EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW

FOR INSTRUMENT ORAL

1. Be able to identify, define and use the following abbreviations:
AGL ALS ASR ATC CAS
! "# $AA GS !%RL
%AS %CA& %$R %LS %"
%'T LA L%$R L"" "AA
"CA "A "#A "" "&CA
"RA "SL "SA 'B A$
'&(T &" (AR RB' R#%L
R)R R)) TAS T*L T)&R
)$R ")$R )!$ )&R )&RTAC
)a )f )fe )ne )no )r )s )so )+ )y
,. !ow often does the -itot.stati/ syste0 and alti0eter have to be /he/1ed2
3. 4hat are the 0ini0u0 e5ui-0ent re5uire0ents for %$R flight2
6. 4here does Class A airs-a/e begin2 4hat e5ui-0ent is re5uired2 Any other
re5uire0ents2
7. 4hat is the "SA for %$R flights in 0ountainous and non.0ountainous terrain2
8. 4hat are the only two AGL altitudes listed on an a--roa/h -late2
9. 4hat is the value of ea/h dot on the )&R fa/e in referen/e to %LS a--roa/hes2
:. !ow 0u/h of an u-ward defle/tion of the glideslo-e indi/ator ;in ter0s of dots< is
allowed at the 0iddle 0ar1er before /alling a 0issed a--roa/h2
=. %n referen/e to an 'B, what is a bearing and what is a /ourse2
1>. 4hat -ro/edure should you follow when you have diverted fro0 your destination in
bad weather and your alternate has gone below alternate 0ini0u0s2
11. 4hat is the trans-onder -ro/edure for lost /o00uni/ations2
1,. !ow is TAS /al/ulated2
13. !ow do you deter0ine whether or not an alternate is needed2
16. 4hat are the 0ini0u0 alternate re5uire0ents2
17. es/ribe ea/h of the following, s-e/ify what infor0ation they /ontain, their duration,
and their fre5uen/y of issue:
$A $T SA S( RS (%R#(
18. #+-lain the differen/e between an A%R"#T, a S%G"#T, and a C&')#CT%)#
S%G"#T.
19. $or ea/h of the following ty-es of /harts....des/ribe what they are, how they are used
by -ilots, how often they are issued, observed, or fore/ast, and what their -eriod of
fore/ast?validity is:
Surfa/e Analysis 4eather e-i/tion
Radar Su00ary Signifi/ant 4eather (rognosti/
Co0-osite "oisture Stability Sever 4eather &utloo1
Constant (ressure
1:. #+-lain in full how a thunderstor0 develo-s, what fronts or syste0s they are usually
in /on@un/tion with, and what haAards 0ay be en/ountered in relation to the0.
1=. #+-lain in detail the differen/e between stratus and /u0ulus.
,>. 4hat is the %nternational Standard At0os-here ;%SA< at Sea Level2 !g2 "b2 BC2
B$2 and the standard la-se rate of ea/h -er 1,>>>C2
,1. !ow often are low enroute /harts -ublished2 A--roa/h -lates2 Se/tionals2
Air-ort?$a/ilities ire/tories2
,,. !ow do we 1now our /harts are /urrent2 ;tri/1 5uestion<
,3. D,3 has been 0oved to D18, answer it there not here.
,6. #+-lain the differen/e between the blue, green, and brown air-orts on a low enroute
/hart.
,7. 4hy are so0e triangles ;low enroute /hart< solid and others are not2
,8. !ow do you 1now if "# 0ay be used to identify an interse/tion2
,9. !ow do you deter0ine terrain?obsta/le /learan/e off an airway2
,:. 4hat is the differen/e between an $A$ and an $A(2
,=. 4here is the $A$ on a -re/ision a--roa/h2 non.-re/ision2
3>. #+-lain the 0eaning of !AA and !AT. !ow are they different2 4here are they
found2
31. 4hat are the different a--roa/h /ategories and how are they deter0ined2
3,. &n a /ir/ling a--roa/h, what area of /learan/e are you guaranteed2
33. 4hen is des/ent below "A?! allowed2
36. %dentify the /o0-onents of a -re/ision a--roa/h.
37. 4hat is the Erunway environ0entE2 !ow far /an you des/end if you only have the
a--roa/h lights in sight2
38. 4hy do so0e a--roa/hes have nu0bers ;e+. )&R 13< and others have letters ;e+.
)&R.A<2
39. !ow /losely aligned with the runway /enterline does an a--roa/h have to be to be
/onsidered Estraight.inE2
3:. es/ribe an LA a--roa/h and an S$ a--roa/h and e+-lain the differen/e between
the two.
3=. !ow would a tailwind effe/t the ti0ing of a non.-re/ision a--roa/h2 A headwind2
6>. es/ribe a /onta/t a--roa/h and a visual a--roa/h and e+-lain the differen/e between
the two ;who /an /all for ea/h, visibility?/eiling re5uire0ents, et/<.
61. 4hat is a shuttle2
6,. 'a0e the re5uired instru0ents and e5ui-0ent for an %$R flight.
63. At what altitude is "ode C re5uired2 4hat ty-e;s< airs-a/e2
66. es/ribe in full the -ro/edure for lost /o00uni/ations. %n/lude altitude, route,
/learan/e li0it, holding, a--roa/h, s5uaw1, ti0es, et/.
67. 4hat re-orts are re5uired by the $ARCs for %$R flight2
68. 'a0e the ty-es of )&Rs and e+-lain the differen/es and ranges between the0.
69. 'a0e and des/ribe the various li0itations?-roble0s?errors with the A$?'B.
6:. List and des/ribe the various ty-e of )&R tests and toleran/es for ea/h.
6=. 4hat are the )!$ and F!$ antennas on the -lane2 ;if any<
7>. es/ribe in detail, the -roble0s?errors of the 0agneti/ /o0-ass.
71. %f using the 0agneti/ /o0-ass on a heading of east and turning to a heading of north,
what heading would you start your roll.out on, how did you deter0ine that heading2
7,. 4hat is the differen/e between de.i/ing and anti.i/ing e5ui-0ent2 oes your air/raft
have either one2 %f so, what is it2 !ow does it wor12
73. 4hat is the 0a+i0u0 a0ount of error allowed in the alti0eter to 0a1e an %$R flight2
76. 4hat a/tion, if any, is re5uired after the loss of va/uu0 instru0ents in flight2
77. 4hat do/u0ents 0ust be on board the air/raft for all %$R flights2
78. %n referen/e to %$R flights, are we referring to:
a. flights in a/tual %"C
b. flights under si0ulated %"C
/. flights on an %$R flight -lan
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
f. so0e /o0bination of the above ;if so, what2<
79. 4hat are the re/en/y of e+-erien/e re5uire0ents for %$R flight2 4ith -assengers2
7:. 4hat is the differen/e between R)R and R))2
7=. #+-lain what is 0eant when a -ilot is told E/ruise 8,>>>E.
8>. 4hat are the four?five a--roa/h seg0ents of an %$R a--roa/h and where does ea/h
begin2 Are there any e+/e-tions2
81. Fnder what /ir/u0stan/es, if any, would a (ro/edure Turn not be used2
8,. 4hat is the -ro/edure for E-i/1ing u-E an %$R /learan/e at an un/ontrolled air-ort2
4hat is the na0e for this ty-e of /learan/e2 %s there 0ore than one way to do it2 %s it
re5uired that you 0aintain )$R until establishing radio /onta/t with ATC2
83. !ow far offshore does F.S. airs-a/e e+tend2
86. 4hat is i0-lied if no /louds or visibility are re-orted on AT%S2 4hat is i0-lied if no
wind or visibility is re-orted in the hourly weather re-ort2 %n the ter0inal fore/ast2
87. 4here is the )&R C&( ;/hangeover -oint< on 0ost airways2 %s it labelled2 %f so,
how2
88. Can a--roa/h /ontrol /lear you below the "#A when enroute2
89. 4hat /an a -ilot do if his %$R /urren/y has la-sed2
8:. 4hat has the $AA dee0ed an Ea--ro-riate safety -ilotE2
8=. 4hat is /onsidered Einstru0ent flight ti0eE by the $ARCs2 4here would you find that
infor0ation2
9>. 4hat /ertifi/ates 0ust a -ilot /arry in his -ersonal -ossession for an %$R flight2
91. 4hat are the fuel re5uire0ents for %$R flight2 )$R2
9,. %s it re5uired that an alternate be listed when filing %$R2 4hen is an alternate
re5uired2 4hat are alternate 0ini0u0s2
93. As (%C, /an you allow the o-eration of a -ortable ele/troni/ devi/e aboard the
air/raft for )$R flight2 %$R2 %s a /ellular -hone -er0itted to be used aboard an
air/raft2 4hy or why not2 4hen and?or when not2
96. !ow often 0ust your )&R be /he/1ed to be legal for %$R flight2 )$R2
97. At what -oint /an you /an/el your %$R flight -lan2
98. 4hat is the 0ethod for /losing an %$R flight -lan2 )$R2
99. 4hat are the 0ini0u0 weather re5uire0ents for ta1eoff under $AR (art =1 for %$R
flight2 oes it 0atter what 1ind of air-ort it is2 %f so, des/ribe the re5uire0ents at
the different ty-es.
9:. #+-lain in detail the differen/e between "A and !.
9=. !ow wide is an airway2 4hat -art of the airway should you fly on2 4hen, if ever,
should you deviate fro0 that -art of the airway2 ;thin1 about this one %$R and )$R<
:>. %f flying %$R how do you /hoose your /ruising altitude2 %f )$R2 At what altitude do
/ruise altitude rules begin ;hint: itCs AGL<2 !ow 0u/h se-aration will that allow you
between traffi/ in the sa0e dire/tion2 &--osite dire/tion traffi/2 Cir/le the /orre/t
o-tion on ea/h line to show whether itCs )$R or %$R and whether itCs eastbound or
westbound.
7,7>>C.............)$R.......%$R........#ASTB&F'........4#STB&F'......
7,>>>C.............)$R.......%$R........#ASTB&F'........4#STB&F'......
6,7>>C.............)$R.......%$R........#ASTB&F'........4#STB&F'......
6,>>>C.............)$R.......%$R........#ASTB&F'........4#STB&F'......
:1. 'a0e the 0ethods of identifying the outer0ar1er.
:,. !ow often 0ust the trans-onder?"ode C be /he/1ed2
:3. es/ribe your situation at /ruise if your /learan/e s-e/ifies E)$R &' T&(E.
:6. %s an alternate stati/ sour/e re5uired by the $ARCs2 %f sele/ted during flight, how will
it effe/t the instru0ents2 4hi/h one;s<2
:7. %s a -itot heater re5uired by the $ARCs2 %f used, how will it effe/t the instru0ents2
4hi/h one;s<2
:8. #+-lain the differen/e in the following /learan/es as related to an %$R altitude
assign0ent:
E'ove0ber 1,367, 0aintain si+ thousand feet.E
E'ove0ber 1,367, /ruise si+ thousand feet.E
:9. 4hat ins-e/tions 0ust be -erfor0ed on the air/raft to be o-erated %$R2 4hen are
those ins-e/tions due2
::. is/uss S%s and STARs. 4hat are they2 4here do you find the02 !ow do you use
the02 4hat is their -ur-ose2 et/....
:=. Assu0e you are %$R outside of radar environ0ent, what radio re-orts 0ust be
auto0ati/ally trans0itted to ATC even without their re5uest2 ;!int: there are 1,<
=>. 4hat is the -ro/edure if you e+-erien/e TOTAL ele/tri/al failure ;'av, Co00, and
any ele/tri/al instru0ents<2
=1. #+-lain the following enroute /hart sy0bols:
a. $lag with the letter R in it
b. &-en Triangle
/. Closed Triangle
d. G.... ;solid, found on an airway at an interse/tion<
e. Bo+ with a nu0ber in it below an airway
f. &ne nu0ber over another on an airway
g. Ra/e tra/1 sy0bol
h. A B ne+t to nu0bers above an airway
=,. List as 0any ways as you /an how to identify an interse/tion.
=3. %s a )S% ;)erti/al S-eed %ndi/ator< re5uired for %$R flight2
=6. 4hat for/e 1ee-s the gyro s-inning and in a fi+ed -osition resistant to e+ternal
for/es2
=7. 4hat is the tilting or turning of a gyro in res-onse to -ressure /alled2 4hat -roble0s
0ay that lead to2 4hen is it 0ost li1ely to o//ur2
=8. 4hi/h instru0ent;s< dis-lay both -it/h and ban1 infor0ation2
=9. 4hi/h a+is is the heading indi/ator res-onding to2
=:. 4hat is a standard.rate turn2 %f the turn /oordinator was %'&(, /ould you still fly a
standard.rate turn2 !ow2

==. 4hat would you do to the ban1 angle to 0aintain a standard.rate turn while
de/reasing airs-eed2
1>> 4hat is?are the dire/tion.see1ing instru0ent;s< in your air/raft2
1>1 4hat is the angular distan/e between the true and 0agneti/ -oles 1nown as2
1>, !ow do you /orre/t for 0agneti/ deviation2
1>3 oes E0agneti/ di-E in/rease or de/rease at the -oles2
1>6 4here are a//eleration?de/eleration errors 0ost a--arent2
1>7 Turning errors are 0ost a--arent when turning to or fro0 whi/h headings2
1>8 4hi/h instru0ent;s< wor1 off the -itot tube2 Stati/ (ort2
1>9 %s stati/ -ressure available to all -itot.stati/ instru0ents2
1>: #+-lain the differen/e between TAS, %AS, CAS, and GS.
1>= #+-lain the differen/e between Absolute Altitude, ensity Altitude, %ndi/ated
Altitude, (ressure Altitude, and True Altitude. 4ill these all be the sa0e2 %f not,
why not2 %f so, when and how2
11> %f you fly into an area of low -ressure fro0 an area of high -ressure, without
resetting your alti0eter, what will your a/tual altitude be in relationshi- to your
indi/ated altitude2 #+-lain.
111 4hat /onditions deter0ine the -it/h attitude re5uired to 0aintain level flight2
11, 4hat is?are the -it/h instru0ent;s<2
113 uring straight.and.level flight, what is usually /onsidered to be the -ri0ary
instru0ent for -it/h2 Ban12 (ower2
116 4hat infor0ation does the )S% -rovide2 !ow reliable is it2
117 uring an airs-eed /hange in straight.and.level flight, whi/h instru0ents are -ri0ary
for -it/h, ban1, and -ower, res-e/tively2
118 To enter a level turn fro0 straight.and.level flight, what is the initial -ri0ary ban1
instru0ent2
119 &n/e established in a standard.rate turn, whi/h instru0ent is -ri0ary for ban1
/ontrol2 (it/h2
11: Rate of turn varies with /hanges in TAS and HHHHHHHHHHHH2
11= 4here /an you find the lo/ations for )&T, )&R ground, and )&R airborne
/he/1-oints2
1,> 4hat indi/ation will you re/eive when a )&R station is shut down for 0aintenan/e2
1,1 4hen flying fro0 a )&R station, a full.s/ale C% ;Course eviation %ndi/ator<
defle/tion 0eans that you are at least HHHHHH fro0 your desired radial.
1,, %f you are 3> 0iles fro0 a )&R and the C% is defle/ted two dots fro0 /enter,
a--ro+i0ately how far are you fro0 your sele/ted radial2
1,3 Assu0e you are flying -er-endi/ular to the >=>C radial of a )&R on a heading of 38>C
and you note that two 0inutes ela-se between the >=>C and >:>C radials. %f your
grounds-eed is 1,> 1nots, your distan/e fro0 the station is a--ro+i0ately HHHH'".
1,6 Based on the -revious 5uestion and a fuel /onsu0-tion rate of 17 gallons -er hour,
how 0u/h fuel is re5uired to fly to the station2
1,7 4hat is /onsidered station -assage ;)&R<2
1,8 $ill in the blan1s /on/erning the A$:
"agneti/ !eading A$ %ndi/ator Bearing to Station
,6> >8> HHH
1=> HHH >:7
>3> HHH 187
HHH 317 ,97
1,9 4here does "# have the least error between ground distan/e to the )&RTAC and
the dis-layed distan/e2
1,: 4hen only the "# -ortion of a navaid is o-erating, the station identifier is
trans0itted a--ro+i0ately how often2
1,= At grounds-eeds of 17> 1nots or less, the a--ro+i0ate lead to inter/e-t a "# Ar/
fro0 a radial is HHHHHHH.
13> As a guide for heading /orre/tions when you fly a "# Ar/, how 0any degrees of
heading /hange should you use for ea/h 1?, 0ile deviation fro0 the desired ar/2
131 4hat are the two highest -riorities of the ATC syste02
13, !ow far in advan/e should you file your %$R flight -lan2
133 Can you E-i/1 u-E an %$R /learan/e fro0 ARTCC2 $SS2
136 4hen is an %$R flight -lan deleted fro0 the ARTCC /o0-uter if not E-i/1ed u-E2
137 %f as1ed by ATC to redu/e s-eed, to what s-eed are they referring2 ;1nots, 0-h,
%AS, GS, et/<
138 %f on an %$R flight -lan, ATC will advise you of all other traffi/. True or $alse2
139 4ho are /enter weather advisories issued by2
13: A safety alert is issued when, in the /ontrollerCs @udg0ent, an air/raft is in unsafe
-ro+i0ity to what2
13= 4ho relays %$R /learan/es to -ilots de-arting un/ontrolled air-orts2 /ontrolled2
16> 4ho /ontrols the airs-a/e within a five.0ile radius of a /ontrolled air-ort2 4hat is
that airs-a/e /alled2 4hat is the u--er li0it of that airs-a/e2 4hat do you need to
enter that airs-a/e2
161 4ho handles the transition of air/raft between the /ontrol tower and ARTCC2
16, 4ho /ontrols all enroute %$R air traffi/2
163 4hat is Stage %%%2 4here is it found2 %s -arti/i-ation 0andatory2
166 %f a /ontrol tower and a $SS are on the sa0e air-ort, what ty-e of servi/e does the
$SS -rovide after the tower /loses2
167 %n the event you deviate fro0 a /learan/e due to an e0ergen/y, what a/tion ;if any<
0ust you ta1e2 #+-lain. 4here would you find that infor0ation2
168 %f ATC -rovides you with -riority servi/e be/ause of an e0ergen/y, what a/tion ;if
any< 0ust you ta1e2 #+-lain. 4here would you find that infor0ation2
169 %f you de-art fro0 an air-ort outside of /ontrolled airs-a/e during %$R /onditions,
when 0ust you file an %$R flight -lan and re/eive /learan/e2
16: True or $alse2 ATC will not issue a S% unless you re5uest it.
16= 4hat ty-e ;if any< /learan/e will allow you to e+e/ute an instru0ent a--roa/h at
your destination air-ort2
17> 4hat is a /o0-osite flight -lan2
171 4hat is the differen/e between yellow arrows and yellow /hevrons at the end of an
air-ort runway2
17, !ow far into the a--roa/h area do a--roa/h lighting syste0s for non-re/ision
instru0ent runways nor0ally e+tend2
173 At an air-ort with a )AS%:
a. it is there for /onvenien/e
b. you 0ust fly a 3C glide -ath
/. you 0ust stay at or above the glide -ath
d. none of the above ;if none of the above....give your answer<
176 4hen the runway lights have variable intensity, how is the intensity set and by
who02
177 %f you re0ain at or above the )AS% glide -ath, what are you assured of2 Are all
)AS% -aths 3C2
178 4hat 0ay you assu0e if the rotating bea/on is on during daylight hours2
179 4hat is the 0a+i0u0 airs-eed for re/i-ro/ating.engine air/raft in:
Class airs-a/e
Class B airs-a/e
Fnder Class B airs-a/e
Through )$R /orridor in Class B airs-a/e
Airs-a/e below 1>,>>>C
17: 4here are warning areas2
17= 4ho is res-onsible for /ollision avoidan/e in Alert Areas2
18> 4ho would you /all to find out if an "&A is a/tive2 4ould it effe/t you if you were
on an %$R flight -lan2
181 !ow 0ight you 1now if the 0ilitary o-erations on an "TR are %$R or )$R2
18, #+-lain in detail the following ty-es of airs-a/e and how they effe/t %$R flights:
4arning Restri/ted Alert (rohibited A%*
#4%* Class A Class B Class C Class
Class # Class G TRSA
183 4here is it re5uired that a trans-onder have altitude en/oding /a-abilities2
186 %n what -ubli/ation would you find:
$C '&TA"S2
$SS tele-hone nu0bers2
(referred %$R routes2
)&R re/eiver /he/1-oints and )&T fa/ilities2
187 4hat is the ter0 for the route that -rovides a transition fro0 the enroute stru/ture to
the a--roa/h stru/ture2
188 4hat is the "issed A--roa/h (oint ;"A(< for a -re/ision a--roa/h2 non.-re/ision2
Fnder what other /ir/u0stan/es 0ay you be Efor/edE to shoot a 0issed a--roa/h2
189 Are /o00er/ial broad/ast stations /onsidered reliable navaids2
18: !ow /lose do you have to be to the )&R station for ATC to assign the "&CA as
your assigned altitude2
18= 4hat is the signifi/an/e of the "AA2
19> %f a "CA is not -ublished at a fi+ where the "#A in/reases to a higher altitude,
where does obstru/tion /learan/e nor0ally re5uire you to begin your /li0b in
relation to the fi+ where the /hange o//urs2
191 4hat does the fre5uen/y 1,,.1R over a )&R bo+ indi/ate2
19, 4hat are the nor0al 0ini0u0s for an %LS a--roa/h with all /o0-onents o-erative2
193 4hen a /o0-ass lo/ator is used in /on@un/tion with an %LS, where is it nor0ally
found2
196 %s it legal to fly an %LS in %"C with an ino-erable glide slo-e2 4hy?why not2
197 4hat /orre/tive a/tion, if any, should be ta1en if on the /enterline of the lo/aliAer
and
the glide slo-e but your airs-eed is too high2 4hat /onse5uen/e, if any, would you
suffer if no /orre/tive a/tion were ta1en2
198 4hat are the ty-es of -re/ision and non.-re/ision a--roa/hes2 %dentify what ty-e
ea/h is.
199 4hen flying a holding -attern with the outbound ti0e being one 0inute and twenty
se/onds ;1:,> or ::>< and the inbound leg being thirty.eight se/onds ;:3:< whi/h leg
would you /orre/t and how2
19: %n what distan/e fro0 the air-ort should you nor0ally /o0-lete a (ro/edure Turn2
19= %f you are flying a /ir/ling 0aneuver to the favored runway and the visibility is at or
above the re5uired 0ini0u0s, when /an you begin your des/ent fro0 "A2
1:> 4hat a/tion;s< should you ta1e after de/laring a 0issed a--roa/h due to weather2
1:1 %s "# re5uired for an a--roa/h labelled )&R "# R4I ,92
1:, 4hat are )(s ;)isual es/ent (oints<2 4here are they found2 !ow and why are
they used2

1:3 !ow would you 1now if nonstandard alternate 0ini0u0s a--ly to an air-ort2 4hat
sy0bol, if any, denotes that2 !ow would you find out what the 0ini0u0s were2
1:6 o %$R ta1eoff 0ini0u0s a--ly to -rivate air/raft o-erating under $AR (art=12
1:7 4hat is the standard %$R ta1eoff visibility 0ini0u02
1:8 4hat /li0b rate are -ublished %$R de-arture -ro/edures based on2
1:9 4hat is the re/o00ended -ro/edure if you do not wish to use a S%2
1:: 4hat is re5uired in order for you to be able to a//e-t a S%2
1:= Co0-lian/e with a -ublished %$R de-arture -ro/edure ensures you of obsta/le
/learan/e to what altitude2
1=> %s an %$R de-arture -ro/edure always in/luded in you %$R /learan/e ;tri/1 5uestion<2
1=1 uring an %$R de-arture fro0 a /ontrolled field, when should you /onta/t de-arture
/ontrol2 $ro0 an un/ontrolled field2
1=, 4hen landing at a /ontrolled field, when should you /onta/t ground /ontrol2
1=3 4hat infor0ation should you -rovide in your initial /onta/t with de-arture /ontrol
after leaving a /ontrolled air-ort2
1=6 4hat does the -hrase Eradar /onta/tE 0ean2
1=7 After a /ontroller advises, Eradar /onta/tE, he will -rovide radar flight following.
True or $alse2 4ould that in/lude terrain and obstru/tion /learan/e2
1=8 4hat is 0eant by the ter0 Eresu0e own navigationE after being ve/tored to an
airway2
1=9 %f you are -lanning a de-arture fro0 an un/ontrolled air-ort, and you /an not de-art
by the /learan/e void ti0e, how long do you have to notify ATC2 4hat a/tion, if
any, 0ay be ta1en by ATC if you do not /onta/t the0 in that -eriod2 4ho is
res-onsible for doing it and who is res-onsible for -aying for it2
1=: %f you are -lanning a de-arture fro0 an air-ort that only has a $SS, who should you
obtain you /learan/e fro02 4hen2
1== 4hat 0ini0u0 rate.of./li0b is re5uired when flying %$R2 4hat a/tion, if any, 0ust
you ta1e if you /an not 0aintain at least that rate2
,>> 4hat is the re/o00ended -ro/edure for /hanging altitudes when flying on a )i/tor2
,>1 4hat is the re/o00ended -ro/edure for /hanging altitudes in )"C on an %$R
/learan/e, on a vi/tor airway2
,>, 4hen o-erating on an %$R /learan/e in )"C, who is res-onsible for /ollision
avoidan/e2 (ilot or Controller or &ther Air/raft2
,>3 4hat is the re/o00ended -ro/edure if you /an not establish /o00uni/ations on a
newly assigned fre5uen/y2
,>6 %f you are o-erating on an %$R flight -lan, in a non.radar environ0ent, on a dire/t
/ourse that is not an established airway, when ;if at all< 0ust you re-ort to ATC2 %f
on a )$R flight -lan2
,>7 4hat re-orts are you re5uired to 0a1e when you are o-erating on an %$R /learan/e
s-e/ifying )$R.on.to- in a non.radar environ0ent2
,>8 Iou 0ust advise ATC whenever your true airs-eed /hanges by HHHHH1nots?0-h or
HHHHH J whi/hever is greater.
,>9 %f your filed route of flight re5uires you to -enetrate an a/tive Restri/ted Area, what
a/tion, if any, will ATC ta1e2 Are you -er0itted through this area2
,>: 4hi/h way are the turns in a standard holding -attern2
,>= 4hi/h way are the turns in a standard traffi/ -attern2
,1> %dentify ea/h of the following as either.....
A. Co0-ulsory in a non.radar environ0ent
B. Co0-ulsory regardless of radar servi/e
C. 'on./o0-ulsory
HHH E#STABL%S!# %' T!# !&L%'G (ATT#R' AT 19.....11,>>>.E
HHH E#(ART%'G !&L%'G (ATT#R' AT 69E
HHH EL#%LA %'T#RS#CT%&' AT 16, 11,>>> !&L%'G, R#KF#ST $FRT!#R
CL#ARA'C#.E
HHH E)$R &' T&(, CL%"B%'G T& 1,,7>>E
HHH EB# A)%S#....TRF# A%RS(## C!A'G# $R&" 13> T& 17> L'&TSE
HHH E)&R %'B&F'E
HHH EL#A)%'G 9,>>> $&R 1,,>>>E
HHH EL#)#L 1>,>>>E
HHH E"%SS# A((R&AC!, R#KF#ST CL#ARA'C# T& 4%C!%TAE
HHH ELAL#LA' AT 11, 9,>>>, %$R, &RLA'& 3>, AIT&'A B#AC! '#MTE
HHH E#M(#R%#'C%'G "&#RAT# CL#AR %C%'G AT 1>,>>>, R#KF#ST 9,>>>E
HHH ER#)%S%'G &RLA'& #ST%"AT# T& ,8E
HHH EB# A)%S# "# R#C#%)#R %S %'&(#RAT%)#E
HHH EB# A)%S# RAT# &$ CL%"B %' #MC#SS &$ 1,>>> $("E
HHH EB# A)%S# RAT# &$ CL%"B %S 6>> $("E
,11 4hat re-ort, if any, is re5uired for a holding -attern when in radar /onta/t2
,1, 4hat is the 0a+i0u0 indi/ated airs-eed allowed by a -ro-eller.driven air/raft
holding at 16,>>>C "SL2
,13 !ow is the re/o00ended entry -ro/edure to a holding -attern deter0ined2
,16 4hat are the ty-es of holding -attern entries2 %s it re5uired by the $ARs that one of
those entries be used to enter a hold2 4hy or why not2 Are there any guidelines2
,17 !ow far in advan/e of the hold are you nor0ally issued a hold /learan/e2
,18 At what -oint should you nor0ally begin ti0ing the first outbound leg of a non.
standard holding -attern2
,19 &n a flight fro0 Atlanta to allas above 1:,>>>C how often would you reset you
alti0eter2
,1: 4hat freedo0 does a /learan/e to des/end at -ilotCs dis/retion give you2
;when2 where2 rate2 et/<
,1= 4here does the arrival route for a STAR -ro/edure begin2
,,> 4hen does ATC issue a STAR2
,,1 %n regard to o-eration within Class airs-a/e, does ATC have the authority to
assign, re5uest, or a--rove a higher s-eed than the s-eed -res/ribed by $AR (art =12
,,, 4hat does ")A stand for2 %n what ty-e of terrain is it 0ost /o00only found2 !ow
0u/h /learan/e does it give you2
,,3 Iou are being radar ve/tored and the assigned heading will /ause your flight to -ass
through the final a--roa/h /ourse ;for the runway?a--roa/h you intend to use<, but
you have not yet been /leared for the a--roa/h. 4hat a/tion, if any, should you ta1e2
,,6 4hat ty-e of air-ort?a--roa/h would have a ti0ed a--roa/h fro0 a holding fi+2
,,7 4hen a holding -attern is s-e/ified in lieu of a (ro/edure Turn, what li0itations are
on the holding 0aneuver2
,,8 %f you 0ade a de/ision to e+e/ute the 0issed a--roa/h -rior to the "A( and the
-ro/edure s-e/ifies a /li0bing right turn to 7,>>>C, what -ro/edure should you
follow2

,,9 %f on a visual or /onta/t a--roa/h are you still re5uired to fly the /o0-lete -ublished
instru0ent a--roa/h -ro/edure2
,,: Both -ilot and /ontroller have the authority to initiate a re5uest for a /onta/t
a--roa/h. True or $alse2
,,= %s it -ossible for a /ontroller to issue, or a -ilot to re5uest, a visual a--roa/h when
the air-ort is in sight but the traffi/ to be followed is not2
,3> %s the "A for a sideste- 0aneuver generally higher?lower?sa0e as /ir/ling
0ini0u0s2
,31 %f you are /leared to fly a -ublished sideste- 0aneuver to a -arallel runway, at what
-oint does ATC e+-e/t you to start the 0aneuver2
,3, 4ho is res-onsible for /losing your %$R flight -lan at an air-ort with an o-erating
/ontrol tower2 ;tri/1 5uestion<
,33 4hat visual illusion is asso/iated with a long, narrow runway2
,36 %f you lose visual /onta/t with the air-ort during a /ir/ling -ro/edure and ATC radar
servi/e is not available, what a/tion should you ta1e2
,37 4hat level of the at0os-here /ontaining the vast 0a@ority of the earthCs weather2
,38 4hat is the 0a@or /ause of weather2
,39 4hat does the /lose s-a/ing of isobars on a weather 0a- indi/ate2
,3: 4hat is Coriolis $or/e2
,3= 4ithin ,,>>>C of the ground, surfa/e fri/tion /auses the wind to flow at an angle to
the isobars. True or $alse2
,6> By what -ro/esses is 0oisture added to the at0os-here2
,61 4hat ha--ens to the total a0ount of 0oisture an air0ass /an hold as the te0-erature
of that air0ass in/reases2 ;/an it hold 0ore or less< 4hy2
,6, 4hat is -robable when the te0-erature?dew-oint s-read is s0all and de/reasing2
4hy2 4hat is dew-oint2
,63 4hat is rain /alled that re0ains li5uid even though its te0-erature is below freeAing2
!ow does that ha--en2
,66 4hat is for0ed when the te0-erature of an ob@e/t is below the a0bient dew-oint
and the dew-oint is below freeAing2
,67 !ow is frost for0ed2
,68 4hat is indi/ated about the air when there is a low a0bient la-se rate2 4hat is
a0bient la-se rate2
,69 4here should you esti0ate the /loud bases as being if the surfa/e te0-erature is =>C$
and the dew-oint is 83C$ ;assu0ing a standard la-se rate<2
,6: 4hat is indi/ated if the air te0-erature in/reases as altitude in/reases2
,6= #+-lain the different /hara/teristi/s of stable vs. unstable air.
,7> 4hat is a /loud with e+tensive verti/al develo-0ent that for0s in unstable air and
/ontains a large a0ount of 0oisture, turbulen/e, i/ing, and lightning /alled2
,71 4hat ha--ens to the stability of an air0ass when it is war0ed fro0 below2
,7, 4hen frontal -assage is very ra-id, is a narrow or wide frontal Aone /reated2 4hy2
,73 4hat is the 0ost reliable indi/ation that you are /rossing a front2
,76 %n a /old front, what ty-e ;war0?/old< air is dis-la/ing what ty-e ;war0?/old< air at
the surfa/e2
,77 Steady -re/i-itation with little turbulen/e usually -ro/eeds what ty-e of front2 4hy2
,78 4hat three /onditions are ne/essary for thunderstor0 for0ation2
,79 Continuous u-drafts o//ur in a thunderstor0 during whi/h stage2
,7: 4hen do thunderstor0s rea/h their greatest intensity2 #+-lain.
,7= 4hat is the ter0 used to des/ribe a narrow band of thunderstor0s whi/h nor0ally
/ontains the 0ost severe ty-es of weather.related haAards2
,8> 4hat haAard is always asso/iated with a thunderstor02
,81 Iou 0ay en/ounter hail in /lear air several 0iles fro0 a thunderstor0. True or $alse2
,8, 4hat /loud ty-e is asso/iated with the 0ost severe thunderstor0s2
,83 4hat a/tion should you ta1e during an en/ounter with an une+-e/ted thunderstor02
,86 uring a stabiliAed landing a--roa/h, what ha--ens to your -it/h, %AS, and glide
-ath if the wind une+-e/tedly shifts fro0 a headwind to a tailwind2 4hat a/tion
should you ta1e2
,87 4hen is wa1e turbulen/e the greatest2 4hat /auses it2 !ow /an you avoid it2
,88 4hen trying to avoid wa1e turbulen/e and the other air/raft has @ust tou/hed down,
at what -oint should you -lan your tou/hdown2
,89 4hat is fog /alled that ty-i/ally for0s over fairly level land on /lear, /al0, hu0id
nights2
,8: 4ith what relative hu0idity and what te0-erature s-read is /arburetor i/ing 0ost
li1ely2
,8= 4hat is indi/ated by en/ountering freeAing rain in flight2
,9> Airfra0e i/ing /annot o//ur when the outside air te0-erature is above >CC ;3,C$<.
True or $alse2
,91 4here should the freeAing level be if the surfa/e te0-erature is 73C$ and all la-se
rates are standard2
,9, 4hat should you do to avoid hydro-laning2 4hen does it o//ur2
USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR THE NEXT 9 QUESTIONS
"#TAR LL$T >31773* 11>6>G83LT 1 1?6S" NRA BR $#4>>: &)C>16 ,6?,6
A,=>9 R"L A&, (L 4' 11>83?1767 SL(:63 (>>:1 T>,3=>,3=
,93 4hat ty-e of re-ort is this2 4here would you find it2 4ho would issue it2
,96 4hat is the height of the lowest /eiling ;if any< at LL$T2
,97 4hat is the visibility2 S" or '"2
,98 %s LL$T )$R or %$R2
,99 4hat is the alti0eter setting HHHHH0b and HHHHH!g.2
,9: 4hat are the winds and where are they fro02
,9= 4hat is the te0-erature2 ew-oint2 S-read2 %s fog li1ely2 4hy?why not2
,:> 4hat does E (L 4' 11>83?1767E at the end of the re-ort 0ean2
,:1 4hat does E T>,3=>,3=E at the end of the re-ort 0ean2
USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR THE NEXT 3 QUESTIONS
FA?&) #' ,9>>7>?T" ,3>>?$L ,>>?T( C#,1>?SL >:> BL' 1,>?17> &)C 19>
?TB LGT?%C LGT R%"# >:>.13>?R" %' CLR
,:, 4hat ty-e of re-ort is this2 Translate this re-ort to -lain language.
,:3 %s i/ing re-orted2 %f so, where2
,:6 4hat is the thi/1ness of the u--er /loud layer2 %s the -ilot in the /louds2
USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR THE NEXT 2 QUESTIONS
TA$ LL$T >3113>* >31,1, >6>,7G3>LT 7S" RA BL'>1> T#"(& 1,18
>7>6>G7>LT 1S" NS!RA BL'>>7
$"18>> 33>3>G7>LT 7S" .RA SCT>>9 &)C>17 T#"(& 181: 1S"
NS!RA &)C>>9
$">>>> 38>,>LT (8S" SCT>,>

,:7 4hat ty-e of re-ort is this2 !ow often is it issued2 !ow long is it valid2
,:8 Assu0e your #TA at LL$T is 19>>*. Based on the above infor0ation, is an alternate
re5uired2 Are any of the other air-orts suitable alternates2
,:9 4hat does the ter0 E T#"(& E indi/ate2
,:: 4hat should be used to deter0ine the fore/ast weather between re-orting -oints2


USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR THE NEXT 3 QUESTIONS
$4C $A >3>=67
SI'&(S%S A' )$R CLS?4M
SI'&(S%S )AL% F'T%L >6>6>>
CLS?4M )AL% F'T%L >3,,>>...&TLL )AL% >3,,>>.>6>6>>
&L TM AR T' LA "S AL A' CSTL 4TRS
.
S## A%R"#T S%#RRA $&R %$R C&'S A' "T' &BSC'.
TS %"(LI S#) &R GTR TFRB S#) %C# LL4S A' %$R C&'S.
'&' "SL !GTS #'&T# BI AGL &R C%G.
.
SI'&(S%S...!RC' L%L% "&)G &'S!&R# &)R C'TRL LA CSTL'. S## LTST
A)SRI $R&" '!C. KST'RI $'TL SIS #MTS $R&" 'R' &! A' C'TRL
%'
ACRS SR' %L..S4R' "&..S4R' &L %'T& S#R' CR'R &$ '". BI
>6*...C$'T 4%LL #MT $R&" A L&4 &)R S#R' '#B ACRS C'TRL LS A'
4R' &L %'T& B%G B#' AR#A &$ S4 TM.
.
LA
'R' LA...AGL SCT.BL'>3>.>7> BL'1>>. T&(S $L,6>. BL' C%. %S&L
.S!RA. B#C"G 18,, C%GS BL'>3>.>7>. 4LI SCT TSRA?S!RA )L(G.
CB T&(S $L6>>. &TLL...")$R C%GS TSRA 4%'.
SR' LA...C%GS &)C>1>.>,>. CLS LIR T& $L,:>. &)C C%. &C'L
RA?RAN...SCT TSRAN...(&SS S#). CB T&(S $L67>. 16>3>G7>LT
#R' SM'S...3>>,7G6>LT 4R' SM'S. 4' S(S "S!G T& ,>G3>LT
1=*.,,*. &TLL...")$R C%GS S!RA 4%'.
,:= 4hat ty-e of re-ort is this2 4ho issues it2 !ow often is it issued2 !ow long is it
valid2 Translate to -lain language.
,=> 4hat 1ind of turbulen/e, if any, is fore/ast2 4here2 4hy2 !ow do you 1now2
,=1 4hat is the fore/ast over Southern Louisiana at 19>> *ulu2
,=, e/ode the following winds aloft fore/ast E971>17E?
,=3 !ow would you write a winds aloft fore/ast signifying the wind is light and variable
and the te0-erature is one degree above freeAing2 #+-lain.
,=6 4hat is a fore/ast of general thunderstor0 a/tivity for the ne+t ,6.hour -eriod
/alled2
,=7 4hat is the fre5uen/y for $light 4at/h below 1:,>>>C and what should you say to
the0 on your initial /all for enroute weather2
,=8 4hat is #$AS and when is it available and how2
,=9 efine ea/h of the following in full:
A%R"#T ;4A<
S%G"#T ;4S<
Conve/tive S%G"#T ;4ST<
Center 4eather Advisory ;C4A<
Severe 4eather 4at/h Bulletin ;44<
Severe 4eather $ore/ast Alert ;A44<
,=: 4hen flying in an area in whi/h !%4AS is available, you should be aware that
Center, ter0inal ATC fa/ilities, and $SSs dis/ontinue their nor0al broad/ast of
in.flight weather advisories. True or $alse2 #+-lain.
MATH THE INFORMATION AT LEFT WITH THE ORRET HART!S"
HHH Areas, levels, and intensity of turbulen/e A. Surfa/e Analysis
HHH Ceilings and visibilities B. 4eather e-i/tion
HHH Areas of severe weather C. Radar Su00ary
HHH $reeAing Levels . Constant (ressure
HHH $ore/ast 0ove0ent: -ressure syste0s?fronts #. $reeAing Level
HHH &bserved te0-erature?dew-oint s-read $. Low.Level Signifi/ant 4+ (rog
HHH $ore/ast of weather /onditions G. Severe 4eather &utloo1
,== %s the @et strea0 stronger or wea1er in the winter than the su00er2
3>> As the @et strea0 0oves south, what ha--ens to its average s-eed2
3>1 4hat is the boundary layer between the tro-os-here and the stratos-here2
3>, 4hat does a /lear area within an area of /ross.hat/hing on a tro-o-ause wind -rog
/hart indi/ate2
3>3 &n the tro-o-ause winds -rog /hart, what are strea0lines used to show2
3>6 4hat is the fre5uen/y to use when de/laring an e0ergen/y during an %$R flight in
/ontrolled airs-a/e2
3>7 4hat is the international distress radio trans0ission ter02
3>8 4hat is indi/ated by ea/h of the following trans-onder /odes2
97>>2
98>>2
99>>2
3>9 4hat is the international urgent radio trans0ission ter02
3>: 4hat is the differen/e between an urgent situation and an e0ergen/y situation2
3>= 4hat a/tion should you ta1e if you e+-erien/e two.way radio /o00uni/ations
failure
while in )$R /onditions on an %$R flight -lan2 )$R flight -lan2
31> %f you are o-erating %$R in /ontrolled airs-a/e, what navigation e5ui-0ent loss, if
any, 0ust be i00ediately re-orted to ATC2
311 uring a no.gyro a--roa/h, ATC e+-e/ts all turns to be 0ade at HHHHHHrate.