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National Industrialization

for Science and Technology Development


Dr. Giovanni Tapang
Associate Professor, National Institute of Physics
University of the Philippines Diliman

STS 2014
Walkthrough

Introduction

Science and technology in the Philippines

National industrial policy

Critical innovation for national industrialization


State of science and technology
Philippine science and technology
Underdeveloped
Stunted
Reected on statistics
Education
Industrial growth
Reected on livelihood
Lack of industries
Massive poverty
Philippine poverty
and backwardness

Widespread poverty

1 out of 4 (NSCB 27.9 %, < P7,821/mo)

Worsening inequality

Agricultural and industrial


backwardness

Overly reliant on cheap labor


export (OFW), foreign capital
and debt

2012 data: Agri 12.3%, Industry 33.3 %, Services 54.4% (2011 est)

Feb 2013 data: Agri 12.4 %, Industry 31.3%, Services 56.4 % (2012 est)

De-industrialization and shrinking manufacturing: As small as in 1950s

Falling food production per capita, rising agricultural trade decits

SWS survey (1Q 2013):


25.4% unemployment

Around 10.6 million


unemployed (IBON) + 5
million (due to Yolanda)

47.2%-49 % in the 18-24


age range, 30.2% -32.9
% for 25-34 (Dec 2012
SWS)
Overseas Remittances,
1980-2009 (US$ million, % of GDP)
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Year
U
S
$
m
illio
n
, c
u
r
r
e
n
t
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
%
o
f G
D
P
OFWremittances (US$ million)
As percentage of GDP (%)
Weak Manufacturing

Manufacturing industry has been weak, growth has been slow and
contribution to value added and employment has been limited.

..Industrial structure remained hollow or missing in middle and


medium enterprises... never seriously challenged the large
entrenched incumbents.

Linkages between SMEs and large enterprises [remain] limited

Heavy concentration of Philippine exports on three major


products groups: electronics, garments and textiles and auto parts

Within these major product groups, exports are highly concentrated


in low value added and labor-intensive products sectors.
Twenty Years after Philippine Trade Liberalization and Industrialization: What Has Happened and Where Do We Go from Here
Rafaelita M. Aldaba, Philippine Institute for Development Studies
DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2013-21
Brain Drain Worsens

In 1998, there were 9,877 outbound science workers. In


2009, the number has grown to 24,502 (2.5x)

More than half of these are health professionals and nurses


while a fth are engineers.

23 % of total science workers pool go abroad to seek


employment.

Philippines ranked 96 out of 139 nations in terms of


availability of scientists and engineers in the 2010-2011
Global Competitiveness Report by the World Economic
Forum.
Emigration of Science and Technology Educated Filipinos (1998-2006) and 2011 DOST SEI studies

Brain Drain Worsens

The number of scientists and engineers currently


engaged in research and development (R&D)
activities across the Philippines is about 8,800.

Allocation for DOST comes to only 0.085% of GDP


(1/3 of Thailand's 0.26% and 1/8 of Malaysia's 0.69%) [2012]

UNESCO Science Report 2010: researcher


population density of the Philippines is 1 per 12,345
population in 2009.
Singapore (one per 164), Thailand (one per 3,215), Indonesia
(one per 6,172) and Vietnam (one per 8,695).
Emigration of Science and Technology Educated Filipinos (1998-2006) and 2011 DOST SEI studies

Current situation

Lack of basic industries

No program for rural


industrialization, agricultural
modernization

No genuine infrastructure in
energy, transportation,
communications, information
technology and basic services
National
Industrialization
Why build national
industries?

Key to establishment of
modern and diversied
industrial economy

Secure livelihood

Satisfy basic needs

Ensure rapid and sustained


economic growth

Achieve economic
independence
Heavy industries
base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
durables.
LEADING FACTOR
Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries
and mass housing
BRIDGING FACTOR
Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
National industrialisation

Maximum self-sufciency in
industrial production of capital

Provide intermediate and


consumer goods for domestic
needs based on national
potential

Ensure food security and self-


sufciency

Produce primarily for domestic


consumption not exports
Heavy industries
base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
durables.
LEADING FACTOR
Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries
and mass housing
BRIDGING FACTOR
Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
...as opposed to...

Current pattern of production,


investments, and trade

Export of agricultural and


extractive raw materials

Importation of surplus nished


goods, agricultural
commodities and capital,

Re-export of reassembled or
repackaged imported
manufactures
Is there economic basis for
national industrialization?

Comprehensively rich natural


resource base

Metals, minerals, energy,


biodiversity, marine resources

Skilled forces of production

Workers, peasants,
professionals (incl. scientists
and technologists)
Some features of
a national industrialization policy
Public sector ownership and
operation of vital industries

Nationalization of vital and


strategic enterprises

Main source of raw materials

Main lines of distribution

All public utilities

Social services (housing,


health, education, social
security)
Limited foreign corporations and
entities in manufacturing enterprises

Foreign investments will be


allowed only in clearly
unreplicable advantages in
terms of technology transfer or
access to capital, products and
markets

Strict regulation and supervision


including entry of all forms of
speculative capital

May be allowed a minority equity


share (not more than 40%)
Financing National Industries

Public nance to maximize funds for the


realization of the strategic plan

Eliminate bureaucratic, military and


other counterproductive expenditures
(aka pork barrel)

Remove automatic appropriation for


foreign debt service

Balance accumulation and consumptionLegislator ! NGO


2007-2009
size of lines correspond to
amount of money transferred
Text
Network Visualization of
PDAF releases 2007-2009
Legislator and NGOs
thickness of lines = amount of money
Anong nawawala dahil sa pork?
Genuine national development
with a domestic industrial policy
Agriculture as base

Provide means of subsistence

Source of industrial raw materials

Vast market for industrial products;

Main reservoir of labor power for


industry and other sectors of economy

Important source of accumulation funds

Biotechnology, high yield farming, low


inputs, efcency, etc.
Heavy industries
base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
durables.
LEADING FACTOR
Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries
and mass housing
BRIDGING FACTOR
Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
Heavy industry is leading factor

Provide modern machinery,


motor power, chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, and other
means of production for
agriculture

Produces various light


industrial machines and light
industrial raw materials

Provides necessary conditions


for technical innovation and
development of the national
economy as a whole and
guaranteeing independence
Heavy industries
base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
durables.
LEADING FACTOR
Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries
and mass housing
BRIDGING FACTOR
Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
Light industry as a bridging factor

Produces necessary
consumer goods for rural and
urban areas

Indispensable in raising living


standards

Requires smaller investments


but provides quick returns

Accumulation fund for


expansion of heavy industry
Heavy industries
base metals, basic
chemicals, petrochemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery,
precision instruments,
electronics, and consumer
durables.
LEADING FACTOR
Light industries
processing of grains, cereals,
fruits and vegetables,
beverages and dairy products,
meat and poultry; aquaculture
and fisheries, clothing-footwear,
textile and garment industries
and mass housing
BRIDGING FACTOR
Agriculture
(modernized and
mechanized)
BASE
Patriotic Science and Technology
!
Pushing for pro-people
development
!
National industrialization
!
Genuine agrarian
Reform
!
United with other
progressive sectors
Science and technology for the people

Committed to peoples interests

Science for peoples requirements and needs

Responsive and constantly plans

Development and management

Science, technology and natural resources

Consciously linked on peoples needs


Greatest and continuing challenge is to make science
and technology and progress serve the benet of the
majority
Man can find meaning in life. Short and perilous as it
is, only through devoting himself to society.
Albert Einstein
Prometheus Bound
Weekly column in the Manila Times
Every Thursday
www.agham.org
National Industrialization
for Science and Technology Development
Dr. Giovanni Tapang
Associate Professor, National Institute of Physics
University of the Philippines Diliman

gtapang@nip.upd.edu.ph
STS 2014

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