constantes arbitrrias, uma soluo da equao diferencial

0 cy y bx y ax
2
= + +


1.4 Equaes de 1
a
ordem e 1
o
grau

So equaes do tipo ( ) y x, f
dx
dy
= .
Se ( )
( )
( ) y x, N
y x, M
y x, f = , com ( ) 0 y x, N , podemos escrever:
( )
( ) y x, N
y x, M
dx
dy
= 0 Ndy Mdx = +


1.5 Equaes de Variveis Separveis

Se apresentam ou so transformveis numa equao do tipo 0 Ndy Mdx = + ,
onde M e N podem ser:

1.5.1 funes de uma varivel ou
1.5.2 produtos com fatores de uma s varivel ou
1.5.3 constantes.

So equaes de fcil soluo, bastando isolar os termos de x e y e integrar.


Exemplos:
a) ( ) ( ) 0 dy xy 2y dx 1 y
2
= + b) 0 xdy ydx =
c) ( ) 0 dy x dx y 1 1 x
2 2 2
= d) 1 3x
dx
dy
=
e) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 dy x sec y tg dx y sec x tg =


1.6 Exerccios

1) Determine, se possvel, a soluo geral das seguintes equaes diferenciais:
a) ( ) 0 ydx dy 1 x = R: ( ) 1 x k y =
b)
( )xy x 1
y 1
dx
dy
2
2
+
+
= R: 1
1 x
kx
y
2
2
2

+
=
c) ( ) 0 x cos y
dx
dy
= + R:
( ) x sen
e
k
y =
d) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 dy x tg y sec dx y tg x sec
2 2
= + R: ( ) ( ) x cotg k y tg =
e)
dx
dy
xy 2y
dx
dy
x a =

+ R: ( )
a 2a
y kx ln y =
f) ( ) ( ) 0 dy x y 1 dx y x 1
3 2 3 2
= + + R: k
y
1
x
1
2
1
y
x
ln
2 2
=

g) ( )( ) ( )( ) 0 dy b y a x dx b y a x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= + + +
R: c
b
y
arctg 2b y
a x
a x
ln x
a
=

+
h) ( ) 0
dx
dy
y tg
x
1
= R: ( ) k y cos x =
i) ( ) 0 dy 1 x dx 4xy
2 2
= + + R: ( ) c
y
1
1 x ln
2
2
= +
j) ( ) 0 dy 2 y 3 dx xy = R: ( )
12 2
ky ln x 6y =
k) 0 dy ye xdx
2
x
= +

R: k y e
2 x
2
= +
l) ( ) ( ) 0 dy x 3 dx y 2 = + R: ( )( ) k x 3 y 2 = +
m) ( ) 0 dy x 1 dx xy
2
= + R: ( )
2 2
x 1 k y + =
n)
4 x
e
dx
dy
2
2y
+
=

R: k
2
x
arctg e
2y
+

=
o) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 dy x cos y sen dx x sen y cos
2
= + R: ( ) ( ) ( ) k y sec x sec ln = +

2) Resolva os seguintes problemas de valor inicial (PVI):
a) ( ) ( ) 2 0 y ; 0 dy dx y y
2
= = R:
x
e
2
1
1
1
y

=
b) ( ) 1 0 y ; 0 ydy dx e
x
= = R: 1 2e y
x 2
=
c) ( ) 4 1 y ; 0 dy x dx y = = R: ( )
2
1 x y + =
d) ( ) ( ) 1 0 y ; 0 dy 1 x dx y
2
= = + R:
y
y 1
e x 1

=
e) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ln 2 y ; 0 dy x x dx
3
= = + R:

=
1 x 2
3x
ln y
2

f) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 y ; 0 dy x 1 dx y 1
2 2
= = + R:
( ) 1 x 9
1 x
1 y
1 y

+
=
+

g) ( ) ( ) 2 1 y ; 0 dy x dx y 1
3 2
= = + R:

+
2
2
x
x 1
e 3
1 y
1 y

h) ( ) 1 1 y ; 0 dy x 1 dx y 1
2 2
= = + R: ( ) ( ) 0 y arccos x arccos = +
i) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 y ; 0 dy x 1 dx y 1
2 2
= = + + + R: ( ) ( ) x arctg
2
y arctg =


j) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 7 y ; 0 dy x 6x ydx 3 x
2
= = + + R:
( )
x
6 x 7
y
3
2

=
k) ( ) ( ) 0 0 y ; 0 ydy 1 x 2 dx xe
2 y
= = +
R: ( ) ( ) 3
1 x
1
1 x ln 1 y 2e
y

+
+ + = +


l) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 y ; 0 dy 1 x dx x ln y
2
= = + R:
( ) 1 x x
2x
y
1 x
1
+
=
+

m) ( ) ( ) 0 0 y ; 0 dy e 1 dx e
2
x x
= = +


R: ( ) ( ) 4 ln
1 e
1
1 e ln e y
x
2
x x
+
+
+ =
n) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ln
3
y ; 0 dy x tg ln ydx x tg x cotg = = +


R: ( ) ( )
2
x tg ln y =
o) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
y ; 0 dy 3y cos dx 2x sen

= = + R: ( ) ( ) 3 2x 3cos 3y 2sen + =
p) ( ) 1 0 y ; 0 dy ye xdx
x
= = +

R: ( ) 1 x 1 2e y
x 2
=
q) ( ) 2 0 r ; r
d
dr
= =

R:

2e r =
r) ( ) 2 0 y ;
y x y
2x
dx
dy
2
=
+
= R: ( ) [ ]
2
2 2 2
x 1 e ln y + =
s) ( ) ( ) 1 0 y ; x 1 xy
dx
dy
2
1
2 3
= + =

R:
( )
2
1
2
2
x 1 2 3
1
y
+
=
t) ( ) 0 2 y ;
2y 1
2x
dx
dy
=
+
= R: ( ) 4 x y 1 y
2
= +
u) ( ) ( ) 0 0 y ; 0 dy 1 y dx xe
5 x
2
= = + R: ( ) 3 6 y y 3e
5 x
2
= +

3) Observe que a equao
y x
4x y
dx
dy

= no separvel, mas se a varivel y for

substituda por uma nova varivel v, definida por
x
y
v = , ento a equao se
torna separvel em x e v. Ache a soluo da equao dada usando esta tcnica.
R: ( ) ( ) k 2x y 2x y
3
= +


1.7 Equaes Homogneas

Definio 8: Diz-se que uma funo ( ) z y, x, f homognea se, substituindo-se
x por kx, y por ky e z por kz, for verdadeira a igualdade ( ) ( ) z y, x, f k kz ky, kx, f
m
= ,
onde m dito grau de homogeneidade.

Exemplos:
f) ( )
2 2
y 2xy x y x, f + =