he pri mary
cont rol l er wi t h Node I D 1. I t can communi cat e di rect l y wi t h node 2 and
3. There i s no di rect connect i on t o node 4, 5 and 6. Communi cat i on t o
node 4 works ei t her vi a node 2 or vi a node 3.

Fi gure 3. 11 shows t he rout i ng t abl e of such a net work:

Fi gure 3. 11: Rout i ng t abl e f or t he exampl e net work

38
The rows of t he t abl e cont ai n t he source nodes and t he col umns
cont ai n t he dest i nat i on nodes. A 1 i s a cel l whi ch i ndi cat es t hat t he
t wo nodes are di rect nei ghbours.

Fi gure 3. 12: Rout i ng f rom Node 1 vi a Node 3 t o Node 4

The exampl e shows t he connect i on bet ween Source Node 1 and
dest i nat i on Node 4. The cel l bet ween Node 1 and 4 i s marked 0. Thi s
means t he nodes are not nei ghbours and cannot communi cat e di rect l y.
The rout e goes vi a Node 3 t hat i s i n di rect range bot h f rom Node 1 and
Node 4.
I n t he exampl e bel ow Node 6 can onl y communi cat e wi t h t he rest of
t he net work usi ng Node 5 as repeat er. Si nce t he cont rol l er does not
have a di rect connect i on t o Node 5, t he cont rol l er need t o use one of
t he f ol l owi ng rout es: 1 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 or 1 -> 2 -> 5 ->6.

Fi gure 3. 13: Rout i ng usi ng mul t i pl e repeat er

39

Fi gure 3. 14: Rout i ng t abl e exampl e of a meshed net work

A cont rol l er wi l l al ways t ry f i rst t o t ransmi t i t s message di rect l y t o t he
dest i nat i on. I f t hi s i s not possi bl e i t wi l l use i t s rout i ng t abl e t o f i nd t he
next best way t o t he dest i nat i on. The cont rol l er can sel ect up t o t hree
al t ernat i ve rout es and wi l l t ry t o send t he message vi a t hese rout es.
Onl y i f al l t hree rout es f ai l (t he cont rol l er does not recei ve an
acknowl edgement f rom t he dest i nat i on) t he cont rol l er wi l l report a
f ai l ure.

3.4 Types of Network Nodes
I t was al ready ment i oned t hat a Z-Wave net work consi st s of t wo
di f f erent node t ypes:

Cont rol l er and
Sl aves.

A rout i ng sl ave i s a sl ave wi t h some advanced f unct i ons regardi ng
rout i ng capabi l i t i es. Sl aves are cat egori zed f urt her i nt o st andard
sl aves and rout i ng sl aves.
40
The t hree di f f erent node t ypes have t hree mai n capabi l i t i es. The mai n
di f f erence bet ween t he t hree node t ypes i s t hei r knowl edge about t he
net work rout i ng t abl e and subsequent l y t hei r abi l i t y t o send messages
t o t he net work:

Nei ghbours

Rout e

Possi bl e
f unct i ons

Cont rol l er

Knows al l
nei ghbours

Has access t o t he
compl et e rout i ng
t abl e

Can communi cat e
wi t h every devi ce
i n t he net work, i f
a rout e exi st s.
Sl ave

Knows al l
nei ghbours

Has no
i nf ormat i on about
t he rout i ng t abl e

Can onl y repl y t o
t he node t hat he
has recei ved t he
message f rom.
Hence, can not
send unsol i ci t ed
messages
Rout i ng Sl ave

Knows al l hi s
nei ghbours

Has part i al
knowl edge about
t he rout i ng t abl e

Can repl y t o t he
node t hat he has
recei ved t he
message f rom
and can send
unsol i ci t ed
messages t o a
number of
predef i ned nodes
he has a rout e t o.
Tabl e 3. 2: Propert i es of t he Z-Wave devi ce model s

From t hi s compari son a number of basi c rul es ari se:

Every Z-Wave devi ce can recei ve and acknowl edge messages
41
Cont rol l ers can send messages t o al l node i n t he net work,
sol i ci t ed and unsol i ci t ed (The mast er can t al k whenever he
want s and t o whom he want s)
Sl aves can not send unsol i ci t ed messages but onl y answer t o
request s (The sl ave shal l onl y speak i s he i s asked)
Rout i ng Sl aves can answer request s and t hey are al l owed t o
send unsol i ci t ed messages t o cert ai n nodes t he cont rol l er has
predef i ned (The sensor sl ave i s st i l l a sl ave but - on permi ssi on
he may speak up)

Si nce t he f unct i onal i t y of st andard sl aves i s qui t e l i mi t ed, t hi s t ype of
node i s onl y used f or di mmers and swi t ches t hat are i nst al l ed i n a
f i xed l ocat i on. Every ki nd of sensor or any devi ce t hat can be used on
mul t i pl e l ocat i ons must be a rout i ng sl ave or even a cont rol l er.

Typi cal appl i cat i ons f or sl aves are:

Sl ave

Fi xed i nst al l ed mai ns powered
devi ces l i ke wal l swi t ches, wal l
di mmers or Venet i an bl i nd cont rol l ers
Rout i ng Sl ave

Bat t ery-operat ed devi ces and mobi l e
appl i cabl e devi ces as f or exampl e
sensors wi t h bat t ery operat i on,
wal l pl ugs f or Schuko and pl ug t ypes,
Thermost at s and heat ers wi t h bat t ery
operat i on and al l ot her sl ave
appl i cat i ons
Tabl e 3. 3 Typi cal appl i cat i ons f or sl aves

Establ i shi ng, Changi ng and Destroyi ng a Z-Wave Network

I f a devi ce i s added t o a Z-Wave net work (I ncl usi on), t he cont rol l er
al ways request s an updat ed l i st of nei ghbouri ng nodes f rom t hese
nodes and updat es hi s rout i ng t abl e.
I n case anot her secondary - cont rol l er i s i ncl uded i nt o t he net work,
t he i ncl udi ng (pri mary) cont rol l er hands over an act ual snapshot of hi s
42
rout i ng t abl e t o t he i ncl uded cont rol l er. Ri ght at t hi s moment bot h
cont rol l ers have t he very same rout i ng t abl e. I f more nodes are
i ncl uded l at er, t he rout i ng t abl e of t he pri mary cont rol l er get s updat ed
whi l e t he rout i ng t abl e of any secondary cont rol l er may st i l l show t he
ol d st at us. These secondary cont rol l ers need t o be updat ed manual l y
i n such a case.
I f nodes are excl uded f rom t he net work, t he correspondi ng ent ri es i n
t he rout i ng t abl e are del et ed. I f a secondary cont rol l er i s excl uded
f rom t he net work t hi s secondary cont rol l er wi l l not onl y del et e i t s ol d
Home I D but al so t he ol d rout i ng t abl e whi ch i s not l onger rel evant t o
hi m once he l ef t t he net work.

The rout i ng t abl e i n t he pri mary cont rol l er al ways shows t he act ual
st at us of t he net work af t er i ncl usi on of t he devi ces. Duri ng normal
operat i on a node can however

- go out of operat i on (damaged) or
- can be moved t o a di f f erent l ocat i on.

I n bot h cases t he rout i ng t abl e i s not l onger val i d and communi cat i on
t o t he moved or damaged node may f ai l (i f t he node i s j ust moved i t s
possi bl e t hat i t was moved l ucki l y i n di rect range of t he cont rol l er or
i nt o a pl ace where hi s ol d nei ghbours st i l l can reach hi m).

Any f ai l ed communi cat i on t o a node resul t s i n an error message. I n
paral l el t he cont rol l er wi l l mark t hi s node as f ai l ed node by put t i ng hi m
i nt o a so cal l ed f ai l ed node l i st . The f ai l ed node l i st cont ai ns nodes
wi t h a f ai l ed communi cat i on. Bei ng i n t he f ai l ed node l i st does not
necessari l y mean t hat node i s permanent damaged. Any worki ng
communi cat i on wi l l move t he node back i nt o t he ori gi nal rout i ng t abl e.

I f no successf ul communi cat i on happens, t he node wi l l st ay i n t he
f ai l ed node l i st and can be removed f rom t he net work. Thi s wi l l not be
done aut omat i cal l y but on user request . Fi gure 3. 15 shows a user
di al og t o enabl e t o remove a f ai l ed node f rom t he net work.

43

Fi gure 3. 15: Screenshot of a Z-Wave Cont rol l er wi t h a but t on t o
excl ude a f ai l ed node

The Z-Wave net work i s f urt hermore abl e t o det ermi ne movement s of
devi ces and updat e t he rout i ng t abl e aut omat i cal l y, however cert ai n
condi t i ons need t o appl y f or t hi s. Ref er t o chapt er 3. 7 f or more det ai l s.

Sl aves:
I f a sl ave i s moved i nt o a di f f erent l ocat i on i t s nei ghbours are not
l onger abl e t o reach hi m f or communi cat i on. A message f rom t he
cont rol l er t o t hi s sl ave wi l l t heref ore f ai l . The cont rol l er can t
det ermi ne i f t he sl ave was j ust moved or i s permanent l y removed or
dead. The cont rol l er wi l l al ways t reat t hese nodes as f ai l ed and move
t hem t o t he f ai l ed-node-l i st .

To f i nd a moved node i n t he net work t he cont rol l er can scan t he whol e
net work and ask every known node t o updat e i t s nei ghbouri ng l i st . I f
t he moved node i s st i l l i n range of at l east one node, t hi s operat i on
wi l l l ocat e t he moved node and t he cont rol l er i s abl e t o updat e i t s
rout i ng t abl e and remove t he moved node f rom t he f ai l ed-node-l i st .
44

Such a net work rebui l t wi l l generat e a l ot of dat a t raf f i c t hat i s t he
reason why t hi s i s not done aut omat i cal l y t hrough f ai l ed node
det ect i on.
User can t ri gger such a net work scan on t he cont rol l er, ei t her by
pressi ng speci al keys on mobi l e pri mary cont rol l ers or by usi ng a
speci al di al ogs on PC cont rol l ers (repai r my net work).

Fi gure 3. 16: Net work Reorgani zat i on

The cont rol l er wi l l t est al l connect i ons t o i t s di rect nei ghbours f i rst and
scan i t s nei ghbourhood f or l ost devi ces. I n a next st ep he wi l l ask al l
known nodes t o do t he same scan and report back t he resul t .

Fi gure 3. 16 al so shows t hat bat t ery powered devi ces need a speci al
t reat ment . Bat t ery powered devi ces are most l y i n an energy savi ngs
mode and wi l l onl y wakeup occasi onal l y. The di al og on Fi gure 3. 16
set s a maxi mum t i meout t o wai t f or any l i f e si gnal f rom t he bat t ery-
operat ed devi ce duri ng t he net work scan.

Control l er:
Cont rol l ers know t he whol e net work t opol ogy and can t heref ore al ways
f i nd a val i d rout e t o a communi cat i on part ner (assumi ng t hat t he
rout i ng t abl e i s correct and updat ed).

Cont rol l ers are di st i ngui shed i nt o st at i c or port abl e cont rol l ers. A
st at i c cont rol l er i s supposed t o be l ocat ed on a f i xed posi t i on i n t he
net work and shal l not be moved. A st at i c cont rol l er i s mai ns powered
and can rout e messages.
45
A port abl e cont rol l er i s supposed t o be moved around and i s t heref ore
t ypi cal l y bat t ery powered. As a bat t ery powered devi ce t he port abl e
cont rol l er wi l l sl eep most of t he t i me and i s t heref ore not abl e t o rout e
message f rom ot her nodes.

I f a st at i c cont rol l er i s moved, a net work reorgani sat i on or net work
scan i s requi red. A port abl e cont rol l er wi l l al ways t ry t o reach nodes i n
wi rel ess range. I f t hi s f ai l s t he cont rol l er wi l l t ry t o generat e a
t emporary rout i ng t abl e t o f i nd a rout ed way t o t he dest i nat i on devi ce.
3.5 Challenges in typical network configurations

As a resul t of t he rout i ng f unct i onal i t y t here are some t ypi cal net work
conf i gurat i ons wi t h t hei r i ndi vi dual chal l enges and requi rement s.

3. 5. 1 Z-Wave Network wi th one portabl e control l er

Z-Wave works by st art i ng wi t h a very smal l net work and ext endi ng t hi s
net work l at er on as and when you need. A very t ypi cal smal l net work
consi st s of a remot e cont rol and a coupl e of swi t ches or di mmers. The
remot e cont rol act s as pri mary cont rol l er and i ncl udes and cont rol s t he
swi t ches and di mmers.
Duri ng i ncl usi on t he di mmers and swi t ches shoul d be i nst al l ed at t hei r
f i nal l ocat i on al ready, t o make sure t hat a correct l i st of nei ghbours
wi l l be recogni sed and report ed.

Fi gure 3. 17: Z-Wave Net work wi t h one port abl e cont rol l er
46

A net work conf i gurat i on l i ke t hi s works wel l as l ong as t he remot e
cont rol can reach al l swi t ches and di mmers di rect l y (t he node whi ch i s
t o be cont rol l ed i s i n range). I n case t he cont rol l ed node not i n
range, t he user may experi ence del ays, because t he remot e cont rol
needs t o det ect t he net work st ruct ure f i rst bef ore cont rol l i ng t he
devi ce.
I n case a devi ce was i ncl uded and moved af t erwards t o a new
posi t i on, t hi s part i cul ar devi ce can onl y be cont rol l ed by t he remot e
cont rol i f i t i s i n di rect range. Ot herwi se t he communi cat i on wi l l f ai l ,
because t he rout i ng t abl e ent ry f or t hi s part i cul ar devi ce i s wrong and
t he remot e cont rol i s not abl e t o do a net work scan at t he moment of
operat i on.

3. 5. 2 Z-Wave Network with one static controller

Anot her t ypi cal net work consi st s of a st at i c cont rol l er - most l y PC
sof t ware pl us Z-Wave t ranscei ver as a USB dongl e or an I P gat eway
I P as wel l as a number of swi t ches and di mmers.

Fi gure 3. 18: Exampl e of a net work wi t h one st at i c cont rol l er

The st at i c cont rol l er i s t he pri mary cont rol l er, and i ncl udes al l ot her
devi ces.
47
Because a st at i c cont rol l er i s bound t o a cert ai n l ocat i on, t he ot her Z-
Wave devi ces must be i ncl uded whi l e bei ng i n di rect range wi t h t he
st at i c cont rol l er. They wi l l t ypi cal l y be i nst al l ed at t hei r f i nal l ocat i on
af t er i ncl usi on.

3. 5. 3 Networks wi th mul ti pl e control l ers

I n a l arger net work several cont rol l ers wi l l work t oget her. A st at i c
cont rol l er e. g. a PC i s used f or t he conf i gurat i on and management
of t he syst em and one or several remot e cont rol s carry out cert ai n
f unct i ons i n di f f erent pl aces.

Fi gure 3. 19: Z-Wave Net work wi t h mul t i pl e cont rol l ers

I f a net work has mul t i pl e cont rol l ers, t he user needs t o det ermi ne
whi ch of t he cont rol l ers wi l l be t he pri mary cont rol l er.
I ncl usi on of a st at i c cont rol l er i s a chal l enge, i f t he devi ces need t o be
moved t o t hei r f i nal l ocat i on af t erwards. A net work re-organi sat i on
needs t o be perf ormed.
48
St at i c cont rol l ers are usual l y more rel i abl e and cannot get l ost easi l y.
They t ypi cal l y of f er backup f unct i ons t o repl ace t he hardware i n case
of severe damages.

Network wi th stati c control l er as a pri mary control l er:

I ncl usi on on a st at i c cont rol l er i s a chal l enge i f t he devi ces need t o be
moved t o t hei r f i nal l ocat i on af t erwards a net work reorgani sat i on
need t o be perf ormed.

St at i c cont rol l ers are usual l y more rel i abl e and cannot get l ost so f ast .
They t ypi cal l y of f er backup f unct i ons t o repl ace t he hardware i n case
of severe damages.

Network wi th portabl e control l er as a pri mary control l er:

Remot e cont rol s are more vul nerabl e t o damage and l oss. Usual l y
remot e cont rol s do not of f er a backup f unct i on. I f t he pri mary
cont rol l er was damaged or l ost , a compl et e re-i ncl usi on of t he whol e
net work woul d need t o be perf ormed. However, devi ces can be
i ncl uded af t er t hey were i nst al l ed, whi ch resul t s i n a much more st abl e
net work, and no need f or net work re-organi sat i on.
The choi ce of t he pri mary cont rol l er - st at i c or port abl e - depends
more on t he personal pref erence of t he user t han on t echni cal
necessi t y.

Fi gure 3. 20: Exampl e of a Cont rol l er-Shi f t

49
Nevert hel ess, a basi c probl em i n net works wi t h several cont rol l ers i s
t he synchroni zat i on of t he rout i ng t abl es of t he di f f erent cont rol l ers.
The pri mary cont rol l er passes a snapshot of t he rout i ng t abl e t o every
i ncl uded secondary cont rol l er at t he moment of i ncl usi on. At t hi s
moment and onl y at t hi s moment t he t wo rout i ng t abl es are equal .
Any i ncl usi on or excl usi on of f urt her devi ces wi l l resul t s i n di f f erent
rout i ng t abl es of t he secondary and t he pri mary cont rol l er. These
resul t s i n a f ai l ure i f t he secondary cont rol l er wi l l communi cat e wi t h a
devi ce t hat i s not l onger i ncl uded i n t he net work. Furt hermore t he
secondary cont rol l ers wi t h out dat ed rout i ng t abl es can t communi cat e
wi t h t he devi ce i ncl uded af t er t hey were i ncl uded i n t he net work.

There are t wo approaches t o mi ni mi ze t hi s probl em.

1. Secondary cont rol l ers are al ways i nt egrat ed i nt o t he net work
l ast . They wi l l t hen recei ve a more or l ess correct rout i ng t abl e.
2. Af t er i ncl usi on of new devi ces al l secondary cont rol l ers wi l l be
rei ncl uded t o updat e t he rout i ng t abl e. Thi s i s a l ot of work and
not user f ri endl y.

I f several port abl e cont rol l ers exi st i n a net work, i t i s pract i cal l y nearl y
i mpossi bl e t o keep an updat ed rout i ng t abl e i n al l cont rol l ers.
A sol ut i on t o t hi s probl em i s of f ered i n addi t i onal f unct i onal i t y of st at i c
cont rol l ers i n t he net work SUC and SI S.

3.6 Static Update Controller (SUC) and SUC ID Server
(SIS)
I f t here i s one pri mary cont rol l er i n t he net work, i t wi l l hand over i t s
rout i ng t abl e, t o every secondary cont rol l er i ncl uded. Af t er t he next
i ncl usi on or excl usi on of a devi ce, by t he pri mary cont rol l er t he rout i ng
t abl es of al l secondary cont rol l ers become i nval i d. To make sure t hat
t here i s at l east one updat ed and val i d rout i ng t abl e onl y, t he pri mary
cont rol l er shal l have t he pri vi l ege t o i ncl ude/ excl ude devi ces. For a
secondary cont rol l er i t i s al ways possi bl e t o request an updat e of hi s
rout i ng t abl e.
50

The re qui reme nt f or a user f r i endl y a nd st abl e ne t work i s, t ha t :

Every bat t ery operat ed mobi l e cont rol l er shal l be abl e t o i ncl ude
devi ces.
The rout i ng t abl es of al l cont rol l ers i n t he net work are kept
consi st ent and an updat e shal l al l ow every cont rol l er t o cont rol
every devi ce i n t he net work.

Thi s goal i s accompl i shed by act i vat i ng a SUC / SI S cont rol l er i n t he
net work.
3. 6. 1 Stati c Update-Control l er (SUC)

The St at i c updat e cont rol l er (SUC) i s a speci al f unct i on of a st at i c
cont rol l er. Most st at i c cont rol l ers (a cont rol l er wi t h f i xed l ocat i on and
powered by mai ns) can perf orm as an SUC. However, t he f unct i on
t ypi cal l y needs t o be act i vat ed f i rst .
The SUC recei ves t he updat ed rout i ng t abl e f rom t he pri mary
cont rol l er and of f ers t hi s rout i ng t abl e t o al l ot her cont rol l ers i n t he
net work. Because t he SUC i s a st at i c cont rol l er and t heref ore al ways
act i ve i n t he net work, any ot her cont rol l er can f requent l y request an
updat ed rout i ng t abl e f rom t he SUC.
To make sure t hat al l ot her nodes and part i cul arl y ot her cont rol l ers are
aware of t he presence of a SUC i n t he net work, t he Node I D of an
act i vat ed SUC i s communi cat ed wi t hi n t he net work peri odi cal l y.

51

Fi gure 3. 21: SUC i n a Z-Wave Net work

Havi ng an act i ve SUC i n t he net work al l ows you t o keep t he pri mary
cont rol l er rol e on a port abl e cont rol l er. Every change of t he net work
caused by i ncl usi on or excl usi on of a node by t he pri mary cont rol l er
wi l l be report ed t o t he SUC and i s t hen avai l abl e t o al l ot her
cont rol l ers, even i f t he pri mary cont rol l er i s not act i ve.

Fi gure 3. 22: Updat e of t he Rout i ng t abl e i n a SUC

Si nce most of t he cont rol l ers are bat t ery operat ed and t heref ore not
act i ve al l t he t i me, t hese cont rol l ers have t o request an updat ed
rout i ng t abl e peri odi cal l y or at l east when woken up, by pressi ng a
52
but t on. To perf orm t hi s t ask t he mobi l e bat t ery operat ed cont rol l ers
need t o be i nf ormed about t he presence of a SUC i n t he net work.
I f t he ori gi nal mobi l e bat t ery operat ed pri mary cont rol l er i s l ost or
damaged, t he SUC can assi gn t he pri mary pri vi l ege t o a new mobi l e
cont rol l er, prot ect i ng t he user f rom re-est abl i shi ng t he whol e net work
wi t h a brand new pri mary cont rol l er, and havi ng a di f f erent Home I D.

3. 6. 2 Stati c I D Server (SI S)

Even a SUC i n t he syst em does not sol ve t he probl em t hat onl y one
cont rol l er has t he pri mary pri vi l ege and can i ncl ude new devi ce. Thi s
l i mi t at i on i s overcome by enhanci ng t he SUC f unct i onal i t y by anot her
f unct i on cal l ed SI S = St at i c I D Server.

The SI S ac ts a s depot f or new No de I D s w hi ch c an be as s i gned by
mobi l e contro l l er s . Havi ng a n SI S pre sent i n the networ k al l ow s e very
co nt rol l er i n the ne twor k to i ncl ude a f ur ther devi ce. The co ntro l l er w i l l
j us t re quest a new node I D f rom t he SI S a nd a ss i gn t hi s new Node I D
to t he ser ver. W i t h the SI S i t i s made s ure t ha t no two no des ge t as
si gned t he sa me no de I D. The o nl y requi reme nt i s a mobi l e contro l l er
nee ds to f ul f i l i n order to i ncl ude new devi ce s, i s t ha t i t has a ne twork
c onne ct i o n to t he SI S server t o re ques t a node I D.

53
Fi gure 3. 23: SI S Server i n a Z-Wave-Net work

Thi s ki nd of conf i gurat i on wi t h server SI S has t he f ol l owi ng
advant ages and di sadvant ages:

Advantages:

The act ual net work t opol ogy and t he i nf ormat i on about al l nodes
are saved i n a st at i c cont rol l er and are t heref ore bet t er
prot ect ed t han wi t hi n a mobi l e bat t ery powered devi ce.
Al l cont rol l ers i n a net work can i nt egrat e new devi ces.
The net work conf i gurat i on and handl i ng becomes very f l exi bl e.

Di sadvantages:

Funct i on i s avai l abl e onl y f rom t he f i rmware versi on 3. 40. I t i s
possi bl e t hat t here are some devi ces i n t he net work wi t h ol der
f i rmware t hat do not support t hi s conf i gurat i on.
I ncl usi on cont rol l er can i nt egrat e onl y devi ces i f i t has a
wi rel ess connect i on t o t he SI S.
Wi t h t he SI S t here exi st s a "Si ngl e Poi nt of Fai l ure". A damaged
SI S resul t i n a compl et e new net work set up.

Si nce t he SUC/ SI S f unct i onal i t y i s al ready i ncl uded i n t he f i rmware of
most modern st at i c cont rol l er, or a USB dongl e, most Z-Wave net works
can t ake advant age of t hese f unct i ons i f a st at i c cont rol l er i s present .
However, t hi s f unct i on needs t o be act i vat ed.

A st at i c cont rol l er can al so be a pri mary cont rol l er, as wel l as have
SUC/ SI S f unct i onal i t y. Thi s conf i gurat i on i s t ypi cal i n real net works.
54

Fi gure 3. 24: Cont rol l er rul es shown i n a Gat eway User I nt erf ace

3.7 Networks with portable slaves

I t was al ready descri bed how a Z Wave net work can handl e a changi ng
posi t i on of cont rol l ers or sl aves. I f sl aves or st at i c cont rol l ers are
changed i n t hei r physi cal posi t i on, a new organi sat i on of t he whol e
net work must be perf ormed af t erwards.

Get Lost

I f an SUC cont rol l er i s present i n t he net work i t i s abl e t o det ermi ne a
new posi t i on of a sl ave and updat e t he net works rout i ng t abl e
accordi ngl y. The procedure t o achi eve t hi s i s cal l ed i n Z-Wave t erms
Get Lost Al gori t hm and onl y works f or rout i ng sl aves.
A normal sl ave i s not al l owed t o send unsol i ci t ed messages and can
t heref ore never det ermi ne any change of i t s posi t i on i n t he net work,
si nce no unsol i ci t ed message can f ai l . Rout i ng sl aves however have
t hi s abi l i t y.
I f t he sendi ng of an unsol i ci t ed message f rom a rout i ng sl ave f ai l s, t hi s
rout i ng sl ave wi l l concl ude t hat i t s rout i ng t abl e i s not l onger val i d.

55

Fi gure 3. 25: Rout i ng-Sl ave real i zes movement

As a f i rst st ep t hi s node wi l l send out a broadcast i ng message t o
anybody wi t h a cry f or hel p message. A node t hat recei ved an
unsol i ci t ed cry of hel p message knows t hat t he sender of t hi s
message has f ound i t sel f i n a new l ocat i on. Thi s node, however, i s not
possi bl e t o hel p t he cryi ng node wi t h an updat ed rout i ng t abl e. I f t hi s
node i s al so a rout i ng sl ave and does have rout i ng i nf ormat i on about
how t o reach t he SUC i n t he net work, i t wi l l f orward t he cry f or hel p
message t o t he SUC.

Fi gure 3. 26: Rout i ng-Sl ave cri es f or hel p

56
The SUC can updat e i t s own rout i ng t abl e and assi gn new rout es t o
t he cryi ng node by perf ormi ng t he same st eps he woul d do when
i ncl udi ng t he devi ce. The cry f or hel p message i s abl e t o aut o-heal a
net work i n case a node has been moved.

Fi gure 3. 27: New Rout e f or t he moved Rout i ng Sl ave.

57
I n order t o have a worki ng aut o-heal i ng f unct i on wi t hi n t he net work,
t he f ol l owi ng requi rement s need t o be f ul f i l l ed:

1. A SUC need t o be present i n t he net work
2. The moved nodes must be a rout i ng sl ave not a st andard sl ave.
3. I n t he new posi t i on t here must be at l east one rout i ng sl ave i n
range.
4. The moved node must det ect t hat he was moved. Thi s i s onl y
possi bl e i f t hi s node sends out an unsol i ci t ed message.

3.8 Inclusion and Exclusion in practise

Thi s sect i on descri bes how i ncl usi on and excl usi on of nodes works i n
pract i cal t erms.
3. 8. 1 I ncl usi on and Excl usi on of Sl aves

(1) I ncl usi on of nodes i s al ways st art ed by t he pri mary cont rol l er (or
any cont rol l er i n case a SI S cont rol l er i s present ). The i ncl udi ng
cont rol l er must be t urned i nt o a so-cal l ed i ncl usi on mode. Thi s i s done
ei t her by pressi ng a speci al key or a speci al key sequence or by
t urni ng a Z-Wave USB st i ck i nt o t he i ncl usi on mode usi ng cont rol
sof t ware on a PC.

Fi gure 3. 28: Wal l Cont rol l er wi t h speci al but t on f or i ncl usi on
58

Fi gure 3. 29: Exampl e of I ncl usi on Funct i on i n PC sof t ware

(2) Once t he cont rol l er i s i n t he i ncl usi on mode each node t o be
i ncl uded need t o conf i rm i ncl usi on by perf ormi ng a l ocal act i on,
t ypi cal l y pressi ng a but t on. Al l Z-Wave devi ces wi l l have at l east one
but t on t o conf i rm t he i ncl usi on. Thi s may be a f unct i on but t on of t he
devi ce, a dedi cat ed i ncl usi on but t on or si mpl y an ant i -t amperi ng
swi t ch.

(3) The number of t i mes t he but t on needs t o be pressed depends on
t he product and t he vendor. Vendors ei t her choose a si ngl e cl i ck or a
t ri pl e cl i ck as conf i rmat i on sequence. To uni f y t he user experi ence i t i s
meanwhi l e recommended t o use t he t ri pl e press act i on f or
conf i rmat i on. Si nce t he t ri pl e press al ways al so perf orms a si ngl e
press and t wo more si ngl e presses does not harm, i t i s recommended
to al ways do a tri pl e press.
The si ngl e or t ri pl e press of a but t on causes t he node t o i ssue an
i nf ormat i on packet , i n Z-Wave t ermi nol ogy cal l ed node i nformati on
frame, wi t h i t s current Node I D and Home I D.

(4) I f a cont rol l er i n t he i ncl usi on-mode recei ves a node i nf ormat i on
f rame i t wi l l check t hi s f rame. I f t here i s no Home I D gi ven, t hi s f rame
wi l l be i ncl uded i nt o t he net work by assi gni ng a Node I D and t he Home
I D of t he cont rol l er. Thi s act i on i s t ypi cal l y conf i rmed wi t h a LED
bl i nki ng or ot her usef ul f orm of user f eedback. Ot herwi se t he
I nf ormat i on f rame wi l l be si mpl y i gnored.

59

Fi gure 3. 30: Exampl e of a manual descri bi ng of t he i ncl usi on process

Fi gure 3. 30 shows t he manual sect i on of a manuf act urer about hi s Z-
Wave product s and t he i ncl usi on process. By pressi ng I NCL" on t he
cont rol l er here at an schemat i cal l y di spl ayed remot e cont rol t hi s
devi ce i s moved i nt o t he I ncl usi on mode. The t ri pl e press on a but t on
of a Z-Wave devi ce gi ves a conf i rmat i on f or t he i ncl usi on.

Thi s process l eads t o t he f ol l owi ng concl usi ons:

(1) Onl y a cont rol l er can i ncl ude new devi ces
(2) I t s onl y possi bl e t o i ncl ude a node whi ch was not al ready
i ncl uded i nt o a di f f erent net work
(3) There i s al ways a physi cal i nt eract i on needed at t he devi ce t hat
i s t o i ncl ude. Thi s makes sure t hat no devi ce i s i ncl uded agai nst
t he wi l l of t he physi cal owner of t he devi ce. Havi ng physi cal
access t o t he devi ce i s def i ned an ownershi p i n t hi s regard.

I n case a node shal l be i nt egrat ed i nt o a new net work t hat was al ready
i ncl uded i n a di f f erent net work t hi s nodes must be det ached f rom t he
previ ous net work f i rst . Thi s process i s cal l ed Excl usi on and i s
perf ormed t he same way as t he i ncl usi on.

(1) The excl udi ng cont rol l er must be t urned i nt o an excl usi on mode.
Thi s i s done ei t her by pressi ng a speci al key or a speci al key
sequence or by t urni ng a Z-Wave USB st i ck i nt o t he excl usi on
mode usi ng a cont rol sof t ware on a PC.
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(2) The node t o be excl uded has t o send out a node i nf ormat i on
f rame. Ei t her si ngl e or t ri pl e press of a but t on on t he devi ce
t ri ggers t hi s.
(3) I f t he excl udi ng cont rol l er recei ves a node i nf ormat i on f rame
f rom a node whi ch cont ai ns a val i d Home I D t he cont rol l er wi l l
send t hi s node a reset message t o del et e t he Home I D and t urn
t he node back i nt o f act ory def aul t st at us. I f no val i d Home I D i s
recei ved whi ch means t hat t he sendi ng nodes i s not part of a
net work t he process i s t ermi nat ed wi t hout any f urt her act i on.
(4) I t s possi bl e t o excl ude mul t i pl e devi ces af t er anot her. As l ong
as t he cont rol l er i s i n t he excl usi on mode devi ces can be
excl uded. A speci al key sequence or pressi ng t he excl usi on key
agai n t ypi cal l y t ermi nat es t he excl usi on mode.

Any Z-Wave cont rol l er regardl ess of i t s i ncl usi on i n t he same net work
can perf orm t he excl usi on of a devi ce. Thi s i s requi red t o make sure
t hat nodes f rom a net work wi t h damaged cont rol l ers can st i l l be reused
i n a di f f erent net work. However, a l ocal i nt eract i on l i ke pressi ng a
but t on i s requi red t o proof t he ownershi p of t he node.

Fi gure 3. 31: Exampl e f rom a user s manual descri bi ng t he excl usi on
process

Wi t hi n a Z-Wave devi ce t he excl usi on l eads t o a f ul l reset of al l
f unct i ons and set t i ngs back t o f act ory def aul t

3. 8. 2 I ncl usi on of Control l ers

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From t he pri mary cont rol l er users poi nt of vi ew i ncl udi ng a cont rol l er i s
si mi l ar t o i ncl udi ng a normal sl ave devi ce. The onl y di f f erence occurs
behi nd t he scene. Af t er i ncl usi on t he pri mary cont rol l er wi l l pass hi s
rout i ng t abl e t o t he new secondary cont rol l er i f he recogni ze t hat t he
new devi ce i s a cont rol l er as wel l . The process of i ncl udi ng a
secondary cont rol l er and handi ng over t he rout i ng t abl e i s ref erred t o
as repl i cati on.
Whi l e t he pri mary cont rol l er i s t urned i nt o i ncl usi on mode, t he
secondary cont rol l er needs t o be t urned i nt o a speci al mode as wel l
whi ch i s ref erred t o as Learn mode.
Onl y i n Lean Mode a cont rol l er i s abl e t o repl ace hi s own Home I D by
a new Home I D. Typi cal l y t here i s a speci al but t on or a sequence of
keyst rokes t o t urn a cont rol l er i nt o t he l earn mode. Addi t i onal l y t he
l earn mode wi l l t i me out qui ckl y t o prot ect t he cont rol l er f rom
uni nt ent i onal l y l oosi ng hi s own Home I D and becomi ng part of a
di f f erent net work.

Fi gure 3. 32: Cont rol l er-Repl i cat i on

I n case t he secondary cont rol l er al ready had i ncl uded ot her devi ces
when he was a pri mary cont rol l er, but not yet i ncl uded i nt o a di f f erent
net work, t hese rel at i onshi ps wi l l get l ost when t hi s cont rol l er recei ves
a new Home I D and becomes a secondary cont rol l er. I t s t heref ore
recommended t o onl y i ncl ude cont rol l ers i nt o a secondary net work t hat
had not act ed as pri mary cont rol l er bef ore and are i n f act ory def aul t
st at e.

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Fi gure 3. 33: Exampl e of Cont rol l er I ncl usi on i n PC sof t ware

3. 8. 3 I ncl usi on of battery operated devi ces

Bat t ery operat ed devi ces are i n a sl eep st at e on def aul t . I n order t o
send and recei ve messages t hese devi ces need t o be act i vat ed.
To save bat t ery power, bat t ery operat ed devi ces wi l l l i mi t t he act i ve
t i me of i ncl usi on mode or excl usi on mode even f urt her.

I t s possi bl e t hat t he root cause of a f ai l ed i ncl usi on of a bat t ery
operat ed devi ce i s t he si mpl e f act , t hat t he devi ce has been t urned
back i nt o sl eepi ng st at e al ready t oo qui ckl y.

I t i s t heref ore recommended t o i ncl ude bat t ery-powered devi ces ri ght
af t er i nsert i ng bat t ery wi t hout l oosi ng any t i me.

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4 Application Layer

So f ar we onl y l ooked at how di f f erent nodes can communi cat e wi t h
each ot her. The appl i cat i on l ayer of t he Z-Wave product now def i nes
and speci f i es what and why t wo nodes communi cat e wi t h each ot her.

4.1 Types of Z-Wave Devices

I n t heory every cont rol l abl e or cont rol l i ng devi ce i n a home or of f i ce
can be equi pped wi t h Z-Wave t echnol ogy. Hence one shoul d expect a
broad vari et y of di f f erent devi ces and f unct i ons. However t here are
some basi c f unct i onal i t y pat t erns t hat al l ow cat egori zi ng di f f erent
devi ces.
Each devi ce wi l l ei t her cont rol ot her devi ces or bei ng cont rol l ed by
ot her devi ces. I n t he Z-Wave t ermi nol ogy cont rol l i ng devi ces are
cal l ed cont rol l ers, report i ng devi ces are cal l ed sensors and cont rol l ed
devi ces are cal l ed act uat ors. I t i s al so possi bl e t o combi ne a l ogi cal
sensor cont rol l er or act or f unct i on wi t hi n one physi cal devi ce.
Act ors swi t ch ei t her di gi t al (on / of f f or a el ect ri cal swi t ch) or anal ogue
si gnal s (0 %. 100 % f or a di mmer or venet i an bl i nd cont rol ). Sensors
del i ver ei t her a di gi t al si gnal (door, gl ass breaki ng, mot i on det ect or,
wi ndow but t on on t he wal l ) or an anal ogue si gnal (t emperat ure,
humi di t y, power).

I n t oday s market of Z-Wave devi ce t here i s a surpri si ngl y short l i st of
di f f erent product cat egori es. Nearl y al l Z-Wave devi ces on t he market
can be cat egori zed i nt o one of t he f ol l owi ng f unct i on groups:

1. El ect ri cal swi t ches are desi gned ei t her as pl ug i n modul es f or
wal l out l et s or as repl acement f or t radi t i onal wal l swi t ches
(di gi t al act ors). I t s al so possi bl e t o have t hese act ors al ready
bui l t i nt o cert ai n el ect ri cal appl i ances such as el ect ri cal st oves
or heat ers.
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2. El ect ri cal di mmers, ei t her as pl ug i n modul es f or wal l out l et s or
as repl acement f or t radi t i onal wal l swi t ches (anal ogue act ors)
3. Mot or cont rol , usual l y t o open or cl ose a door, a wi ndow, a
wi ndow sun bl i nd or a venet i an bl i nd (anal ogue or di gi t al act ors)
4. El ect ri cal Di spl ay or ot her ki nd of si gnal emi ssi on such as si ren,
Led panel , et c (di gi t al act ors)
5. Sensors of di f f erent ki nd t o measure paramet ers l i ke
t emperat ure, humi di t y, gas concent rat i on (e. g. carbon di oxi de or
carbon monoxi de) (anal ogue or di gi t al sensors)
6. Thermost at cont rol s: ei t her as a one knob cont rol or usi ng a
t emperat ure di spl ay (anal ogue sensors)
7. Thermost at s cont rol s such as TRVs (Thermost at Radi at or
Val ves) or f l oor heat i ng cont rol s (anal ogue or di gi t al act ors)
8. Remot e Cont rol s ei t her as uni versal remot e cont rol wi t h I R
support or as dedi cat ed Z-Wave Remot e Cont rol wi t h speci al
keys f or net work f unct i ons, group and/ or scene cont rol
9. USB st i cks and I P gat eways t o al l ow PC sof t ware t o access Z-
Wave net works. Usi ng I P communi cat i on t hese i nt erf aces al so
al l ow remot e access over t he i nt ernet

The f ol l owi ng i mages gi ve an i dea about t he vari et y of product s based
on t he Z-Wave st andard.

Fi gure 4. 1: Di f f erent Z-Wave Devi ces
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4. 1. 1 Command Cl asses

Al l communi cat i on wi t hi n t he Z-Wave net work i s organi sed i n
Command Cl asses. Command Cl asses are a group or commands
and responses rel at ed t o a cert ai n f unct i on of a devi ce.

Fi gure 4. 2: Exampl es of di f f erent command cl asses

A normal on/off switch is referred to as a binary switch. The basic function of a
binary switch is to be switched on and off. With a Z-Wave system it is also
possible to know the status of the switch, hence a status request function and a
status report function is required too.
The Command Cl ass f or a bi nary swi t ch consi st s of t hree di f f erent
f unct i on responses, commands or report s.

Bi nary Swi t ch Set : i s sent f rom a cont rol l er t o t he swi t ch t o
t urn t he swi t ch on or of f
Bi nary Swi t ch - Get : I s sent f rom t he cont rol l er t o t he swi t ch t o
request a report about t he swi t chi ng st at e.
Bi nary Swi t ch Report : i s sent f rom t he swi t ch back t o t he
cont rol l er as a response t o t he Bi nary Swi t ch Get Command.

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These t hree commands and responses are grouped and ref erred t o
as command cl ass Bi nary Swi t ch. I f a cert ai n Z-Wave devi ce
support s t he command cl ass bi nary swi t ch i t i s supposed t o be abl e
t o deal wi t h al l t hese commands:
The swi t ch need t o underst and t he set command and set t he
swi t ch accordi ngl y
The swi t ch i s abl e t o recei ve a get command and i s abl e t o
response wi t h a report command i n t he proper f ormat .

Annex A gi ves an overvi ew of t he di f f erent command cl asses def i ned
i n t he Z-Wave prot ocol .

4. 1. 2 The command cl ass Basi c

Command Classes represent the functions of a certain Z-Wave device. Switches
will support different command classes rather than thermostats.

To make sure Z-Wave devices can communicate with each other even without
further knowledge about their specific function, there is one special command
class called basic.

The basic command class consists of two commands and one response:
- SET: set a value between 0 and 255 (0x00 0xff);
- GET: ask the device to report a value;
- REPORT: response to the Get command. Reports a value between 0 and 255
(0x00 0xff);

The specialty of the basic command class is that every device will interpret the
basic commands dependent of its specific functionality.

A binary switch will switch on when receiving a value 255 and switch off
when receiving a value of 0;
A thermostat may turn into a convenience temperature mode when
receiving value = 0 and may turn into a energy saving mode when
receiving a higher value;
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A temperature sensor will issue a basic report and send a integer
temperature value;
A door sensor will either send out a value = 0 in case the door is closed or
a 0xff when the door is opened.

Fi gure 4. 3: Basi c Command Cl ass

The basi c command cl ass i s t he smal l est common denomi nat or of
al l Z-Wave devi ces. Every Z-Wave devi ce must support t he Basi c
command cl ass.
4.1. 3 Devi ce Cl asses

To allow inter-operability between different Z-Wave devices from different
manufacturers, certain Z-Wave device must have certain well-defined functions
above and beyond the basic command class. The structure behind these
requirements is called device class. A device class refers to a typical device and
defines which command classes are mandatory to support.

Device classes are organised as a hierarchy with three layers:
Every device must belong to a basic device class;
Devices can be further specified by assigning them to a generic device
class;
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Further functionality can be defined as assigning the device to a specific
device class.

Basic Device Class
The BASIC device class makes a distinction merely whether the device is a
controller, a Slave or a Routing-Slave. Therefore every device belongs to one
basic device class.

Generic Device Class
The generic device class defines the basic function as device is supposed to offer
as a controller or slave. Current generic device classes are:
General controller (GENERIC_CONTROLLER)
Static controller (STATIC_CONTROLLER)
Binary switch (BINARY_SWITCH)
Multi level switch (MULTI_LEVEL_SWITCH)
Binary sensor (BINARY_SENSOR)
Multilevel-Sensor (MULTILEVEL_SENSOR)
Meter (METER)
Input controller (ENTRY_CONTROL)
Thermostat (THERMOSTAT)
Window Venetian blind controller (WINDOW_COVERING)

Specific Device Class
Assigning a specific device class to a Z-Wave device allows it to specify the
functionality of the device further. Each generic device class refers to a number of
specific device classes. Assigning a specific device class is voluntary and only
makes sense, if the device really supports all specific functions of a specific
device class. Special device classes are, for example:
Setback Thermostat (SETBACK_THERMOSTAT) is a specific device
class of the generic device class Thermostat;
Multi-level Power Switch (MULTILEVEL_POWER_SWITCH) is a specific
device class of the generic device class Multilevel Switch;

In case the Z-Wave device is assigned to a specific device class, it is required to
support a set of command classes as functions of this specific device class.
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These required command classes are called mandatory command classes and
they are individual of certain generic and specific device classes.
Above and beyond the mandatory device classes, Z-Wave devices can support
further optional command classes. They may be very useful but the standard
does not enforce the implementation of these classes.
A Z-Wave manufacturer is allowed to implement an unlimited number of optional
device classes, however if these device classes are implemented, the standard
defines how these commands and functions are to be supported.

Fi gure 4. 4: Opt i onal l y, recommended and mandat ory Command
Cl asses wi t hi n a devi ce cl ass

The basic device class, the generic and, if available, the specific device
class is announced by the device during inclusion, using a Node
Information Frame.
As wel l as t he devi ce cl asses, t he Node i nf ormat i on f rame al so
announces al l opt i onal command cl asses of t he devi ce i ncl uded.
Wi t h t hi s announcement , a cont rol l er can cont rol and use an
i ncl uded Z-Wave devi ce accordi ng t o i t s f unct i onal i t y.
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Fi gure 4. 5: Di f f erent I mpl ement at i on of a Devi ce Cl ass Bi nary Power
Swi t ch by di f f erent vendors

A Z-Wave devi ce works accordi ng t o t he Z-Wave st andard i f

I t bel ongs t o a basi c devi ce cl ass and a generi c devi ce cl ass,
and i s abl e t o report t hese cl asses on request usi ng a Node
I nf ormat i on Frame.
I t support s al l mandat ory command cl asses of t he basi c and
generi c command cl ass by sendi ng commands and report s as
wel l as accept i ng and execut i ng commands accordi ng
speci f i cat i on of t he command cl ass;
I n case a speci f i c devi ce cl ass i s def i ned t he mandat ory
command cl asses of t hi s speci f i c devi ce cl ass, needs t o be
support ed as wel l and t he speci f i c devi ce cl ass needs t o be
report ed on request ;
I n case opt i onal command cl asses are i mpl ement ed, t hese
command cl asses need t o be announced i n t he Node I nf ormat i on
Frame on request and need t o be support ed accordi ng t o t he Z-
Wave command cl ass speci f i cat i ons. Frame on request and need
t o be support ed accordi ng t o t he Z-Wave command cl ass
speci f i cat i ons.

Z-Wave def i nes a broad vari et y of command cl asses coveri ng al most
every aspect of home aut omat i on and cont rol . Nevert hel ess i t s
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possi bl e t hat manuf act urers want t o i mpl ement f urt her f unct i onal i t y not
al ready def i ned i n a command cl ass speci f i cat i on.

The command cl ass propri et ary f unct i on i s def i ned t o cover t hese
needs. A propri et ary f unct i on woul d al l ow a manuf act urer t o i mpl ement
speci f i c f unct i ons t hat can t hen be used onl y by ot her devi ces
support i ng t hi s propri et ary f unct i on as wel l .

The use of a propri et ary f unct i on i s subj ect t o approval by t he Z-Wave
al l i ance cert i f i cat i on aut hori t y and i s requi red t o be document ed
ext ensi vel y. So f ar onl y very f ew devi ce make use of t hi s f unct i on.
Typi cal l y new requi rement resul t sooner or l at er i n an amendment t o
t he exi st i ng st andard, whi ch makes t hi s f unct i on part of t he of f i ci al
st andard and any propri et ary ext ensi on becomes obsol et e.

One exampl e shal l i l l ust rat e t he use of devi ce cl asses and command
cl asses:

Fi gure 4. 6: Schuko Wal l Pl ug

A manuf act urer want s t o of f er an Schuko Pl ug-i n Swi t ch as shown i n
Fi gure 4. 6. The basi c f unct i on of t hi s swi t ch i s swi t chi ng t he mai ns on
and of f .
Si nce such a devi ce can be used at mul t i pl e l ocat i ons t he basi c devi ce
cl ass rout i ng sl ave i s used.
As a bi nary swi t ch t he devi ce bel ongs i nt o t he generi c devi ce cl ass
BI NARY SWI TCH. I t i s al l owed and i n t hi s case even recommended
t o use a speci f i c devi ce cl ass Bi nary Power swi t ch si nce t hi s Schuko
pl ug swi t ch wi l l al ways swi t ch power l i nes.
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Basi s cl ass: Rout i ng-Sl ave
Generi c cl ass: Bi nary swi t ch
Speci al cl ass: Bi nary swi t ch f or power

1. The bi nary swi t ch devi ce cl ass requi res t he i mpl ement at i on of
t he mandat ory command cl ass bi nary swi t ch and of course t he
i mpl ement at i on of t he basi c command cl ass.
2. As bi nary power swi t ch t he devi ce i s f urt hermore request ed t o
i mpl ement t he so-cal l ed swi t ch al l command cl ass. Thi s i s a
command cl ass a cont rol l er may send t o al l devi ces i n t he
net work t o an al l of f f unct i on. The swi t ch al l devi ce cl ass al so
i mpl ement s ways t o conf i gure t he devi ce under whi ch
ci rcumst ances i t shoul d react t o t hi s swi t ch al l command
i ssued by a cont rol l er. A generi c swi t ch i s not requi red t o
i mpl ement such a command cl ass, si nce an al l of f command
may not mean somet hi ng usef ul t o a generi c swi t ch. I n case of a
power swi t ch an al l of command i s cl earl y def i ned and
t heref ore a mandat ory command cl ass.

I f woul d be al l owed by t he st andard not t o i mpl ement t he swi t ch
al l command cl ass but i n t hi s case t he devi ce i s not al l owed t o
announce a speci f i c devi ce cl ass bi nary power swi t ch. A
swi t chi ng devi ce wi t hout Swi t ch Al l support whi ch j ust
announces a generi c devi ce cl ass Bi nary swi t ch woul d st i l l be
a val i d Z-Wave compl i ant devi ce.
3. The manuf act urer want s t o of f er more a compet i t i ve product and
adds f urt her f unct i onal i t y t o t he swi t chi ng devi ce. One may be
t he so cal l ed chi l d prot ect i on. A Chi l d prot ect i on f unct i on on a
bi nary swi t ch means t he abi l i t y t o t urn of f al l l ocal cont rol
capabi l i t y and onl y al l ow swi t chi ng t he devi ce wi rel essl y.
4. I f t he manuf act urer deci des t o i mpl ement such f unct i on t he
st andard def i nes i n t he prot ect i on command cl ass how t o do
t hi s. Al so t he opt i onal command cl ass chi l d prot ect i on needs
t o be announced i n t he Node I nf ormat i on Frame.
5. The manuf act urer may deci de t o f urt her enhance t he swi t ch by
of f eri ng a speci al f unct i on, whi ch randoml y swi t ches t he devi ce
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on and of f . I n conj unct i on wi t h a l amp t hi s f unct i on may be used
as ant i t hef t devi ce i n t he home.

At t he moment t here i s no command cl ass def i ni ng such a
capabi l i t y. The manuf act urer coul d now ask f or approval t o
i mpl ement t hi s f unct i on and st i l l be cert i f i ed as Z-Wave
compl i ant devi ce. Dependi ng on t he approval t he f unct i on woul d
be real i zed as propri et ary f unct i on.

4.2 Configuration

The Z-Wave st andard def i nes t hat every devi ce shal l be f unct i onal on
f act ory def aul t s. Nevert hel ess t here are devi ce, whi ch may requi re
f urt her user and appl i cat i on speci f i c set ups such as

Sensi t i vi t y of a mot i on det ect or
Behavi our of cont rol LED l i ght s
Swi t chi ng del ay of an al arm sensor
Speci f i c behavi our under error condi t i ons

The conf i gurat i on of a devi ce i s perf ormed usi ng t he opt i onal
command cl ass conf i gurat i on. The conf i gurat i on command cl ass
al l ows t he set t i ng of up t o 255 paramet ers wi t h one val ue each. A
conf i gurat i on i s devi ce speci f i c and al l paramet ers and possi bl e val ues
need t o be descri bed i n t he manuf act urers manual .

Fi gure 4. 7: Exampl e of a Conf i gurat i on I nt erf ace i n PC Sof t ware

I n order t o do a conf i gurat i on t he user needs t o know t he conf i gurat i on
paramet er number and t he desi red val ue.

74

Exampl e: Conf i gurat i on of a st at us LED on a devi ce.

Paramet er # 2: swi t ches t he Led on t he devi ce on, of f or bl i nki ng
accordi ng t o st at us of t he devi ce

Val ue = 0: Al ways of f
Val ue = 1: Bl i nks when act i ve
Val ue = 2: Al ways on

Conf i gurat i ons are usual l y done usi ng st at i c cont rol l ers, ei t her as PC
sof t ware or an I P gat eway. Thi s al l ows gi vi ng a ni ce graphi cal
i nt erf ace f or set t i ng up t he conf i gurat i ons. Modern Sof t ware sol ut i ons
use a verbal t ransl at i on of t he conf i gurat i on paramet er number by
usi ng dat abases t hat gi ve f urt her i nf ormat i on about t he conf i gurat i on
paramet ers and possi bl e val ues.

4.3 Battery operated devices

Bat t ery-operat ed devi ces are a speci al chal l enge wi t hi n a Z Wave
net work, because t hey are most l y i n a sl eepi ng st at e f or current
savi ngs reasons and cannot be reached f rom a cont rol l er i n t hi s st at e.

Bat t ery operat ed devi ce know t wo st at es:
They are awake and can communi cat e wi t h ot her devi ces of t he
net work
They are sl eepi ng and do not communi cat e at al l . For ot her
cont rol l ers t hey may appear as non exi st i ng t o damaged

I n order t o al l ow communi cat i on wi t h bat t ery operat ed devi ces a mai ns
powered and t heref ore al ways act i ve st at i c cont rol l er needs t o
mai nt ai n a wai t i ng queue, where al l commands are st ored whi ch are t o
be sent t o a sl eepi ng devi ce. When t he bat t ery operat ed devi ce wakes
up i t wi l l i nf orm t hi s cont rol l er and empt y t he mai l box.

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At t he moment a bat t ery operat ed devi ce wakes up i t sends a so-cal l ed
WAEKUP_NOTI FI CATI ON t o t he cont rol l er and st ays awake. The
WAKEUP_NOTI FI CATI ON i ndi cat es t o t he cont rol l er t hat t he bat t ery
devi ce i s now l i st eni ng t o commands. I f al l commands are sent t he
cont rol l er wi l l send a f i nal command NO_MORE_I NFO t o i ndi cat e t o
t he bat t ery devi ce t hat i t can t go back t o sl eepi ng mode.
I f t he bat t ery operat ed devi ce does not recei ve a NO_MORE_I NFO i f
wi l l go back t o sl eepi ng mode af t er a def i ned t i me.

Fi gure 4. 8: Sl eepi ng and wakeup

The operat i on of bat t ery-operat ed devi ces requi res at l east one st at i c
and mai ns powered cont rol l er i n t he net work t o st ore commands f or
sl eepi ng bat t ery devi ces.
I f a l ocal act i on on a bat t ery operat ed devi ce i s perf ormed such as
pressi ng a but t on t he bat t ery devi ce i s usual l y woken up i mmedi at el y
t o i ssue a command accordi ng t o t hi s act i on. Each bat t ery devi ce
needs t o have a def i ned l ocal act i on f or wake up such as pressi ng a
cert ai n but t on.

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Fi gure 4. 9: Exampl e of a wakeup t i me di al og

Most bat t ery-operat ed devi ces wi l l have an i nt ernal t i mer, whi ch wakes
up t he devi ce regul arl y t o check f or queued commands. Thi s maxi mal
sl eepi ng t i me can be conf i gured. A t ypi cal sl eepi ng i nt erval i s bet ween
30 seconds and days and can usual l y be conf i gured on a user
i nt erf ace of t he cont rol l er. Any change of t he wakeup t i me wi l l , l i ke
any ot her command sent t o t he bat t ery devi ce, become ef f ect i ve af t er
t he next wakeup.

Cert ai n devi ces wi l l l i mi t t he wakeup i nt erval t o a maxi mum and
mi ni mum val ue. Unf ort unat el y i t i s not def i ned how t he devi ce shal l
react i f a f orbi dden i nt erval val ue i s conf i gured.

Theref ore t he wakeup command cl ass was ext ended t o al l ow
manuf act urers t o announce a mi ni mum and maxi mal wakeup t i me
duri ng conf i gurat i on. I f t hese new command cl asses are used a
mi sconf i gurat i on i s i mpossi bl e. Nevert hel ess i t s wort h t o ref er t o t he
manuf act urers manual f or f urt her i nf ormat i on.

To al l ow an i ni t i al conf i gurat i on of a devi ce af t er i ncl usi on every
bat t ery devi ce shal l st ay awake f or a def i ned t i me, whi ch may vary
bet ween 20 seconds and some mi nut es.

Tabl e 4. 1 summari zed agai n t he di f f erent st at es of a bat t ery operat ed
devi ce and t he condi t i ons t o change t he st at us,

Si tuati on Awake Sl eepi ng
I ncl usi on Ri ght af t er i ncl usi on Turns i nt o sl eepi ng
mode af t er a coupl e of
mi nut es wi t hout any
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f urt her user act i on.
Regul arl y Wakes up af t er a
def i ned i nt erval and
sends a not i f i cat i on t o
st at i c cont rol l er.
Typi cal Wakeup
i nt erval s are bet ween
mi nut es and hours and
can be conf i gured by
t he user wi t hi n cert ai n
boundari es
Cont rol l er can t urn back
t he bat t ery-operat ed
devi ce by sendi ng a
command. Ot herwi se
t he bat t ery devi ce t urns
back i nt o sl eepi ng mode
af t er a def i ned t i me
(usual l y a mi nut e)

Local operat i on
of t he devi ce
Wakes up on every l ocal
operat i on and
communi cat es st at us i f
needed (e. g. but t on
pressed)
I mmedi at el y af t er
f i ni shi ng act i on
Tabl e 4. 1: Condi t i ons t o change st at e f or bat t ery operat ed devi ces

Thi s wakeup/ sl eep behavi our may cause a coupl e of f ai l ures or
uncl ear condi t i ons.
4. 3. 1 Typi cal Fai l ure duri ng I ncl usi on i nto a Network

I t s a common approach t o i ncl ude mul t i pl e devi ces one af t er each
ot her. However i t can happen t hat a bat t ery powered devi ce may be
sl eepi ng al ready when t he cont rol l er want s t o i ncl ude i t . The cont rol l er
wi l l not see t he devi ce and may concl ude t hat t he devi ce does not
exi st or i s dead.
The bat t ery-operat ed devi ce wi l l usual l y wake up af t er a def i ned t i me
i nt erval but t hi s may happen af t er mul t i pl e hours or days.

Theref ore i t s recommended t o conf i gure t he bat t ery-operat ed devi ce
ri ght af t er i ncl usi on or make manual l y wakeup t he devi ce l at er on f or
conf i gurat i on. I n case of manual l y wakeup i t may happen t hat t he
devi ce goes back i nt o sl eepi ng mode ri ght af t er wakeup i f no f urt her
i nf ormat i on i s avai l abl e f rom t he st at i c cont rol l er.

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I t s possi bl e t hat a bat t ery-operat ed devi ce wakes up but does not
know where so send t he wakeup i nf ormat i on t o. Thi s happens i f t he
devi ce was not conf i gured af t er i ncl usi on t o know t he Node I D of t he
st at i c cont rol l er who hol ds hi s command wai t i ng queue.
Theref ore i t s hi ghl y recommended t o conf i gure a bat t ery operat ed
devi ce ri ght af t er i ncl usi on and t o have t he st at i c cont rol l er i ncl uded
f i rst . Onl y t hen t he st at i c cont rol l er i s abl e t o conf i gure t he bat t ery-
operat ed devi ce correct l y.

Cert ai n devi ces wi l l st ay awake af t er f i rst power up onl y and go ri ght
i nt o sl eep st at e af t er f i rst i ncl usi on. Thi s i s not l onger accept ed by t he
st andard but ol der model may behave l i ke t hi s. I f t he devi ce i s
powered up usi ng t he bat t eri es and i s i ncl uded i nt o t he net work much
l at er i t may resul t agai n i n an error si nce t he bat t ery devi ce wi l l not
st ay awake l ong enough af t er i ncl usi on t o al l ow correct conf i gurat i on.

Theref ore i t i s recommended t o f ol l ow t he f ol l owi ng gui del i ne when
i ncl udi ng bat t ery devi ces i nt o a Z-Wave net work:

1. I ncl ude every bat t ery-operat ed devi ce ri ght af t er i nsert i ng t he
bat t eri es t he f i rst t i me. Make sure t o conf i gure a reasonabl e
wakeup t i me bef ore t he devi ce goes i nt o sl eepi ng st at e f or t he
f i rst t i me.
2. I n case t here i s f urt her conf i gurat i on work t o do conf i gure a l ow
wakeup t i me f i rst but make sure t hat you conf i gure a l onger
bat t ery savi ng wakeup t i me when al l conf i gurat i on i s f i ni shed.
3. Do not bat ch i ncl ude and conf i gure af t erwards and don t l oose
any t i me af t er i ncl usi on t o conf i gure t he devi ce.
4. A reasonabl e wakeup t i me i s a t rade-of f bet ween t wo goal s:
a. A very l ong wakeup i nt erval wi l l save bat t ery capaci t y but
may creat e probl ems i n case of net work reorgani zat i on.
The st at i c cont rol l er may not hear anyt hi ng f rom t he
bat t ery devi ce duri ng t he reorgani zat i on and t hen t hreat
t he devi ce as not f unct i oni ng.
b. A very short wakeup t i me hel ps t he cont rol l er t o keep
t rack of t he devi ce but cost s bat t ery l i f et i me.
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5. The wakeup i nt erval must be conf i gured bet ween t he al l owed
boundari es. Ref er t o t he manual of t he manuf act urer has set any
boundari es.

4. 3. 2 Maxi mi zati on of battery l i fe ti me

The bat t ery l i f et i me i s t he cri t i cal measure of bat t ery-operat ed
devi ces. Theref ore some est i mat es shoul d be gi ven and t aken i nt o
account .

A t ypi cal Al kal i ne-Mi crocel l (AAA) has an energy capaci t y of
approx. 1000 mAh. A t ypi cal bat t ery-operat ed sensor has 2 such
bat t eri es.
A Z-Wave modul e of t he cl ass 300 consumes 2. 5 myA i n t he
hi bernat i on st at e and 21 mA i n t he wakeup mode. Duri ng
t ransmi ssi on of packet s about 36 mA are requi red. Tabl e 4. 2
shows t he current need of t he si ngl e chi p generat i ons i n t hei r
respect i ve worki ng condi t i ons.
Addi t i onal bat t ery power can be used f or t he devi ces
f unct i onal i t y such as operat i ng an i nf rared sensor or movi ng a
t hermost at val ve. Thi s power consumpt i on vari es f rom devi ce t o
devi ce and i s usual l y onl y a f ract i on of t he power used f or t he
el ect roni cs. For t he f ol l owi ng est i mat e t hi s port i on of t he power
usage shoul d be negl ect ed

Chi p Generat i on Hi bernat i on
(mA)
Transmi t t i ng
(mA)
Li st eni ng
(mA)
80
100 31 25 21
200 (si nce 2005) 2. 5 36 21
300 (si nce 2007) 2. 5 36 21
400 (si nce 2009) 1 23 21

Tabl e 4. 2 Power consumpt i ons of di f f erent chi p generat i ons

I f a sensor i s i n t he act i ve recept i on mode const ant l y, hi s bat t ery i s
empt y af t er 1000 mAh / 21 mA = 47 hours = 2 days!

I t i s t heref ore mandat ory t o move a bat t ery-operat ed devi ce i nt o t he
sl eepi ng st at e. The maxi mum bat t ery l i f et i me i n t he permanent
sl eepi ng st at e f or t he accept ed conf i gurat i on i s 1000 mAh / 0. 0025 mA
= 400, 000 hours = 16. 666 days = 45 years. I n t hi s t i me even al kal i ne
bat t eri es wi l l have become empt y by sel f -unl oadi ng.

I f a bat t ery devi ce i s not t urned back i nt o sl eepi ng mode ri ght af t er
wake up and exchange of queued commands f rom t he mai l box t he
devi ce wi l l st ay i n l i st eni ng mode f or about one mi nut e A t ransmi t t i ng
t i me of 1% of t he recept i on t i me i s assumed correspondi ng wi t h t he
regul at i on of t he Z-Wave radi o st andard. The programmed wakeup
i nt erval det ermi nes, how l ong t he bat t ery wi l l l ast .

Wakeup i nt erval Bat t ery l i f e t i me
120 Seconds 4 days
1800 Seconds = 30 Mi nut es (t ypi cal ) 118 days
24 hours 2439 days

Tabl e 4. 3: Bat t ery Li f et i me as f unct i on of wakeup t i me

A bat t ery l i f et i me of 118 days (under di sregard of al l l ocal operat i ons
l i ke bl i nki ng of a LED, movi ng of a mot or et c. ) i s st i l l unaccept abl e.
Hence, i t i s necessary t o operat e a st at i c cont rol l er i n t he net work t o
manage bat t ery-operat ed devi ces and short en t he wakeup t i me.

81
I f a st at i c cont rol l er i s programmed i n a way t hat he wi l l send every
devi ce back i nt o sl eep mode ri ght af t er wakeup and cl eani ng t he
mai l box t he bat t ery l i ve t i me i s ext ended dramat i cal l y.

Assumi ng t ypi cal wakeup i nt erval s and assumi ng t hat 50 % of t he
wakeup t i me i s used f or t ransmi t t i ng si gnal s f rom t he bat t ery operat ed
devi ce t o t he cont rol l er wi t h a t ot al communi cat i on t i me of 50ms. Tabl e
4. 4 shows t he resul t i ng bat t ery l i f et i me.

Wakeup i nt erval Bat t ery l i f et i me
120 seconds 59 days
1800 seconds = 30 mi nut es (t ypi cal ) 850 days
24 hours 12400 days

Tabl e 4. 4: bat t ery l i f et i me depends on wakeup i nt erval

These numbers are onl y val i d under t he assumpt i on t hat no addi t i onal
power i s used f or t he f unct i onal i t y of t he bat t ery-operat ed devi ce, e. g.
t urni ng a val ve of a heat of measuri ng some envi ronment al dat a.
Assumi ng a f act or of 50 % of t he t ot al power consumpt i on f or t hese
f unct i ons t he resul t i ng bat t ery l i f et i me i s i n t he nei ghbourhood of 1
year t hat conf i rms val ues gi ven on vendor dat a sheet s f or t ypi cal
bat t ery operat ed devi ces.

However t o reach t hese val ue t he presence of st at i c cont rol l er i s
mandat ory managi ng t he bat t ery operat ed devi ces. I n a net work wi t h
onl y port abl e cont rol l ers t he l i f et i me of bat t ery powered devi ces wi l l be
short ened. The val ues of t abl e 4. 3 shoul d appl y i n t hi s case.

These est i mat e are onl y appl i cabl e f or bat t ery operat ed sl ave devi ces.
Port abl e cont rol l ers, whi ch are bat t ery-operat ed devi ces as wel l , wi l l
al ways sl eep unl ess pressi ng a but t on wakes t hem up. Hence, t he
bat t ery l i f e t i me of t hese devi ce t ot al l y depends on t he sel f di schargi ng
ef f ect of bat t eri es and t he usage pat t ern and wi l l t ypi cal l y reach 23
years.

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4.4 Groups, Scenes and Associations

Wi t h Z-Wave, you can not onl y operat e i ndi vi dual act i ons wi t h
appl i ances such as l i ght s, heat i ng and wi ndow bl i nds, but al so creat e
Scenes l i ke Leave f or Work, and sel ect what you want t o happen i n
your home, when you l eave f or t he day.
Al so you can creat e Events whi ch react when somet hi ng happens
so f or exampl e, when a mot i on det ect or i s t ri pped, a l i ght can come on
f or 5 mi nut es.
And i f t hat wasn t enough, t here i s a Ti mer set t i ng where you can
set t he l i ght s or t he t hermost at t o go on or of f at a cert ai n t i me.
I f you are at work, i t s good t o be reassured t hat l i ght s are goi ng of f
when t hey shoul d f or exampl e. The VERA Gat eway i s great f or t hi s, as
VERA can reassure you wi t h an opt i onal t ext message al ert t o t el l you
everyt hi ng i s ok! Through t he FREE opt i mi zed i Phone appl i cat i on,
VERA of f ers addi t i onal support t o hel p you manage al l your Z-Wave
devi ces.
VERA i s f ocused on si mpl i ci t y. I t does compl i cat ed t hi ngs but i n a
real l y si mpl i st i c way. I t s cent red on usabi l i t y and pract i cal i t y, maki ng
managi ng your home energy consumpt i on a j oy rat her t han a chore.
Li t eral l y, j ust pl ug i n t he VERA Gat eway and set up i s qui ck and
aut omat i c. I t even doubl es up as a pre-conf i gured Wi -Fi access poi nt ,
Fi rewal l , gat eway and rout er, gi vi ng you a secure wi rel ess home
net work.
Z-Wave t echnol ogy i s real l y ef f ect i ve when set t i ng up a home securi t y
management syst em. You can cont rol your al arms remot el y usi ng Z-
Waves, as wel l as set your doors, wi ndows and mot i on sensors t o hi gh
al ert . Wi t h t he ai d of Z-Waves, t he component s can be managed by a
cent ral home hub - Gat eway VERA, so i f a det ect or senses an
i nt ruder, t hen a si gnal t o VERA wi l l set of f l i ght s, al arms and even a
t ext message t o al ert you at work.
The uses of more compl ex usage pat t erns are best managed usi ng
Associ at i on, Groups and Scenes.
4. 4. 1 Associ ati ons

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I n a t ypi cal Z-Wave net work, t he cont rol l er communi cat es wi t h sl aves
i n t wo t ypi cal ways. They send out commands t o change t he st at us of
sl aves, e. g. swi t ch t hem on or of f and t hey recei ve st at us
i nf ormat i on f rom sensors, e. g. movement i nf o f rom a mot i on det ect or
(onl y f rom rout i ng sl aves). Meani ngf ul f unct i on i n a net work may
i ncl ude dependenci es and i nt eract i on bet ween t wo sl aves as wel l .
Exampl e: One Z-Wave devi ce i s a mot i on det ect or, a second devi ce
shal l be a power swi t ch cont rol l ed by a remot e cont rol . I t s t he desi re
t hat t he swi t ch shal l swi t ch on, i f a mot i on i s det ect ed.

Fi gure 4. 10: Smal l Z-Wave Net work wi t h Associ at i on

One set up woul d be t hat t he mot i on det ect or sends a si gnal t o t he
cont rol l er and as a second st ep t he cont rol l er sends t he swi t ch
command t o t he power swi t ch. However t hi s means t hat :
The cont rol l er i s added as addi t i onal source of f ai l ure;
The communi cat i on t akes much l onger t hen necessary;
The cont rol l er needs t o be i n t he l i st eni ng mode, whi ch means i t
needs t o be a st at i c cont rol l er;

An associ at i on al l ows t hat t he mot i on det ect or sends i t s si gnal di rect l y
t o t he power swi t ch wi t hout i nvol vi ng t he cont rol l er. Thi s al l ows usi ng
sensor even i n a net work wi t hout a st at i c cont rol l er. Thi s saves t i me,
84
reduces t he compl exi t y of t he communi cat i on and t he amount of
ai rt i me, whi ch di rect l y t ransl at e i nt o al l ocat i on of t he wi rel ess
communi cat i on channel and t he el ect romagnet i c emi ssi on.
To be abl e t o use an associ at i on, t he sendi ng node (i n t he exampl e
t he mot i on det ect or) must have t he knowl edge of a val i d rout e t o t he
dest i nat i on (i n t he exampl e t he power swi t ch). Theref ore onl y a rout i ng
sl ave or a cont rol l er can use associ at i ons. A normal sl ave does not
have any i nf ormat i on about rout es and onl y send si gnal s as answer t o
recei ved commands.
I n order t o set an associ at i on t he sender needs t o l earn about t he
node i d (s) of t he recei vi ng node (s).
There are t wo di f f erent ways t o accompl i sh an associ at i on scenari o:

Di rect Associ ati on:

Fi gure 4. 11: Di rect Associ at i on

The source node of t he associ at i on wi l l be t urned i nt o an associ at i on
set mode wai t i ng t o recei ve a node i nf ormat i on f rame f rom t he devi ce
t o associ at e. The recei vi ng node needs t o send out node i nf ormat i on
usual l y accompl i shed by j ust pressi ng a but t on. The node i nf ormat i on
f rame recei ved cont ai ns t he Node I D of t he associ at i on part ner and
al l ows t he source node t o set t he associ at i on.
Because t he node i nf ormat i on f rame i s al ways sendi ng out as a
broadcast t o al l nodes i n range di rect associ at i on onl y works i f bot h
sender and recei ver as i n range whi ch means t hey have a di rect not
85
rout ed wi rel ess connect i on est abl i shed.

Assi gned Associ ati on

Fi gure 4. 12: Assi gned Associ at i on

Assi gned associ at i ons al l ow connect i ng t wo Z-Wave devi ces, whi ch
are not i n range. To do t hi s t he hel p of a t hi rd node a cont rol l er wi t h
knowl edge of t he compl et e net work and i t s rout es i s needed.

Fi gure 4. 13: Wal l cont rol l er wi t h dedi cat ed but t on f or Associ at i on
86

The connect i ng cont rol l er needs t o be t urned i nt o a associ at i on mode
by ei t her pressi ng dedi cat ed but t ons or sel ect i ng a f unct i on on a PC
sof t ware cont rol l i ng a USB connect ed Z-Wave t ranscei ver.
The cont rol l er now expect s (1) a node i nf ormat i on f rame f rom t he
desi red source and i n a second st ep (2) a node i nf ormat i on f rame f rom
t he desi red t arget node. Agai n t he Node I nf ormat i on f rame can onl y be
recei ved by nodes i n range, hence t he cont rol l er need t o be brought i n
di rect wi rel ess range of t he t wo nodes, but not at t he same t i me.
Fi rst t he cont rol l er i s near t he source node recei vi ng i t s Node
i nf ormat i on f rame and i n t he second st ep i t needs t o be pl aces near
t he t arget node t o recei ve i t s node i nf ormat i on f rame as wel l .
I n a l ast st ep t he cont rol l er wi l l communi cat e wi t h t he source node and
set t he associ at i on by i nf ormi ng t hi s node about t he associ at i on t arget
and t he rout e t o reach t hi s t arget . The user accompl i shes t hi s wi t hout
f urt her i nt eract i on. Si nce t he cont rol l er knows t he rout e t o t he t arget
node i t s not requi red t o bri ng t he cont rol l er back i n range t o t he t arget
t o perf orm t he f i nal conf i gurat i on.

A node needs t o announce i t s capabi l i t y t o accept an assi gned
associ at i on conf i gurat i on i n hi s node i nf ormat i on f rame.
I t s possi bl e t o have mul t i pl e t arget nodes assi gned t o one si ngl e
source node. Al l t hese t arget nodes wi l l recei ve t he same command at
t he moment when t he event t akes pl ace t ri ggeri ng t he event , whi ch
was conf i gured by associ at i on.
I t i s possi bl e t hat t here are mul t i pl e di f f erent event s, whi ch may cause
t o send commands t o di f f erent nodes. The number of t arget node t hat
can be associ at ed t o t hi s gi ven node f or t he gi ven event are cal l ed
associ at i on groups.
The number of di f f erent associ at i on groups (i . e. di f f erent event whi ch
can cause t o send out a command t o associ at ed nodes) and t he
maxi mal number of nodes, whi ch can be associ at ed t o a gi ven group,
are a perf ormance i ndi cat or f or Z-Wave devi ces.

An exampl e of a Z-Wave devi ce wi t h associ at i on i s a wal l swi t ch wi t h
t wo swi t chi ng paddl es.
87

Fi gure 4. 14: Wal l cont rol l er wi t h t wo swi t chi ng paddl es

For t hi s part i cul ar product t here shoul d be at l east t wo associ at i on
groups, one f or t he l ef t and one of t he ri ght paddl e. A l ot of vendors of
wal l swi t ches of f er even more groups, whi ch get act i vat ed when doi ng
a doubl e press or press bot h paddl es at t he same t i me.
The number of recei vi ng nodes per groups i s t ypi cal l y l i mi t ed t o f i ve
devi ces. Thi s l i mi t at i on i s caused by t he l i mi t ed memory space of t he
devi ce, hence i t s possi bl e t hat cert ai n devi ce wi t hout memory
const rai ns of f er many more possi bl e t arget nodes.
I f nodes are assi gned t o one of t he associ at i on groups of a devi ce t hi s
devi ce wi l l send a si gnal t o al l t he t arget devi ces every t i me t hi s
groups get s act i vat ed t ypi cal l y by pressi ng a but t on, a combi nat i on
of but t ons or when a sensor val ue reached a cert ai n l evel .
To make sure a maxi mum number of di f f erent t arget devi ces can be
cont rol l ed, most devi ces wi t h associ at i on f unct i ons wi l l use t he BASI C
command cl ass t o cont rol t arget devi ces. However t here are devi ces
on t he market of f eri ng t o conf i gure whi ch command cl ass t o be used t o
cont rol t arget devi ces. Wi t h t hi s f eat ure i t s possi bl e t o execut e very
speci al f unct i ons on t he t arget devi ce.
The i ncl usi on f unct i on of a devi ce i ncl udes t he devi ce i nt o a net work
and makes sure t hat t he devi ce i s abl e t o communi cat e wi t h ot her
devi ces i n t he net work. The associ at i on f unct i on descri bes a speci f i c
act i on bet ween a speci f i c sendi ng and a speci f i c recei vi ng node. The
act i on i s t ri ggered by a cert ai n condi t i on at t he sendi ng node (e. g.
but t on pressed) and wi l l cause a cert ai n act i on at t he recei vi ng node.
Associ at i ons are al so used t o assi gn cert ai n remot e cont rol but t ons t o
cert ai n devi ces i n a Z-Wave net work.
88
4. 4. 2 Groups
I t i s possi bl e and usual t o connect mul t i pl e devi ces f rom one si ngl e
but t on on a remot e cont rol . These cont rol l ers, j oi ns cert ai n devi ces
i nt o a group and cont rol t hem, as i f t hey are one devi ce. Thi s means
t hat al l devi ces are swi t ched si mul t aneousl y when t he but t on i s
pressed. Si nce al l devi ces i n a group recei ve t he very same swi t chi ng
commands, i t s usef ul t o onl y group si mi l ar devi ces i nt o one group. I f
di f f erent devi ces are mi xed, t he resul t can be surpri si ng and
conf usi ng.
Si mi l ar t o associ at i ons, most remot e cont rol s onl y use t he BASI C
command cl ass t o cont rol groups. Thi s al l ows mi xi ng di f f erent devi ces
but onl y t o a cert ai n ext ent . Mi xi ng a di mmer and a swi t ch wi l l resul t i n
t he di mmer act i ng as a swi t ch.
Most remot e cont rol s descri be t he swi t chi ng of groups but don t ref er
t o t he swi t chi ng of a si ngl e devi ce. I n order t o swi t ch a si ngl e devi ce
i t s possi bl e t o j ust pl ace t hi s si ngl e devi ce i nt o a group and swi t ch t he
group. I t s al so possi bl e t o assi gn one devi ce i nt o di f f erent groups.
4. 4. 3 Scenes
The def i ni t i on and t he usage of scenes i s a very powerf ul t ool t o
cont rol Z-Wave net works. Li ke a group, a scene groups t oget her
mul t i pl e Z-Wave devi ces. Whi l e groups t read al l devi ces si mi l arl y,
scenes cause a cont rol l er t o send di f f erent commands t o di f f erent
devi ces. Thi s resul t s i n endl ess possi bi l i t i es such as: t urn swi t ch of f
and open t he wi ndow B or di m al l l amps t o 50 % and t urn on t he TV.
Scenes are very f l exi bl e and much more powerf ul t han groups, but
t ake a l ot of memory t o st ore t he di f f erent commands. Hence i n a
remot e cont rol t he number of scenes i s t ypi cal l y much smal l er t han t he
number of groups. St at i c cont rol l ers such as I P gat eway or PC
sof t ware t ypi cal l y al l ow an al most unl i mi t ed amount of scenes.
4. 4. 4 Compari son of groups, scenes and associ ati ons
Groups, Scenes and Associ at i ons are di f f erent ways t o real i ze
f unct i ons and i nt eract i ons wi t hi n t he z-wave net work.

89
Used i n

Functi on

Associ at i ons

Sl aves

Sends cont rol si gnal s t o
one of more t arget
devi ces (Sl aves or
cont rol l er)

Groups

Sl aves and cont rol l ers

Groupi ng of mul t i pl e
devi ces recei vi ng t he
same cont rol message -
t ypi cal l y vi a associ at i on
(f rom Sl aves or
cont rol l ers)

Scenes

To cont rol l ers

Act i vat i on of a scenes
l eads t o swi t chi ng
di f f erent devi ces usi ng
di f f erent cont rol
messages

90

4.5 Usage of IP-Gateways
I P gat eways al l ow a very user-f ri endl y conf i gurat i on and usage of a Z-
Wave net work. Di f f erent f unct i ons and sensor val ues can be access
usi ng a conveni ent web i nt erf ace or even a
mobi l e phone l i ke t he i Phone.

The user f ri endl y and usual l y sel f -expl ai ni ng
web i nt erf ace al l ows perf ormi ng al l rel evant
f unct i ons of a Z-Wave net work i n a
conveni ent way.
These gat eways of f er user i nt erf aces f or user
management and speci al i nt erf aces f or
mobi l e access.
I n order t o i ncrease usabi l i t y, devi ces can be assi gned t o di f f erent
rooms or zones of t he home. Some gat eways of f er an upl oad
opport uni t y f or f l oor pl ans.

The cent ral f unct i on of an I P gat eway i s t he def i ni t i on and act i vat i on of
scenes. Scenes def i ne a cert ai n swi t chi ng st at e f or di f f erent devi ces;
e. g. swi t ch i s swi t ched of f , wi ndow i s cl osed, di mmer i s at 50 %,
wi ndow bl i nd i s 90 % open. Scenes can be def i ned f or t he whol e home
or f or di f f erent part s of t he home, such as di f f erent rooms.
Def i ned Scenes can be act i vat ed dependi ng on cert ai n condi t i ons,
e. g. :
A cert ai n sensor val ues (Act i vat e open wi ndow scene wi t h open
wi ndows, and heat t urned down when CO2 sensor reached 100
ppm);
A cert ai n but t on i s pressed (Turn of f al el ect ri cal devi ces and
t urn down al l l i ght when t he al l of f but t on near t he f ront door i s
pressed);
A cert ai n t i me i s reached (Turn down al l wi ndow bl i nds 30
mi nut es af t er sun set );
A Bool ean l ogi c det ermi nes t he event (Turn on al l out si de l i ght s
when t i me i s bet ween 18. 00 and 0600 AND al l of f but t on i s
pressed);
91
I t s t ypi cal l y possi bl e t o run mul t i pl e scenes i n paral l el . I n t hi s case
t he user need t o make sure no cont radi ct i ng commands and set t i ngs
are def i ned.

Fi gure 4. 15: Scene Set up Di al og

Besi des swi t chi ng devi ces t he act i vat i on of a scene may t ri gger more
f unct i ons such as sendi ng of an emai l or an SMS or cal l i ng a
predef i ned phone number.
Duri ng conf i gurat i on and usage of an I P gat eway t here are t hree
chal l enges wort h t o be di scussed:

Report i ng of st at us changes of devi ces cause by l ocal usage
rat her t han i ni t i at ed vi a t he wi rel ess net work;

Associ at i ons conf i gured di rect l y on t he devi ces rat her t han set
by t he user GUI of t he I P Gat eway;

Scene act i vat i on usi ng Z-Wave remot e cont rol s or ot her wal l
cont rol l ers.

92
4. 5. 1 Di spl ay of Swi tchi ng Status I nformati on

Users want t o see t he st at us of t hei r el ect ri cal devi ces on t hei r mobi l e
phone or PC screen. The gat eway i s abl e t o pol l t he st at es of each
devi ces but t he pol l i nt erval i s way t oo l ong t o ensure a real -t i me
updat e of t he st at us. I n case t he st at us i s changed f rom t he gat eway
usi ng a phone or t he PC i nt erf ace, t he gat eway i s i ni t i at i ng t he st at us
change and i s abl e t o request t he new st at us ri ght af t er execut i ng t he
swi t chi ng command.
However, cert ai n devi ces of f er t o swi t ch t he st at e l ocal l y by pressi ng a
but t on (e. g. a wal l pl ug swi t ch of a si mpl e wal l swi t ch). I n t hi s case t he
gat eway does not get any updat e i nf ormat i on f rom t hi s part i cul ar
swi t ch.

Fi gure 4. 16: Mi ssi ng st at us message

Act i vat i ng a scene f rom a wal l cont rol l er or a remot e cont rol i s a
desi rabl e f unct i on of a Z-Wave net work. I n order t o act i vat e t he scene,
93
t he I P gat eway must recei ve i nf ormat i on, i f and whi ch but t on of a
remot e cont rol or a wal l cont rol l er i s pressed.
So whet her i t s by Groups, Associ at i ons, Scenes or al l t hree, you can
personal i se your Z-Wave wi rel ess syst em t o t he way you want i t .

The Lutron-Patent
The US company Lut ron has f i l ed t he pat ent 5. 905. 422 i n t he mi d
ni net i es descri bi ng t he wi rel ess cont rol of l i ght s f rom wal l swi t ches.
The pat ent rel at es speci f i cal l y t o wi rel ess net works wi t h mesh rout i ng
f unct i ons. That s why a l ot of t he si mpl er wi rel ess t echnol ogi es on t he
market do not i nf ri nge t he pat ent but Z-Wave woul d do.
The key pat ent cl ai m #1 descri bes:

1. Appar at us f or cont r ol l i ng at l east one el ect r i cal devi ce by r emot e cont r ol
compr i si ng:
at l east one cont r ol devi ce coupl ed t o t he el ect r i cal devi ce by a wi r e
connect i on f or pr ovi di ng power t o t he el ect r i cal devi ce, t he cont r ol
devi ce havi ng a cont r ol l abl y conduct i ve devi ce f or adj ust i ng t he
st at us of sai d el ect r i cal devi ce, t he cont rol devi ce f urt her havi ng a
manual act uat or f or adj ust i ng t he st at us of t he el ect ri cal devi ce,
t he cont r ol devi ce f ur t her havi ng a r adi o f r equency
t r ansmi t t er / r ecei ver and ant enna coupl ed t her et o f or adj ust i ng t he
st at us of t he el ect r i cal devi ce i n r esponse t o cont r ol i nf or mat i on i n a
r adi o f r equency si gnal , t he t r ansmi t t er / r ecei ver bei ng coupl ed t o t he
ant enna of t he cont r ol devi ce f or r ecei vi ng t he r adi o f r equency si gnal
and f or t r ansmi t t i ng a st at us radi o f requency si gnal havi ng st at us
i nf ormat i on t herei n regardi ng t he st at us of t he el ect ri cal devi ce
as af f ect ed by t he cont rol i nf ormat i on and t he manual act uat or;
a mast er cont r ol uni t havi ng at l east one act uat or and st at us i ndi cat or
t her eon, t he mast er uni t compr i si ng a t r ansmi t t er / r ecei ver f or
t r ansmi t t i ng a r adi o f r equency si gnal havi ng t he cont r ol i nf or mat i on
t her ei n t o cont r ol t he st at us of sai d at l east one el ect r i cal devi ce and
f or r ecei vi ng t he st at us i nf or mat i on f r om t he cont r ol devi ce, t he
st at us i ndi cat or i ndi cat i ng t he st at us of t he el ect ri cal devi ce i n
response t o t he st at us i nf ormat i on; and
a r epeat er t r ansmi t t er / r ecei ver f or r ecei vi ng t he r adi o f r equency
si gnal f r om t he mast er uni t and t r ansmi t t i ng t he cont r ol i nf or mat i on t o
t he cont r ol devi ce and f or r ecei vi ng t he st at us i nf or mat i on f r om t he
94
cont r ol devi ce and t r ansmi t t i ng t he st at us i nf or mat i on t o t he mast er
uni t .

Every sendi ng of a st at us si gnal as resul t of a st at us change of a
wi rel ess devi ce i n a rout ed net work i nf ri nges t he pat ent . Thi s i s t he
reason why manuf act urers of Z-Wave devi ce i nt ent i onal l y di d not
i mpl ement a st at us report f unct i on as a resul t of l ocal st at us change.

As a resul t t he gat eway does not recogni ze a l ocal st at us chance of
t he devi ce and wi l l remai n showi ng a wrong st at us of t hi s part i cul ar
devi ce.

Meanwhi l e peopl e f ound as al most al ways a way t o sol ve t he
probl em wi t hout i nf ri ngi ng t he Lut ron Pat ent . Devi ces such as wal l
swi t ches, wal l di mmers or Out l et pl ug swi t ches and di mmers wi t h a
l ocal but t on t o operat e of f er an associ at i on group. Usi ng t he l ocal
but t on i s not onl y swi t chi ng t he l ocal st at e but i s causi ng t o send a
swi t chi ng command t o an associ at i on group. The mai n di f f erence t o
t he pat ent -prot ect ed scenari o i s t hat t here i s no l onger a st at us report
(prot ect ed by pat ent ) but a swi t chi ng command (al l owed by t he
pat ent ). Besi de ot her swi t ches, whi ch can be swi t ched si mul t aneousl y
wi t h t he part i cul ar but t on on one swi t ch t he Gat eway i t sel f may al so be
a t arget devi ce. I n t hi s case t he gat eway must emul at e t he behavi our
of a st andard swi t ch t o be abl e t o recei ve swi t chi ng commands.
Recei vi ng a swi t chi ng command f rom a wal l swi t ch wi l l not cause t he
gat eway t o swi t ch on a l amp but t o i mmedi at el y check t he st at us of
t hi s part i cul ar swi t ch and, subsequent l y, updat e t he swi t ch st at e on
t he gat eways GUI .

Unf ort unat el y not al l wal l swi t ches and di mmer al ready support t hi s
associ at i on f unct i on yet ,
4. 5. 2 Usi ng control l ers to swi tch scenes

Act i vat i ng a scene f rom a wal l cont rol l er or a remot e cont rol i s a
desi rabl e f unct i on of a Z-Wave net work. I n order t o act i vat e t he scene
95
t he I P gat eway must recei ve an i nf ormat i on i f and whi ch but t on of a
remot e cont rol or a wal l cont rol l er i s pressed.
To real i ze t hi s f unct i on Z-Wave of f ers mul t i pl e ways:

Associ ati ons

An associ at i on means t o send a swi t chi ng command f rom a Z-Wave
devi ce t o anot her Z-Wave devi ce. Thi s command i s i ni t i at ed by a l ocal
condi t i on such as a sensor val ue or a but t on pressed.
To act i vat e a scene i n an I P gat eway usi ng an associ at i on t he
cont rol l er must set an associ at i on t o t he I P gat eway and t he I P
gat eway must ref er t he swi t chi ng command f rom a part i cul ar devi ce t o
t he act i vat i on process of a speci f i c scene.

A very t ypi cal command set up f or such a rel at i on woul d be t he
act i vat i on of a (I am back home) scene by a mot i on det ect or (on t he
mai n f ront door). The mot i on det ect or recogni zes a movement and
sends a swi t chi ng command t o t he associ at i on group rel at ed t o t he
mot i on det ect i on (Most mot i on det ect ors j ust have one si ngl e
associ at i on group whi ch get s act i vat ed when t he mot i on det ect or get s
t ri ggered)

Usi ng associ at i ons f or scene swi t chi ng i s a common set up i n a Z-Wave
net work but bears t wo maj or chal l enges:

1. Typi cal l y t he associ at i on i s set f rom t he I P gat eway usi ng t he
assi gned associ at i on f unct i on. Thi s works f i ne f or mai ns
powered devi ces t hat are al ways act i ve. Set t i ng up a bat t ery-
operat ed devi ce wi l l work f i ne as wel l . However t he user ei t her
need t o wakeup t he bat t ery operat ed devi ce f or conf i gurat i on or
need t o wai t unt i l t he next i nt erval wakeup wi t h cause t he I P
gat eway t o send al l queued commands. Cert ai n Z-Wave
cont rol l ers may not support assi gned associ at i ons but di rect
associ at i ons onl y; I n t hi s case t he I P gat eway i s not abl e t o set
t he proper associ at i on f unct i on i n t hi s devi ce. The annex B gi ves
some overvi ew of current remot e cont rol s and t hei r support f or
96
assi gned associ at i ons.

2. Associ at i on commands are t ypi cal l y BASI C commands j ust
sendi ng 0 or 1. As l ong a t here i s onl y one associ at i on group i n
a devi ce means one basi c f unct i on such as one but t on or one
sensor- t hi s does not cause any probl ems. Remot e cont rol s or
wal l swi t ches wi t h more t han one paddl e t ypi cal l y of f er more
t han one associ at i on group t o support t he di f f erent f unct i ons of
t he devi ce. I f more t han one groups wi l l send basi c commands
t o t he I P gat eway f or scene swi t chi ng t he gat eway i s not abl e t o
di st i ngui sh t he di f f erent groups. Hence i t s not possi bl e t o swi t ch
more t han one scene f rom one speci f i c devi ce. Al l groups i n
case of a remot e cont rol al l but t ons creat e t he very same
swi t chi ng command, whi ch i s recei ved f rom t he very same
devi ce.
Hence associ at i ons are onl y sui t abl e f or scene swi t chi ng, i f onl y
one but t on on a devi ce i s avai l abl e or onl y one sensor of a
devi ce i s present .

Scene Confi gurati on

There are remot e cont rol s avai l abl e whi ch were devel oped part i cul arl y
t o al l ow scene swi t chi ng i n an I P gat eway. These remot e cont rol s
support a speci al command cl ass f or scene swi t chi ng
(SCENE_CONTROLLER_CONF).

I P Gat eway recogni zes t hi s command cl ass and can perf ect l y act i vat e
scenes based on t hese commands. Each but t on of a remot e cont rol
wi l l send a di f f erent scene act i vat i on val ue t o t he gat eway al l owi ng
act i vat i ng di f f erent scenes based on t hese val ues.

Scene Repl i cati on

Some Remot e Cont rol s are abl e t o handl e scenes by t hemsel ves. They
of f er scene-swi t chi ng but t ons and can st ore t he whol e scene (cert ai n
commands t o cert ai n devi ces t o a scene) i n t hei r own memory.

97
I t i s possi bl e t o l oad scenes f rom t he I P Gat eway i nt o t he remot e
cont rol . The remot e cont rol wi l l t hen act i vat e t he scene by sendi ng al l
t he commands di rect l y t o t he t arget nodes i nst ead i nf ormi ng t he I P
gat eway t o send out t hese commands.

Fi gure 4. 17: Dedi cat ed but t ons t o cont rol scenes on a uni versal
remot e

Scene repl i cat i on t he abi l i t y t o st ore whol e scenes f rom a di f f erent
cont rol l er i nt o a remot e cont rol are onl y avai l abl e on f ew remot e
cont rol s and not even t hen t hey are i mpl ement ed i n a very powerf ul
und f l exi bl e way. Hence t hey are onl y used rarel y.

Doubl e I ncl usi on

The conf i gurat i on of scene act i vat i on f rom a bat t ery-operat ed devi ce
such as a remot e cont rol causes a hen-egg probl em.

The conf i gurat i on di al og of t he scene swi t chi ng wi l l onl y of f er t he
scene swi t chi ng once t he remot e cont rol i s i ncl uded i n t he net work and
t he Node I D i s known. Af t er i ncl usi on t he bat t ery operat ed remot e
cont rol wi l l go i nt o sl eep mode.
Af t er i ncl usi on t he gat eway i s abl e t o use t he node I D and ot her devi ce
speci f i c i nf ormat i on t o of f er a scene act i vat i on di al og. Every
98
conf i gurat i on done i n t hi s di al og however i s onl y st ored i n t he gat eway
and not yet known i n t he Z-Wave devi ce.
To conf i gure a bat t ery operat ed devi ce such as a remot e cont rol , t he
user must gi ve t he I P gat eway t he opport uni t y t o conf i gure t hi s remot e
cont rol . Thi s i s t ypi cal l y done duri ng i ncl usi on process. Theref ore a
remot e cont rol used f or scene swi t chi ng needs t o be i ncl uded t wi ce
i nt o t he Z-Wave net work: f i rst t i me bef ore scene act i vat i on
conf i gurat i on and anot her t i me ri ght af t er t he scene act i vat i on
conf i gurat i on.

For scene act i vat i on by Z-Wave devi ces t he f ol l owi ng rul es appl y:

1. The best way i s t o di rect l y set scene act i vat i on i n a gat eway
usi ng t he scene act i vat i on command cl ass. However not al l
remot e cont rol s of f er t hi s capabi l i t y.
2. Repl i cat i ng a compl et e scene i nt o t he remot e cont rol i s t he
second best opt i on, but onl y very f ew remot e cont rol support
t hi s and even t hen t he i mpl ement at i on i s l i mi t ed i n f unct i onal i t y
3. Associ at i ons are a good way t o act i vat e scenes, but onl y as l ong
as t here i s onl y one si ngl e but t on or one si ngl e sensor i n one
physi cal devi ce. Ot herwi se t he Gat eway i s not abl e t o
di st i ngui sh di f f erent scene act i vat i on f rom t he very same devi ce.
4. Associ at i ons need t o be set f rom t he cont rol l er usi ng assi gned
associ at i on. Not al l cont rol l ers al l ow assi gned associ at i ons.

I P gat eway wi l l al ways t ry t o aut omat i cal l y f i nd t he best way t o use
ot her Z-Wave cont rol l ers and devi ces f or scene act i vat i on. Di f f erent
opt i ons and some uncl ear i mpl ement at i on i n ol der devi ces may st i l l
cause probl ems. Regardl ess of t he opt i on used a doubl e i ncl usi on of a
bat t ery-operat ed devi ce i s t ypi cal l y requi red i n order t o l oad a
conf i gurat i on back i nt o t hi s devi ce.

Annex B shows a l i st of known European Remot e Cont rol s and t hei r
scene swi t chi ng capabi l i t i es.

99
4. 5. 3 Confi gurati on of Devi ces by the gateway

Duri ng i ncl usi on t he I P Gat eway wi l l recogni ze t he devi ce and
read al l i nt erest i ng devi ce paramet ers.
Al l manuf act urer speci f i c i nf ormat i on such as vendor, vendors
product I D and product t ype
Al l f i rmware and Z-Wave versi on i nf ormat i on
Al l swi t chi ng and report i ng capabi l i t i es i ncl udi ng current
swi t chi ng st at es and sensor val ues.
Number and maxi mum si ze of associ at i on groups
Conf i gurat i on val ues i f known

The Gat eways wi l l t hen do some i ni t i al set up:
I f needed a cer t ai n pr edef i ned wakeup i nt er val i s set f or bat t er y
oper at ed devi ces
I f avai l abl e and r equest ed cer t ai n st andar d def aul t s behavi our s ar e
conf i gur ed i n t he devi ce
I f associ at i on gr oups ar e avai l abl e t he gat eway wi l l al ways put i t s
own Node I D i nt o t hese associ at i on gr oups i n or der t o be i nf or med
about st at us changes and t o be pr epar ed f or usi ng associ at i ons f or
scene swi t chi ng
The user can change al l val ues. However i t needs t o be cl ear t hat
par t i cul ar l y r emovi ng t he gat eways Node I D f r om t he associ at i on gr oups
may cause mal f unct i ons of t he gat eway.

100
5 Z-Wave Practice

Thi s chapt er wi l l gi ve some pract i cal gui dance f or set t i ng up and
operat i ng a Z-Wave net work.

5.1 General approach to setup a Z-Wave Network A
Quick Start Guide

The set up of a Z-Wave net work al ways needs t he f ol l owi ng f our st eps:

(1) Sel ect al l devi ces t hat are needed and i nst al l t hem on t he f i nal
l ocat i on. Every net work consi st s of cont rol l ers (or senders) and sl aves
(or recei vers) Even i f t hese product s are al ready powered up t hey wi l l
not be abl e t o communi cat e wi t h each ot her and perf orm any
meani ngf ul f unct i ons.

(2) Al l devi ces need t o be set up t o speak t he same l anguage. Thi s
process i s cal l ed i ncl usi on. Af t er i ncl usi on of al l devi ces i n t he net work
al l devi ces speak t he same l anguage but st i l l may not perf orm any
meani ngf ul f unct i on. One cont rol l er al ways i ni t i at es t he i ncl usi on by
t urni ng hi m i nt o t he i ncl usi on mode. Al l sl aves are announced t o t he
cont rol l er by t ri pl e press of a but t on or a di f f erent usef ul way
descri bes i n t he manual .

(3) The t hi rd st ep assi gned cert ai n meani ngf ul f unct i ons and
rel at i onshi ps t o t he net work. Thi s i s cal l ed associ at i on. Associ at i on
means t o set up rel at i onshi ps i n t he way of Press but t on A t o Swi t ch
Devi ce B. Associ at i ons are i ni t i at ed by t he cont rol l er and conf i rmed
by t he recei vi ng devi ces. The manual of t he cont rol l er wi l l gi ve f urt her
advi ce.

4. Ready!
Af t er i ncl usi on of t he devi ces and doi ng associ at i ons t he net work i s
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ready t o be used. I t i s al ways possi bl e t o i ncl ude f urt her devi ces and
chance t he associ at i on rel at i onshi ps. Just repeat st eps 1 t o 3.
5.2 Selection of Devices
5. 2. 1 Control l er

The sel ect i on of devi ces i s al ways based on t he desi red f unct i on of t he
net work. A net work al ways consi st s ei t her of a cent ral remot e cont rol
or a cent ral st at i c (f i xed l ocat i on) gat eway on a dedi cat ed devi ce (e. g.
I P gat eway or set t op box) or as sof t ware on a PC.
Cont rol l i ng a Z-Wave net work onl y f rom a remot e cont rol i s onl y
recommended i f :
There are onl y f ew devi ces t o be cont rol l ed (l ess t han t en i s a good
measure);
No bat t ery operat ed devi ces are i n t he net work;
No t i me dependent f unct i ons l i ke shut t i ng down t he wi ndow
bl i nds at a cert ai n t i me of t he day are requi red.

Ot herwi se i t s hi ghl y recommended t o use a st at i c cont rol l er as I P
gat eway or PC sof t ware. To use PC sof t ware an addi t i onal USB
adapt er, t ypi cal l y a USB st i ck i s needed.
5. 2. 2 Sl aves

Port abl e di mmers and swi t ch, al so cal l ed smart pl ugs or wal l out l et
pl ugs are easy t o choose. I t s onl y recommended t o check t he
maxi mum swi t chi ng capabi l i t y (i n W or A). Desi gn i ssues may pl ay a
rol e as wel l .
For wal l swi t ches t he desi gn or t he pl at es pl ay an i mport ant rol e.
Swi t ches shal l have t he same i ndust ry desi gn as wal l out l et s and ot her
wal l i nst al l at i ons such as ant enna and phone j acks or Et hernet out l et s.
I t s possi bl e t o t urn exi st i ng l egacy swi t ches i nt o Z-Wave swi t ches by
usi ng speci al i nsert , whi ch are pl aced behi nd t he l egacy swi t ch.
However t he dept h of t he pat t ress box needs t o support t hi s.
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5.3 General recommendation for installation of Z-
Wave networks

For t he i nst al l at i on of Z-Wave devi ces t he f ol l owi ng recommendat i on
appl y:

- Try t o avoi d met al pat t ress boxes. They may shi el d t he radi o
si gnal .
- Check t he maxi mum wi rel ess range. Z-Wave t ypi cal l y al l ows t o
cover al l di st ances wi t hi n a home ei t her di rect or usi ng t he
rout i ng capabi l i t i es. However ref l ect i ons and i nt erf erence may
cause probl ems.
- The f act t hat a Z-Wave net work worked perf ect l y duri ng
i nst al l at i on i s no guarant ee t hat i t wi l l st ay t he same f orever.
Even sl i ght changes i n t he house l ayout l i ke movi ng f urni t ure
may cause changes i n ref l ect i ons and i nt erf erences. Thi s i s rare
but not i mpossi bl e.

Net works i nst al l ed by remot e cont rol s may not have proper
rout i ng. Thi s may reduce t he range of t he net work.
I f a st at i c gat eway i s used f or i ncl usi on i t s al ways
recommended t o do net work reorgani zat i on af t er i nst al l at i on.
Cert ai n remot e cont rol s combi ne t he associ at i on f unct i on wi t h
t he i ncl usi on f unct i on. The user onl y does t he associ at i on of a
cert ai n devi ce i nt o a cert ai n group of t he remot e cont rol and t he
remot e cont rol aut omat i cal l y perf orms t he i ncl usi on as wel l .
I n case mul t i pl e cont rol l ers are used and one st at i c cont rol l er i s
present i t s recommended t o run t he st at i c cont rol l er as
SUC/ SI S.
Port abl e remot e cont rol s have an updat ed rout i ng t abl e onl y at
t he moment of i ncl usi on. I t s recommended t o i ncl ude remot e
cont rol s af t er i ncl udi ng al l ot her sl ave devi ces.
I n a net work wi t h a st at i c I P gat eway i t i s recommended t o
pref er scene swi t chi ng i nst ead of set t i ng and mai nt ai ni ng di rect
associ at i ons bet ween devi ces.
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There are mul t i pl e ways t o use Z-Wave cont rol l er t o act i vat e
scenes i n an I P gat eway. Check t he manual or t he Annex
whet her t he devi ce i s abl e and how i t i s abl e t o swi t ch scenes.
I n case t he devi ce needs f urt her conf i gurat i on work consul t t he
manual f or descri pt i on of t he vari ous conf i gurat i on paramet ers.
Z-Wave devi ces whi ch are moved wi t h onl y aut omat i cal l y heal
t he rout i ng t abl e i f
o t he moved devi ce i s a rout i ng sl ave,
o There i s anot her rout i ng sl ave i n range of t he moved
devi ces,
o a SUC/ SI C cont rol l er i s present i n t he net work.

For bat t ery-operat ed devi ces t he f ol l owi ng recommendat i ons appl y:

There must be a st at i c cont rol l er i n t he net work.
Every bat t ery-operat ed devi ce shal l be i ncl uded i n t he net work
ri ght af t er put t i ng t he bat t eri es i nt o t he devi ce.
I n case t here are t est s or f urt her conf i gurat i on needed, t he
wakeup i nt erval of t he bat t ery operat ed devi ce shoul d be set t o
a short val ue. Af t er t hi s work i s done t he wakeup i nt erval needs
t o be set t o a l onger val ue (> 5 mi n) i n order t o preserve bat t ery
l i ve t i me.
Each bat t ery-powered devi ce shoul d be i ncl uded and conf i gured
ri ght af t er i ncl usi on. Try t o avoi d i ncl usi on of mul t i pl e bat t ery-
operat ed devi ces at once wi t h conf i gurat i on af t erwards. The
bat t ery-operat ed devi ce may al ready be i n t he sl eepi ng st at e.
The wakeup t i me of a bat t ery operat ed devi ce needs t o be wi t hi n
t he al l owed boundari es. Modern devi ces report t hese
boundari es, but ol der devi ces may st i l l accept f orbi dden wakeup
i nt erval s. The behavi our of t he devi ce may be unpredi ct abl e i n
t hi s case. Consul t t he manual f or f urt her i nf ormat i on.

104
5.4 Typical difficulties using Z-Wave
5. 4. 1 Lack of knowl edge

Z-Waves ai m i s t o enabl e non-t echni ci ans t o i nst al l and mai nt ai n t he
net work. Thi s goal i s cert ai nl y achi eved i n smal l er net works wi t h one
remot e cont rol or wi t h one gat eway. Larger and more compl ex
net works wi t h mul t i pl e cont rol l ers and bat t ery-operat ed devi ces
however do need more t hen basi c knowl edge about t he t echnol ogy.
The knowl edge descri bed i n chapt er 3 t o 5 wi l l al l ow al l users t o i nst al l
and operat e al l ki nd of Z-Wave net works.
5. 4. 2 Uncl ear and confusi ng l anguage

Z-Wave has uni f i ed basi c t erms f or net work operat i ons such as
i ncl usi on, excl usi on or associ at i on. Unf ort unat el y t hese def i ni t i ons
onl y appl y i n Engl i sh l anguage. Vendors have t o use t hese t erms i n
t hei r Engl i sh manual s but t hey are f ree t o use t hei r own creat i on of
t erms i n t hei r l ocal l anguages l i ke French or German. The resul t may
be conf usi ng t o end users, si nce di f f erent vendors may ref er t o t he
same process wi t h di f f erent t erms.

Part of t he cert i f i cat i on process i s however t o check t he manual whi ch
requi res t o t ransl at e t he l ocal t erms i nt o Engl i sh. Ref erri ng t o t he
manual can sol ve uncert ai nl y and conf usi on i n regard t o Z-Wave
t ermi nol ogy
5. 4. 3 Di fferent usage of si mi l ar devi ces

The Z-Wave st andard wel l def i nes t he i nt eract i on bet ween di f f erent
devi ces but does not provi de t he same l evel of det ai l f or t he human
machi ne i nt erf ace. Thi s al l ows - agai n vendors t o do t hei r own
ways and i mpl ement t hei r own i deas i n regard t o usabi l i t y. Here are
some exampl es:

(1) I ncl usi on

105
To perf orm t he i ncl usi on of a devi ce i nt o a Z-Wave net work, a l ocal
operat i on of t he devi ce i s requi red t o ensure t he ri ght ownershi p of t he
devi ce and t o prot ect t he devi ce agai nst hi ghj acki ng f rom ot her
net works.

Some vendors requi re a si ngl e cl i ck on a uni versal but t on, some
vendors of f er a dedi cat ed but t on f or i ncl usi on and some vendors
requi re a t ri pl e press of a but t on. Pl ease consul t t he manual f or f urt her
i nf ormat i on about t he i ncl usi on process.

(2) Aut omat i c I ncl usi on at associ at i on wi t h remot e cont rol s
5. 4. 4 Mul ti pl e Nodes wi th si mi l ar I Ds

Every wi rel ess net work such as Z-Wave onl y works i f t here i s a uni que
i dent i f i cat i on f or each node i n t he net work. I n Z-Wave t he Node I D
serves t hi s purpose.
Duri ng i ncl usi on every devi ce recei ves a uni que Node I D f or a gi ven
Home I D. The cont rol l ers wi l l make sure t hat each Node I D i s onl y
assi gned once t o one si ngl e devi ce.
I n case t he cont rol l er i s reset , al l net work i nf ormat i on wi l l be erased.
The cont rol l er wi l l t hen st art agai n assi gni ng Node I Ds t o devi ces
i ncl uded t o t hi s part i cul ar cont rol l er st art i ng f orm Node I D 2.

Assumi ng t here was an ot her devi ce f rom t he previ ous net work (bef ore
t he cont rol l er was reset ) and t hi s devi ce was not reset properl y t hi s
devi ce may st i l l have t he same ol d- Home I D and i t s ol d Node-I D
whi ch may conf l i ct wi t h newl y assi gned Node I Ds. Thi s wi l l cert ai nl y
resul t i n an unst abl e net work and unpredi ct abl e condi t i ons.

Bef ore a cont rol l er i s reset t he user need t o make sure t hat al l devi ces
previ ousl y i ncl uded by t hi s cont rol l er are excl uded or set back t o
f act ory def aul t .

Most recent i mpl ement at i ons of cont rol l ers randoml y change t hei r
Home-I D at every reset t o avoi d t hi s t ype of conf usi on and
106
mal f unct i on. However t he bet t er part of Z-Wave cont rol l ers i n t he
market do not support t hi s f unct i on yet .
5. 4. 5 Compati bi l i ty Probl ems

The mai n val ue proposi t i on of Z-Wave i s t hat devi ces f rom di f f erent
manuf act urers can work t oget her. The Z-Wave al l i ance has put a l ot of
ef f ort behi nd a process t o make sure t hi s compat i bi l i t y i s achi eved and
mai nt ai ned.
Despi t e i t s success t here are some l i mi t at i ons t o t he compat i bi l i t y,
whi ch are wort h t o be ment i oned:

1. Li mi ted and wrong i mpl ementati on of Z-Wave i n PC-
Control l er-Software: By f ar t he most probl ems wi t h Z-Wave are
caused by wrong or i nsuf f i ci ent i mpl ement at i on of Z-Wave by PC
sof t ware sol ut i ons. I n a l ot of cases t he support f or Z-Wave was
added l at er t o al ready exi st i ng sof t ware and cert ai n
compromi ses were done t o squeeze Z-Wave i n al ready exi st i ng
archi t ect ures and st ruct ures. Typi cal l y t hese sof t ware sol ut i ons
are not Z-Wave cert i f i ed but t hey are st i l l percei ved as Z-Wave
compat i bl e product s. Z-Wave cont rol sof t ware or I P gat eways
t hat are Z-Wave cert i f i ed wi l l not f ace t hi s probl em.
2. Si ns from the past: The i ni t i al cert i f i cat i on process was not as
preci se as requi red. As a resul t cert ai n product s were cert i f i ed
whi ch woul d not l onger pass t he current more det ai l ed
cert i f i cat i on process. However t he revocat i on of a Cert i f i cat i on
i s not possi bl e, hence ol der devi ces may have compat i bi l i t y
probl ems. Thi s probl em i s very rare and onl y happens wi t h
devi ces cert i f i ed bef ore 2008.

107
6 Some Recommendations for Installers

Thi s book does not have t he ambi t i on t o be used as a handbook f or
i nst al l ers. However t here are t wo probl ems rel at ed t o Z-Wave, whi ch i s
wort h t o be covered.

Sel ect i on of di mmers
Swi t chi ng Seri es
6.1 Dimmers

Di mmers are el ect ri cal devi ces, whi ch al l ow t o cont i nuousl y di mmi ng a
l i ght accordi ng t o t he users requi rement . There are mul t i pl e t ypes of
el ect ri cal l i ght s and unf ort unat el y t here i s no di mmer, whi ch i s abl e t o
di m al l l i ght s.

Lamps can be

The cl assi cal i ncandescent l i ght i nvent ed by Thomas Edi son
Hal ogen l amps operat ed by 230 V AC (Hi gh Vol t age Hal ogen)
Hal ogen l amps operat ed by 24 V (Low Vol t age Hal ogen). The
conversi on f rom 230 V down t o 24 V i s done i n t wo di f f erent
ways: (a) usi ng a si mpl e t ransf ormer or (b) usi ng an el ect roni c
swi t chi ng power suppl y.
Fl uorescent Li ght i n general , and compact f l uorescent l i ght
(CFL) i n part i cul ar. They are al so cal l ed energy savi ng l amps.
Lamps based on Li ght Emi t t i ng Di odes, cal l s LED l i ght s
6. 1. 1 Leadi ng- edge phase cont rol

Convent i onal l amps are di mmed usi ng a so-cal l ed l eadi ng edge phase
cont rol . Thi s means t hat a changi ng port i on of t he si ne wave i s cut of f .
The resul t i ng energy i s reduced and t he l i ght i s di mmed. Fi gure 6. 1
shows a si ne wave f or f ul l l oad and f or 50% where t he si ne wave i s cut
ri ght at 50 %

108

Fi gure 6. 1: Vol t age at l eadi ng- edge phase cont rol di mmer

At l eadi ng edge di mmers t he Vol t age remai ns 0 af t er t he wave crossed
t he zero l i ne. Af t er t he def i ned t i me a Tri ac (i s i gni t ed. Thi s bri ngs t he
f ul l vol t age of t he si ne wave t o t he l amp. The charact eri st i c of a Tri ac
i s t o bl ock t he current agai n when t he si ne wave crosses t he zero l i ne.
Hence, t he Tri ac needs t o be i gni t ed at every current wave agai n.

Leadi ng Edge Di mmers work wel l wi t h i ncandescent l i ght s and HV
Hal ogen l i ght but f ai l t o di m l ow vol t age Hal ogen, Fl uorescent l amps
and LED l amp. Even worse, t hey may even dest roy t hese l amps.
6. 1. 2 Leadi ng Edge Phase Control for i nducti ve l oads

Transf ormers used i n Low Vol t age Hal ogen Lamps real i ze an i nduct i ve
l oad. A l oad t hat i s cal l ed predomi nant l y i nduct i ve i f t he al t ernat i ng
l oad current l ags behi nd t he al t ernat i ng vol t age of t he l oad. Such a
l oad i s al so known as l aggi ng l oad. Thi s means t hat t he vol t age i s
al ready at zero whi l e t he current i s not zero yet .

109

Fi gure 6. 2: Schemat i cs of a l eadi ng edge phase cont rol di mmer

Thi s creat es a huge probl em f or t radi t i onal cut t i ng edge di mmers usi ng
a Tri ac. The Tri ac cl oses when t he current i s zero, not when t he
vol t age i s zero. An i gni t i on pul se f or t he Tri ac may be recei ved t oo
earl y at a moment , when t he current i s not zero, hence t he Tri ac not
cl osed yet . The i gni t i on pul se i s t hen i gnored and t he Tri ac wi l l st ay
open f or t he next hal f wave.
Onl y t he subsequent i gni t i on pul se wi l l agai n t ri gger t he Tri ac i n a
correct way.

The resul t of t hi s mi ssi ng i gni t i on i s a mi sbal anced wave, whi ch
resul t s i n dest royi ng t ransf ormers and ot her i nducti ve l oads.

To di m hal ogen l amps wi t h convent i onal t ransf ormers a speci al
el ect roni cs i s needed t o make sure t hat t he Tri ac swi t ches at t he ri ght
t i me.

Fi gure 6. 2 shows t he schemat i cs of such a l eadi ng edge di mmer wi t h
i nduct i ve l oad compensat i on. These di mmers can st i l l di m al l
convent i onal - resi st i ve - l oads

6. 1. 3 Trai l i ng Edge Phase Control Di mmer

El ect roni c Power suppl i es t ypi cal l y represent a conduct i ve l oad. I n a
conduct i ve l oad t he capaci t i ve react ance exceeds t he i nduct i ve
110
react ance. Hence t he l oad draws a l eadi ng current . To di m t hese l oads
a t rai l i ng edge phase cont rol di mmer i s needed.

Fi gure 6. 3: Vol t age at a t rai l i ng edge phase cont rol di mmer

The t rai l i ng edge di mmer cut s of f t he t rai l i ng part of t he si ne wave l i ke
shown i n Fi gure 6. 3. Such behavi our cannot be achi eved usi ng a Tri ac
component . Hi gh Vol t age MOSFET component s are used i nst ead.

Fi gure 6. 4 shows t he schemat i cs of such a di mmer.

Fi gure 6. 4: Schemat i cs of a t rai l i ng edge phase cont rol di mmer

6. 1. 4 Uni versal Di mmers

The di l emma of edge phase cont rol di mmers i s t hat - i n case of
l eadi ng edge ei t her i nduct i ve l oads or - i n case of react i ve l oads-
111
capaci t i ve l oads can be di mmed. The di mmer may even dest roy t he
l oad not support ed.

The sol ut i on i s so cal l ed uni versal di mmer.

Uni versal di mmers det ect i ni t i al l y i f t he l oad has i nduct i ve or react i ve
charact eri st i cs and change bet ween l eadi ng and t rai l i ng edge.
To make sure t he det ect i on del i vers t he correct resul t , t he user need
t o make sure t hat onl y one l oad i s connect ed t o t he di mmer duri ng
power on. Al so changi ng t he l oad l at er on may resul t i n probl ems.
6. 1. 5 Fl uorescent Lamps

Convent i onal Fl uorescent Li ght s are not di mmabl e. However t here are
speci al t ransf ormer devi ces, whi ch al l ow di mmi ng of t hese devi ces.
For CFLs t hese t ransf ormers are al ready i nt egrat ed i n t he l amp
socket . CFLs wi t h t hi s uni t are cal l ed di mmabl e CFLs and usual l y have
a much hi gher pri ce.

CFL are t ypi cal l y di mmed ei t her by a t rai l i ng edge di mmer or a
uni versal di mmer. Manuf act urers of modern CFLs have done a good
j ob i n compensat i on t he react i ve l oad, so t hat even normal l eadi ng
edge di mmers can di m such a l amp.
6. 1. 6 LED Lamps

LED l amps can be di mmed very wel l but nei t her wi t h l eadi ng nor wi t h
t rai ni ng edge di mmers. There are di mmed usi ng a so-cal l ed PWM
(pul se wi de modul at i on). Hence LED s l i ght s need a speci al di mmer
onl y appl i cabl e f or LED l i ght s.

6. 1. 7 Di mmer Summary

The f ol l owi ng t abl e gi ves a summary overvi ew of t he di f f erent t ypes of
di mmers and t he t ypes of l amps di mmabl e

112
Phases

Leadi ng
edge

Leadi ng
edge wi th
i nducti ve
support

Trai l i ng
edge

Uni versal

El ect ri c l i ght bul b

Yes Yes Yes Yes
HV Hal ogen

Yes Yes Yes Yes
Low Vol t age Hal ogen
(conv. Transf ormer)

No Yes No Yes
Low Vol t age Hal ogen
(Swi t ched power suppl y)

No No Yes Yes
Di mmabl e
Fl uorescent l amp

No Yes No Yes
LED l amp

No No No No

6.2 Product Families
Some manuf act urers of f er whol e port f ol i os of Z-Wave product s, whi ch
are market ed under a common manuf act urer speci f i c t rade name.
Usual l y ref erences are made i n t he document at i ons of t hese product s
t o ot her product s of t he same product f ami l y. Al so t he document at i on
t ypi cal l y st resses t he f act t hat t he product s of t hi s part i cul ar f ami l y
work very wel l t oget her. Whi l e t hi s i s cert ai nl y t rue t hese product s
remai n cert i f i ed Z-Wave product s and t heref ore t hey are abl e t o work
t oget her wi t h al l ot her Z-Wave compl i ant product s f orm di f f erent
vendors.
6. 2. 1 ACT HomePro

113
The HomePro seri es of t he US-Ameri can manuf act urer Advanced
Cont rol Sol ut i ons was t he f i rst product seri es of a manuf act urer based
on Z-Wave.
Homepro of f ers a seri es of wal l swi t ches wi t h one or t wo but t ons whi ch
real i ze ei t her a di mmer or a swi t ch. I f t wo but t ons exi st , t he l ef t but t on
al ways swi t ches t he l ocal l y avai l abl e swi t ch or di mmer, whi l e t he
second but t on can be used as a cont rol l er f or ot her swi t ches and
di mmers.
ACT Homepro product s are al ways shi pped compl et el y wi t h mount i ng
f rame and swi t chi ng paddl es and t hey are al l 230 V mai n powered.
The i ndust ri al desi gn corresponds wel l wi t h t he swi t ch seri es CD 500
f rom Jung.

Fi gure 6. 6: ACT HomePro Wal l Swi t ch Desi gn

Besi de t he wal l swi t ches ACT compl et e t he seri es wi t h a mot i on
det ect or and a remot e cont rol usabl e f or set t i ng up, conf i guri ng and
operat i ng t he net work.

Wi t h t he Homepro remot e cont rol swi t ches and di mmers of ot her
manuf act urers can be cont rol l ed. Cont rol l ers of ot her manuf act urers
can cont rol t he wal l swi t ches f rom ACT wi t hout probl ems.
6. 2. 2 Merten Connect
The German manuf act urer Mert en, part of t he Schnei der El ect ri c
group, of f ers a l i ght i ng cont rol syst em MERTEN CONNECT t hat i s
based on t he Z-Wave prot ocol . I t i s t arget ed t o prof essi onal i nst al l ers.
114

The product seri es has t hree basi c t ypes of product :

Bat t ery-operat ed wal l cont rol l ers t o cont rol ot her devi ces such
as swi t ches, di mmers or Venet i an bl i nd cont rol s. These
cont rol l ers are avai l abl e wi t h one or t wo swi t chi ng paddl es
Di mmers, swi t ches and Venet i an bl i nd cont rol s are of f ered ei t her
equi pped wi t h or wi t hout l ocal operat i on capabi l i t i es. Al l t hese
product s are powered my 230 V mai ns.
The swi t ch product s wi t h l ocal operat i on capabi l i t i es consi st of a
swi t chi ng (or di mmi ng) base, whi ch i s compl et ed by a Z-Wave
enabl ed swi t chi ng paddl e. The bases are shared wi t h ot her
Mert en Cont rol seri es, namel y t he wi re based KNX syst em.
Mert en of f ers a vari et y of di f f erent mount i ng f rames and
swi t chi ng paddl es so t hat t he i nst al l er has t o al ways choose t he
base and t he swi t chi ng paddl e and mount i ng f rame i n t he desi gn
and col our of choi ce.
For t he cent ral cont rol of t he Z-Wave net work mul t i pl e opt i ons
exi st s. I t i s possi bl e t o sel ect one of t he wal l cont rol s as Pri mary
Cont rol l er, however a uni versal remot e and a LCD equi pped
wi rel ess cont rol cent re gi ve more f unct i onal l y duri ng set up and
operat i on.

For t he i ni t i al set up and conf i gurat i on as wel l as f or t he set up of t he
associ at i ons bet ween t he wal l cont rol l ers and t he swi t ches or di mmer
of t he net work Mert en suggest s t he use of speci al i nst al l at i on
sof t ware. Thi s sof t ware i s f ree of charge but requi res a speci al USB
i nt erf ace t o operat e.
The Mert en CONNECT wi rel ess cont rol cent re al so act s as I P gat eway
al l owi ng a remot e access t o t he swi t chi ng syst em usi ng a web browser
or a mobi l e phone.

115

Fi gure 6. 7: Mert en Wal l I nsert , t o be compl et ed by Z-Wave equi pped
swi t chi ng paddl es
Mert en devi ces can be cont rol l ed wel l by cont rol l ers f rom ot her
manuf act urers and t he Mert en-radi o remot e cont rol l ers are al so abl e t o
cont rol product s of ot her manuf act urers. However t he support of t hi rd
part y devi ces wi t hi n t he Mert en i nst al l er sof t ware i s very l i mi t ed. The
i nst al l er sof t ware i s t heref ore perf ect onl y i n pure Mert en CONNECT
envi ronment s.

6. 2. 3 Duwi Z-Wave (former Interact)

The swi t ch syst em of Duwi i s opt i mi sed f or t he needs of t he do i t
yoursel f home user. The base uni t consi st of an i nsert and a mount i ng
f rame t hat al l ows compl et i ng t he i nsert i f desi red - by a swi t chi ng
paddl e f or l ocal operat i on. Thi s means t hat t he very same product can
be used wi t h or wi t hout l ocal swi t chi ng paddl e.

Duwi of f ers mul t i pl e swi t chi ng desi gns f or t he compl et i on of t he i nsert s
i n mul t i pl e col ours.

Fi gure 6. 8: Duwi Wi rel ess Cont rol l er t o admi ni st rat e l arger Z-Wave
net works
116
The swi t ches, di mmers and wi ndow bl i nd i nsert s are cont rol l ed by
ei t her a remot e cont rol or a bat t ery powered wal l cont rol l er, whi ch i s
avai l abl e f or t he di f f erent swi t chi ng seri es desi gns as wel l .

To al l ow bi gger i nst al l at i ons of Z-Wave net work Duwi compl et es t he Z-
Wave syst em by a radi o cont rol cent re, whi ch works as st at i c
cont rol l er wi t h SUC/ SI S f unct i onal i t y.

Duwi product s work wel l t oget her wi t h ot her Z-Wave compl i ant
product s of di f f erent vendors.

117
Annex A: Z-Wave Command Classes

COMMAND_CLASS_NO_OPERATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_ALARM
COMMAND_CLASS_BASI C
COMMAND_CLASS_CONTROLLER_REPLI CATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_APPLI CATI ON_STATUS
COMMAND_CLASS_SWI TCH_BI NARY
COMMAND_CLASS_SWI TCH_MULTI LEVEL
COMMAND_CLASS_SWI TCH_ALL
COMMAND_CLASS_SWI TCH_TOGGLE_BI NARY
COMMAND_CLASS_SWI TCH_TOGGLE_MULTI LEVEL
COMMAND_CLASS_CHI MNEY_FAN
COMMAND_CLASS_SCENE_ACTI VATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_SCENE_ACTUATOR_CONF
COMMAND_CLASS_SCENE_CONTROLLER_CONF
COMMAND_CLASS_SENSOR_BI NARY
COMMAND_CLASS_SENSOR_MULTI LEVEL
COMMAND_CLASS_METER
COMMAND_CLASS_METER_PULSE
COMMAND_CLASS_THERMOSTAT_HEATI NG
COMMAND_CLASS_THERMOSTAT_MODE
COMMAND_CLASS_THERMOSTAT_OPERATI NG_STATE
COMMAND_CLASS_THERMOSTAT_SETPOI NT
COMMAND_CLASS_THERMOSTAT_FAN_MODE
COMMAND_CLASS_THERMOSTAT_FAN_STATE
COMMAND_CLASS_CLI MATE_CONTROL_SCHEDULE
COMMAND_CLASS_THERMOSTAT_SETBACK
COMMAND_CLASS_BASI C_WI NDOW_COVERI NG
COMMAND_CLASS_MTP_WI NDOW_COVERI NG
COMMAND_CLASS_MULTI _I NSTANCE
COMMAND_CLASS_DOOR_LOCK
COMMAND_CLASS_USER_CODE
COMMAND_CLASS_CONFI GURATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_MANUFACTURER_SPECI FI C
118
COMMAND_CLASS_POWERLEVEL
COMMAND_CLASS_PROTECTI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_PROTECTI ON_V2
COMMAND_CLASS_LOCK
COMMAND_CLASS_NODE_NAMI NG
COMMAND_CLASS_FI RMWARE_UPDATE_MD
COMMAND_CLASS_GROUPI NG_NAME
COMMAND_CLASS_REMOTE_ASSOCI ATI ON_ACTI VATE
COMMAND_CLASS_REMOTE_ASSOCI ATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_BATTERY
COMMAND_CLASS_CLOCK
COMMAND_CLASS_HAI L
COMMAND_CLASS_WAKE_UP
COMMAND_CLASS_ASSOCI ATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_VERSI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_I NDI CATOR
COMMAND_CLASS_PROPRI ETARY
COMMAND_CLASS_LANGUAGE
COMMAND_CLASS_TI ME
COMMAND_CLASS_TI ME_PARAMETERS
COMMAND_CLASS_GEOGRAPHI C_LOCATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_COMPOSI TE
COMMAND_CLASS_MULTI _I NSTANCE_ASSOCI ATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_MULTI _CMD
COMMAND_CLASS_ENERGY_PRODUCTI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_MANUFACTURER_PROPRI ETARY
COMMAND_CLASS_SCREEN_MD
COMMAND_CLASS_SCREEN_ATTRI BUTES
COMMAND_CLASS_SI MPLE_AV_CONTROL
COMMAND_CLASS_AV_CONTENT_DI RECTORY_MD
COMMAND_CLASS_AV_RENDERER_STATUS
COMMAND_CLASS_AV_CONTENT_SEARCH_MD
COMMAND_CLASS_SECURI TY
COMMAND_CLASS_AV_TAGGI NG_MD
COMMAND_CLASS_I P_CONFI GURATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_ASSOCI ATI ON_COMMAND_CONFI GURATI ON
119
COMMAND_CLASS_SENSOR_ALARM
COMMAND_CLASS_SI LENCE_ALARM
COMMAND_CLASS_SENSOR_CONFI GURATI ON
COMMAND_CLASS_MARK
COMMAND_CLASS_NON_I NTEROPERABLE

120
Annex B: Generic Device Classes

Al arm Sensor Generi c Devi ce Cl ass
No Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass def i ned
Basi c Rout i ng Al ar m Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Rout i ng Al ar m Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Basi c Zensor Net Al ar m Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Zensor Net Al ar m Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Advanced Zensor Net Al ar m Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Basi c Rout i ng Smoke Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Rout i ng Smoke Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Basi c Zensor Net Smoke Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Zensor Net Smoke Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Advanced Zensor Net Smoke Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass.

Bi nar y Swi t ch Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Bi nar y Power Swi t ch Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Bi nar y Scene Swi t ch Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Remot e Cont r ol l er Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Por t abl e Remot e Cont r ol l er Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Por t abl e Scene Cont r ol l er Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Por t abl e I nst al l er Tool Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

St at i c Cont r ol l er Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
PC Cont r ol l er Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Scene Cont r ol l er Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
St at i c I nst al l er Tool Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Repeat er Sl ave Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass Basi c
Repeat er Sl ave Speci f i c Devi ce

Mul t i l evel Swi t ch Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Mul t i l evel Power Swi t ch Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Mul t i l evel Scene Swi t ch Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
121
Mul t i posi t i on Mot or Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass ( Not r ecommended)
Mot or Cont r ol Cl ass A Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Mot or Cont r ol Cl ass B Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Mot or Cont r ol Cl ass C Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Remot e Swi t ch Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Bi nar y Remot e Swi t ch Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Mul t i l evel Remot e Swi t ch Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Bi nar y Sensor Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Rout i ng Bi nar y Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Mul t i l evel Sensor Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Rout i ng Mul t i l evel Sensor Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Pul se Met er Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass

Di spl ay Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Si mpl e Di spl ay Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Ent r y Cont r ol Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass Not Used
Door Lock Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Advanced Door Lock Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Secur e Keypad Door Lock Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Semi I nt er oper abl e Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Ener gy Pr oduct i on Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Ther most at Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Ther most at Gener al V2 Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Set back Schedul e Ther most at Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Set back Ther most at Speci f i c Devi ce
Set poi nt Ther most at Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

AV Cont r ol Poi nt Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
122
Sat el l i t e Recei ver V2 Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Door bel l Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Met er Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Si mpl e Met er Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Vent i l at i on Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Resi dent i al Heat Recover y Vent i l at i on Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Z/ I P Gat eway Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Z/ I P Tunnel i ng Gat eway Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass
Advanced Z/ I P Gat eway Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

Z/ I P Node Gener i c Devi ce Cl ass
Z/ I P Tunnel i ng Node Speci f i c Devi ce
Advanced Z/ I P Node Speci f i c Devi ce Cl ass

123
Annex C: Z-Wave Controllers for Scene
Switching in IP Gateways

Cont rol l er Works f or scene
swi t chi ng
Scene
Conf i gurat i on
Accept s assi gned
associ at i on
Tr i ckl est ar No
Dwi Wal l
Cont r ol l er
Somewhat Yes
QEES Key Ri ng Yes Yes Yes
QEES Wal l
Cont r ol l er
Yes Yes Yes
Aeon Labs Yes Yes
Mer t en Wal l
Cont r ol l er s
Somewhat Yes
Mer t en Uni ver sal Somewhat Yes
Duwi Remot e
Cont r ol
Somewhat Yes
Remot ek ZURC 500 Yes Yes Yes

124

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