3 WCDMA Capacity

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3 WCDMA Capacity
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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3 WCDMA Capacity
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OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:
Explain the term E
b
/N
o
and why it varies for service and UE
speed.
Explain the 3GPP channel models used for Radio Network
Design.
Derive a formula to calculate the uplink M
pole
for cells serving
these channel models.
Use a formula to calculate the downlink M
pole
for cells serving
these channel models.
Calculate the packet data throughput of a cell once the
available load has been established.
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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3 WCDMA Capacity
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Contents
OBJECTIVES...................................................................................... 47
ENERGY PER BIT TO NOISE RATIO (E
B
/N
O
).................................... 50
E
B
/N
O
AND BER OR BLER ........................................................................... 51
E
B
/N
O
AND FAST (RAYLEIGH) FADING....................................................... 54
E
B
/N
O
AND FAST POWER CONTROL.......................................................... 54
3GPP CHANNEL MODELS........................................................................... 57
UPLINK EB/NO VALUES.............................................................................. 58
UPLINK CAPACITY ............................................................................ 59
E
B
/N
O
AND C/I............................................................................................... 59
UPLINK MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CHANNELS (M
POLE
) ................................ 61
UPLINK F FACTOR...................................................................................... 62
DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION (DTX) GAIN........................................ 64
UPLINK M
POLE
EXAMPLE ............................................................................. 65
UPLINK M
POLE
FOR MIXED CHANNEL MODLES......................................... 66
DOWNLINK CAPACITY...................................................................... 69
DOWNLINK CURVES................................................................................... 69
DOWNLINK M
POLE
......................................................................................... 70
DOWNLINK F FACTOR................................................................................ 71
THE VALUE............................................................................................... 71
THE SHO-VALUE ......................................................................................... 71
ORTHOGONALITY FACTOR ( ) ................................................................. 72
DOWNLINK FAST FADING.......................................................................... 72
DOWNLINK M
POLE
FOR MIXED CHANNEL MODLES................................... 73
CELL LOAD........................................................................................ 75
CONVERSATIONAL LOAD (Q
C
)................................................................... 75
MAXIMUM CELL LOAD................................................................................ 76
BEST EFFORT LOAD (Q
BE
).......................................................................... 78
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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ENERGY PER BIT TO NOISE RATIO (E
B
/N
O
)
Figure 3-1 below illustrates how noise introduced by the air
interface produces bit errors in the received data stream.
Transmitted Signal
Received Signal + Noise
Air
Interface
1
-1
Bit errors
Figure 3-1 Air Interface noise producing bit errors
The bit error rate is proportional to ratio of energy per bit (E
b
) to
noise power density (N
o
). This ratio is realistically and
conceptually illustrated in Figure 3-2 below.
Energy per bit (Eb)
Noise power density (No)
Eb
No
Conceptual illustration
Realistic illustration
Figure 3-2 Realistic and conceptual illustration of E
b
/N
o
The conceptual illustration makes it easier to understand that this
ratio must always be positive. In other words E
b
must always be
above N
o
. The exact amount depends on a number of factors that
will be explained in this chapter.
This ratio is normally expressed in dB, that is 10 log (E
b
/N
o
) dB.
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LZT123 7628 - 51 -
E
B
/N
O
AND BER OR BLER
The illustration in Figure 3-3 below is intended to show that in an
ideal environment the BER (or Block Error Rate BLER) for
channel A, that has an E
b
/N
o
of 1 dB, would be higher than that
experienced on channel B that has an E
b
/N
o
of 6 dB. Since E
b
is
not as much above N
o
it is more likely that the receiver will
misinterpret some symbols.
E
b
/N
o
= 1 dB
A
E
b
/N
o
= 6 dB B
Figure 3-3 Eb/No and BER or BLER
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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FAST (RAYLEIGH) FADING
In certain environments one users radio signal may be reflected of
many surfaces producing multipath reflections, as illustrated in
Figure 3-4 below.
Figure 3-4 Fast (Rayleigh) Fading
The received signal contains many time-delayed replicas.
Figure 3-5 below illustrates what would happen if two of these
multipath reflections (#1 and #2) arrived at the receiver with equal
amplitude and phase shifted by half a wavelength.
Multi path #1
Time delay
wavelength
1/2
Multi path #2
#1 + #2
Figure 3-5 Destructive summation of two multipath components
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The result is that they cancel each other out. This may be referred
to as destructive summation and will be occurring all the time in
mulitpath environments. The overall result of this is that the signal
will experience fading. This type of fading is known as fast, or
Rayleigh fading and takes place even as the receiver moves
across short distances.
Fast (Rayleigh) fading is related to the carrier frequency, the
geometry of multipath vectors and the vehicle speed. As a rule of
thumb there are up to four fades per second for each kilometer per
hour of travel. For example a mobile traveling at 10 km/h
experiences approximately 40 fades/s. This is illustrated in Figure
3-6 below.
time (mSec)
Composite
Received
Signal
Strengt h
Deep fade caused by destructive summation
of two or more multipath reflections
Figure 3-6 Fast (Rayleigh) Fading
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E
B
/N
O
AND FAST (RAYLEIGH) FADING
In the example in Figure 3-7 below the effect of fast fading on
E
b
/N
o
and BER or BLER can be seen, where the original 1dB
E
b
/N
o
is no longer adequate to maintain the BER or BLER due to
fast fading.
E
b
/N
o
= 1 dB ok with no fading
E
b
/N
o
= 1 dB ok with no fading
fading margin to maintain BER or BLER
BER or BLER would be increased
Conceptual view of fading effect
Figure 3-7 E
b
/N
O
and Fast (Rayleigh) fading
To maintain the same BER or BLER a fast fading margin should
be added to the original E
b
/N
o
. The size of this margin will depend
on degree of fast fading (speed and environment of UE).
E
B
/N
O
AND FAST POWER CONTROL
WCDMA employs inner loop power control at 1500 updates per
second. This is capable of reducing the effect of fast fading for low
UE speeds. The accuracy of this power control will effect the fast
fading margin required. This is dependent on how well the
channel is being estimated from the embedded pilot bits and how
accurately the power control commands are being decoded.
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To maintain the same BER on channel A and B in Figure 3-8
below, channel A requires a large fading margin due to the
inaccuracy of power control (channel estimation) but channel B
only requires a small fading margin because the power control
(channel estimation) is more accurate.
A
B
Large fading margin required
Inaccurate inner loop power control (poor channel estimation)
Small fading margin required
Accurate inner loop power control (good channel estimation)
Figure 3-8 E
b
/N
o
and Fast power Control
Due to the difference in channel estimation in this example it can
be said that:
A BER = B BER but A E
b
/N
o
>B E
b
/N
o
Channel estimation in the downlink is proportional to the number of
bits in the Pilot and Transmit Power Control (TPC) fields of the
physical channel.
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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The non-compressed mode physical channel slot structures for
speech, PS 64 kbps and PS 384 kbps is highlighted in the excerpt
from TS 25.211 in Figure 3-9 below.
8 60 30 128 40 6 28 2 0 4 15
DPDCH
Bits/Slot
DPCCH
Bits/Slot
Slot
Format
#i
Channel
Bit Rate
(kbps)
Channel
Symbol
Rate
(ksps)
SF Bits/
Slot
NData1 NData2 NTPC NTFCI NPilot
Transmitted
slots per
radio frame
NTr
13 240 120 32 160 28 112 4 8* 8 15
14 480 240 16 320 56 232 8 8* 16 15
Slot structure for Speech 12.2 kbps RB+ 3.4 kbps SRBs
Slot structure for 64 kbps PS RB + 3.4 kbps SRBs
Slot structure for 384 kbps PS RB + 3.4 kbps SRBs
2 TPC & 4 Pilot
4 TPC & 8 Pilot
8 TPC & 16 Pilot
Figure 3-9 Downlink non-compressed mode slot structures
Channel estimation and power control is better at higher data rates
because there are more TPC and Pilot bits.
In the uplink the same physical slot structure (#0), illustrated in the
excerpt from TS 25.211 in Figure 3-10 below, is used for all
channels.
Slot
Form
at #i
Channel Bit
Rate (kbps)
Channel Symbol
Rate (ksps)
SF Bits/
Frame
Bits/
Slot
Npilot NTPC NTFCI NFBI Transmitted
slots per
radio frame
0 15 15 256 150 10 6 2 2 0 15
0A 15 15 256 150 10 5 2 3 0 10-14
0B 15 15 256 150 10 4 2 4 0 8-9
Figure 3-10 Uplink non-compressed mode slot structure
Because the processing gain drops as the bearer rate increases,
the received DPCCH power at the RBS will increase. This will
improve the channel estimation and reduce the fast fading
margin, allowing the channel to operate with a lower E
b
/N
o
.
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3GPP CHANNEL MODELS
The 3GPP specify a number of different channel models to be
used for radio network design. These specify the environment and
speed of the UE.
The environments can be: Typical Urban (TU) or Rural Area (RA)
and UE speed can be 3, 50 or 120 km/h
The models based on these environments and speeds are given in
Table 3-1 below.
Table 3-1 3GPP Channel models
These models are designed to cover the scenarios shown in
Figure 3-11 below.
3 km/h 50 km/h 120 km/h
Figure 3-11 3GPP Channel models
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UPLINK EB/NO VALUES
Simulations have produced typical uplink and downlink E
b
/N
o
that
may be used for cell planning purposes.
Table 3-2 and Table 3-3 below show these values for speech and
PS 64 kbps.
Table 3-2 Typical uplink E
b
/N
o
values for speech and PS 64 kbps
Table 3-3 Typical downlink E
b
/N
o
values for speech and PS 64 kbps
From these tables the effects of fast fading, channel estimation
and power control can be seen:
Decreasing E
b
/N
o
due to improving power control
Increasing E
b
/N
o
due to increased fast fading
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UPLINK CAPACITY
The uplink capacity of a WCDMA cell will depend on which
channel models it is has to serve.
E
B
/N
O
AND C/I
A formula to relate E
b
/N
o
and carrier to interference ratio before
despreading (), is derived in the following way:
The definition for signal to noise ratio of a digital stream is:
Signal-to-noise ratio per bit: The ratio given by E
b
/N
o
, where E
b
is the signal energy per bit and N
o
is the noise energy per hertz of
noise bandwidth.
From this it can be said that:
E
b
= S/R
info
where S = signal energy and R
info
is the bit rate
And
N
o
= N/B where N = noise energy and B is the bandwidth
Therefore:
E
b
/N
o
= =
S
R
info
X
B
N
S
N
X
B
R
info
Since B is proportional to the chip rate:
B
R
info
=
Chip Rate
R
info
=
Processing gain (PG)
In the uplink N will be predominately interference (I) from other
UEs and S will be the received carrier power (C)
E
b
/N
o
= C/I PG = .PG
Since E
b
/N
o
and are normally given in dB:
E
b
/N
o
= + 10log(PG)
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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Solving for gives Equation 7 below:
= E
b
/N
o
- 10log(PG) dB
Equation 7 relation between E
b
/N
o
and
Exercise
Calculate uplink for the E
b
/N
o
values below.
Solution
PG
..
..
in
dB
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LZT123 7628 - 61 -
UPLINK MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CHANNELS (M
POLE
)
The uplink pole capacity, M
pole
, is the theoretical limit for the
number of UEs that a cell can support. It is service (RAB)
dependent. At this limit the interference level in the system is
infinite and thus the coverage reduced to zero. The formula for
M
pole
in the uplink is derived in the following pages.
The Uplink interference (I) will be the combination of interference
generated by UEs connected to the cell (I
own
), UEs connected to
other cells (I
other
),

thermal noise (N
th
)

and external interference
(I
external
) as below:
Uplink interference (I) = I
own
+ I
other
+ N
th
+ I
external
Where:
I
own
= Interference generated by UEs in the cell
I
other
= Interference generated by UEs in other cells
N
th
= Thermal Noise
I
external
= External interference (e.g. from GSM)
This is illustrated in Figure 3-12 below.
C
Own Cell
Other Cell
Figure 3-12 Uplink interference
If we assume E
b
/N
o
is the same for all users then so will C and this
will be maintained by inner loop power control.
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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UPLINK F FACTOR
The F factor is the ratio between the interference from other cells
and the interference generated in the own cell. This means that F
will depend on the characteristics of the cell plan such as number
of sectors, wave propagation characteristics, log-normal fading
and antenna beamwidth.
Table 3-4 below shows the recommended F values for various site
configurations to be used for radio network dimensioning.
Table 3-4 Typical uplink F factors
By definition F = I
other
/I
own
If this is solved for I
other
it becomes:
I
other
= F(I
own
)
Substituting this into the equation for uplink interference yields:
Uplink interference (I) = I
own
+ F(I
own
) + N
th
+ I
external
If C/I () is the same for all services

I
own
= M*C
Where M = number of simultaneous users.
Therefore:
Uplink interference (I) = M*C+M*C*F + N
th
+ I
external
For one UE:
C/I () = C/(I -C)
Since C cannot be counted as interference that is, the UEs own
signal cannot be counted as interference.
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LZT123 7628 - 63 -
If the expression for I (M*C+M*C*F + N
th
+ I
external
) is substituted
into this formula for it becomes:
=
M*C+M*C*F + N
th
+ I
external
-C
C
=
C(M+M*F-1) + N
th
+ I
external
C
If we solve for C:
C = C(M+M*F-1) + (N
th
+ I
external
)
1. Cross multiply
C - C(M+M*F-1) = (N
th
+ I
external
)
2. Subtract C(M+M*F-1)
from both sides
=> C (1 - (M+M*F-1) = (N
th
+ I
external
)
C =
1 - (M+M*F-1)
(N
th
+ I
external
)
3. Divide both sides
by 1- (M+M*F-1)
To Solve for M:-
M+M*F-1 <

1
1. Divide both sides by
2. Add 1 to both sides

1
M(1+F) < 1+
M(1+F)-1 <

1
=
3. Multiply both sides by 1/1+F 1+ M<

1
1+F
1
M
pole
is the number of simultaneous users that can not be
supported since the C/I can not be fulfilled for any of them.
In other words:
1+ M
pole
=

1
1+F
1
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION (DTX) GAIN
A radio link between the UE and the RBS consists of a Dedicated
Traffic Channel (DTCH) and a channel used for radio resource
control signaling sent on the Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH).
When one of the channels (DTCH or DCCH) is not transmitting,
less interference is generated on the air interface and more
capacity can be expected.
The capacity gain depends on the activity factor of the DCCH and
DTCH channel or channels. The activity factor is assumed to be
10% for DCCH, 50% for the speech/AMR DTCH and 100% for all
other DTCH channels. Due to the low activity factor for DCCH, the
DTX gain can be large, especially in cases when the data rate on
DTCH is low.
Recommended values for uplink and downlink G
DTX
for speech
and PS 64 kbps is shown in Table 3-5 below.
Table 3-5 G
DTX
for speech and PS 64 kbps
Taking G
DTX
into account M
pole
we get equation 8 below.
(1+G
DTX
) 1+
M
pole
=

1
1+F
1
Equation 8 Uplink M
pole
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UPLINK M
POLE
EXAMPLE
Calculate the typical uplink M
pole
values for one sector of a 3-sector
cell with an F value of 0.79 for the services below.
M
pole
G
DTX
..
..
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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UPLINK M
POLE
FOR MIXED CHANNEL MODLES
An RBS will serve a certain percentage of different 3GPP channel
models, depending on its location. Table 3-6 below shows the
recommendations for the percentages of channel model types to
be used for calculations of M
pole
in different area types.
Table 3-6 channel model mix recommendations
Based on this assumption the uplink M
pole
for mixed channel
models will be given by equation 9 below.
Equation 9 M
pole
for mixed channel models
N = number of different UE speeds for the area type
X
i
= percentage of mobiles in the cell moving with speed i,
(Table 3-6) e.g. for urban area x
1
= 0.75 and x
2
= 0.25.
M
pole,i
is the Mpole value calculated for UE speed i.
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Example M
pole
for mixed channel models
What is the uplink M
pole
values for Speech and PS 64 of a 3-sector
site in an urban area?
Solution
Complete the calculations below:
1. Firstly the various values must be
calculated as below:
-19
in dB
(3 km/h)
PG
246
.
-13.1
in dB
(50 km/h)
= Eb/No - 10log(PG)
2. The various speech M
pole
values can
be calculated using the different , F
and G
DTX
values as below:
(1+0.69) = (0.559)(80.4)(1.69) = 76.1 1+
pole
(speech, 3km/h)=
0.013
1
1+0.79
1
(1+0.69) = ( )( )( ) = 1+
pole
(speech, 50km/h)=
1
1+
1
(1+G
DTX
) 1+ M
pole
=

1
1+F
1
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3. The various PS 64 M
pole
values can
be calculated using the different , F
and G
DTX
values as below:
(1+0.05) = (0.559)(28.5)(1.05) = 16.6 1+
M
pole
(PS 64, 3km/h)=
0.036
1
1+0.79
1
1+0.77
(1+0.05) = (0.565)(21.4)(1.05) = 12.6 1+
M
pole
(PS 64, 50km/h)=
0.049
1 1
(1+G
DTX
) 1+ M
pole
=

1
1+F
1
4. M
pole
for Speech and PS 64 can now be
calculated based on the percentage of mobiles
moving at 3 km/h and 50 km/h as below:
M
pole
(Speech, 3 sector, urban/dense urban)
= [(0.75)(76.1) + (0.25)( )] = [57 + ] =
M
pole
(PS64, 3 sector, urban/dense urban)
= [(0.75)(16.8) + (0.25)(12.7)] = [12.6 + 3.175] = 15.775 16
Based on the previous equations typical uplink M
pole
values for one
sector of a 3-sector urban/dense urban site are given in Table 3-7
below.
16 PS 64/64 + SRB
16 CS 64 kbps + SRB
71 Speech 12.2 kbps + SRB
Urban / dense urban RAB
Table 3-7 Uplink values for 3-sector urban/dense urban
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DOWNLINK CAPACITY
The downlink equations are more complex than the uplink ones.
For the downlink it is not as easy to separate the coverage and
capacity in the way that is done for the uplink. The main difference
from the uplink is that the UEs in the downlink share one common
power source. Thus the cell range is not dependent only on how
many UEs there are in the cell but also on the geographical
distribution of the UEs.
Despite orthogonal codes, the downlink channels can not be
perfectly separated due to multipath propagation. This means that
a fraction of the BS power will be experienced as interference.
Also, the downlink interference, caused by neighboring base
stations transmitting channels non-orthogonal with the serving
base station, depends on the user equipment position dependent.
DOWNLINK CURVES
The final equations are quite complex and difficult to use. In order
to facilitate the dimensioning process, curves have been
generated based on the equations. The curves display the cell
load (M/M
pole
) versus the cell range. Figure 3-13 below shows this
for an urban 3-sector site.
Figure 3-13 Downlink curve for 3-sector urban site
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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Typical parameter values have been used and 20% of the power
has been allocated to control channels. A homogenous user
distribution has been assumed. To account for non-homogenous
distributions and log-normal fading, a 5 W headroom has been
used. Thus the curves are based on a total power P
tot
of 15 W
instead of 20 W. This roughly corresponds to 95% coverage
probability.
The curve can be used to find the load (M/M
pole
) that the cell can
support for a given range. Since power is the shared resource in
the downlink, the attenuation of the environment has a big impact
on the capacity. The different downlink margin (DL
marg
) curves
represent different attenuation environments. Coverage
calculations using these curves will be covered in chapter 4.
DOWNLINK M
POLE
Equation 10 below, should be used to calculate the downlink M
pole
for the services to be supported.
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1 ) (
1
1
) (
) ( ) (
pole dtx
AS
b
b
b b
G
b SHO
F
M +

+

+ +
=

=

Equation 10 Downlink M
pole
Where
is the downlink C/I target (linear scale) for the RAB.
is the orthogonality factor of the Cell.
F is the downlink intercell interference factor.
SHO is the fraction of users that are in soft/softer handover.
b is the number of BSs in soft handover.
is the system average of soft handover gain.
G
DTX
is the downlink DTX gain.
Once the supported load and M
pole
have been established, the
number of downlink channels can be calculated.
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DOWNLINK F FACTOR
The F factor for downlink is somewhat different from that for the
uplink because it is dependent on the position of the UEs both in
its own cell and other cells. This gives an F factor dependent on
traffic distribution and wave propagation characteristics as well
log-normal fading and antenna characteristics.
Recommended downlink F factors for various site configurations
are given in Table 3-8 below.
Table 3-8 Recommended downlink F factors
THE VALUE
This value models the gain in soft handover in downlink due to the
maximum combining ratio
THE SHO-VALUE
The SHO-value is used to model the fraction of UEs in soft/softer
handover
Recommended and SHO values for two-way soft handover are
given in Table 3-9 below.
Table 3-9 Recommended and SHO values
WCDMA Radio Network Design
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ORTHOGONALITY FACTOR ( )
Despite orthogonal codes, the downlink channels can not be
perfectly separated due to multipath propagation. This means that
a fraction of the RBS power will be experienced as interference.
Recommended values of that should be used for different area
types are shown in Table 3-10 below.
Orthogonality factor
Typical Urban (TU) 0.64
Rural Area (RA) 0.15
Table 3-10 Recommended values
DOWNLINK FAST FADING
The M
pole
values will usually be lower for a fast fading environment
due to the fact that the transmitted power becomes higher than
without fast fading. This phenomenon is called TX increase and
results in a higher interference level for the network. The effects of
fast fading is modeled in the M
pole
formula, by an increase of the
downlink C/I-target () with a compensation term. This term is
dependent on the channel model and UE speed. Recommended
compensation values for the 3GPP channel models are given in
Table 3-11 below.
Table 3-11 Downlink C/I () compensation values
This compensation should be added to the C/I () when M
pole
is
calculated.
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DOWNLINK M
POLE
FOR MIXED CHANNEL MODLES
Just as in the uplink the M
pole
values will depend on the percentage
of each 3GPP channel model served. These percentages will of
course be the same as the uplink.
Example downlink M
pole
for mixed channel models
What is the downlink M
pole
values for Speech and PS 64 kbps of a
3-sector site in an urban area, assuming two-way soft handover?
Solution
Complete the calculations below:
-16.2
in dB
+ 0.5
(3 km/h)
PG
246
..
-15.7
in dB
+ 0.4
(50 km/h)
1. Firstly the various ( + compensation)
values must be calculated as below:
= Eb/No - 10log(PG)
2. The various speech M
pole
values
can be calculated using the different
and G
DTX
values as below:
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1 ) (
1
1
) (
) ( ) (
pole dtx
AS
b
b
b b
G
b SHO
F
M +

+

+ +
=

=

M
pole
(speech, 3km/h)=
0.26(2-1- 0.67)
1+ 0.024(0.64 + 0.72)
= 58.94
1+0.67
0.033 [1.05]
2.02
1
(2.02)
=
M
pole
speech, 50km/h)=
( -1- )
1+ ( + )
=
1+
[ ]
1
( )
=
WCDMA Radio Network Design
- 74 - LZT123 7628
3. The various PS 64 M
pole
values
can be calculated using the different
, and G
DTX
values as below:
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1 ) (
1
1
) (
) ( ) (
pole dtx
AS
b
b
b b
G
b SHO
F
M +

+

+ +
=

=

M
pole
(PS 64, 3km/h)=
0.26(2-1- 0.67)
1+ 0.085(0.64 + 0.72)
= 8.64
1+0.67
0.116 [1.05]
1.05
1
(1.05)
=
M
pole
PS 64, 50km/h)=
0.26(2-1- 0.67)
1+ 0.107(0.64 + 0.72)
= 6.54
1+0.67
0.146 [1.05]
1.05
1
(1.05)
=
4. M
pole
for Speech and PS 64 can now be
calculated based on the percentage of mobiles
moving at 3 km/h and 50 km/h as below:
M
pole
(Speech, 3 sector, urban/dense urban)
= [(0.75)(58.94) + (0.25)( )] = [ + ] =
M
pole
(PS64, 3 sector, urban/dense urban)
= [(0.75)(8.64) + (0.25)(6.54)] = [6.48 + 1.64] = 8.12 8
Based on the previous equations typical downlink M
pole
values for
a 3-sector urban/dense site are given in Table 3-12 below.
8 PS 64/64 + SRB
7 CS 64 kbps + SRB
57 Spech 12.2 kbps + SRB
Urban / dense urban RAB
Table 3-12 Downlink M
pole
values
3 WCDMA Capacity
LZT123 7628 - 75 -
CELL LOAD
Where a WCDMA cell offers circuit switched and Best Effort (BE)
services, its load will be made up of the conversational load (Q
c
),
that is generated by the Voice and CS 64 RABs and best effort
load (Q
BE
) that is generated by Packet Switched RABs.
CONVERSATIONAL LOAD (Q
C
)
The load on a cell for conversational traffic, when only one service
is offered, is given by equation 11 below.
OR
Q
C
=
M
M
pole
Equation 11 Conversational load (Q
C
) for a single service
In a mulit-service network the Qc is given by equation 12 below.
OR
Q
C
=
M
1
M
pole,1
M
2
M
pole,2
+
M
3
M
pole,3
+ + ...
Equation 12 Conversational load 9Qc) for a multi-service network
Where
Q
C
is the conversational load
M
n
is the number of simultaneous users for the n:th RAB
M
pole,n
is the pole capacity for the n:th RAB
WCDMA Radio Network Design
- 76 - LZT123 7628
MAXIMUM CELL LOAD
A WCDMA system can not be loaded up to 100%. To secure a
well performing network the uplink and downlink load used in the
dimensioning process should not exceed the values given in Table
3-13 below, for the given release of the Radio Access Network
(RAN).
RAN P1 and P2 RAN P3 -
Maximum Uplink load 50 % 60 %
Maximum Downlink load 65 % 75 %
Table 3-13 Maximum recommended Cell loading
Single service calculation
Calculate the maximum uplink and downlink RAN P2.1 capacity of
a 3-sector urban site serving speech only users.
Solution
Complete the calculation below:
2. One sector of a 3-sector site in an urban environment has an downlink
speech M
pole
of ...
At 65% load the number of simultaneous users (M) can be derived from the
formula:
M = M
pole
X Q
c
=>M = ... X 0.65 = . . simultaneous users
1. One sector of a 3-sector site in an urban
environment has an uplink speech M
pole
of 71.
At 50% load the number of simultaneous
users (M) can be derived from the formula:
Solving for M yields:
M = M
pole
X Q
C
=>M = 71 X 0.5 = 35.5 36 simultaneous users
OR
Q
C
=
M
M
pole
3 WCDMA Capacity
LZT123 7628 - 77 -
Multi-service calculation
If the cell is used to serve an equal number of speech and CS 64
kbps users, how many could be simultaneously connected?
Solution
For the uplink: 0.5 = (0.5x/71) + (0.5x/16)
=> 0.5 = (8+ 35.5)x /1136 = 43.5x/1136 => 43.5x = 0.5X1136 => x = 13.06 13
= 6 each
For the downlink: 0.5 = (0.5 x/57) + (0.5x/7)
=> 0.5 = (3.5+ 28.5)x /399 = 32x/399 => 32x = 0.5X399 =>x = 6.23 6 = 3 each
For a mulit-service network the load is distributed according to the formula:
OR
Q
C
=
M
1
M
pole,1
M
2
M
pole,2
+
M
3
M
pole,3
+ + ...
WCDMA Radio Network Design
- 78 - LZT123 7628
BEST EFFORT LOAD (Q
BE
)
A similar formula is used to determine Q
BE
as shown below:
Q
BE
=
M
data
M
pole
Where M
data
is the number of simultaneous packet channels and
M
pole
is the maximum number of packet channels.
If this equation is solved for M
data
it becomes:
M
data
= Q
BE
X M
pole
If the peak factor is taken into account, the number of
simultaneous packet data sessions (M
data
) possible with these
channels is given by equation 5 below.
M
data
= 0.7 M
data
Equation 5 Simultaneous packet sessions
By substituting M
data
= Q
BE
X M
pole
into

equation 5 we can produce
equation 13 below.
M
data
= 0.7 X Q
BE
X M
pole
Equation 13 Simultaneous packet sessions for given load
Where
Q
BE
is the load available for BE
M
data
is the number of simultaneous packet sessions
M
pole
is theoretical maximum number of packet channels
3 WCDMA Capacity
LZT123 7628 - 79 -
Best effort Calculation
How much data (in KB = Bytes X 2
10
) can a cell that has 20% load
available for BE users pass in the busy hour?
Solution
Complete the calculations below:
The number of packet sessions M
data
may be calculated using equation 13:
M
data
= 0.7 X Q
BE
X M
pole
It may be assumed that only the 64 kbps bearer is availabl e
during the busy hour
1. For the uplink: M
data
= 0.7 X 0.2 X 16 = 2.24
2.24 packet sessions at 64 kbps would carry
(2.24 X 64 X 10
3
X3600)/(8X2
10
)KB/h = 63000 KB/h
2. For the downlink: M
data
= 0.7 X 0.2 X 8 =
.. packet sessions at 64 kbps would carry
( X 64 X 10
3
X3600)/(8X2
10
)KB/h = KB/h
WCDMA Radio Network Design
- 80 - LZT123 7628
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