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Questions in Close Reading
Diction:
If there are unfamiliar words, look them up in the dictionary.
A word often has multiple meanings. Write down all the meanings of a word.
Are familiar words used in strange, unconventional ways?
Syntax:
Are the sentences constructed in unusual ways?
Is the subject clear? Whos doing an action or saying something?
Is the object clear? Whos being acted upon or spoken to?
Are the sentences long and fowing, short and choppy, complex or simple?
If a sentence has strange syntax, put it in modern conversational English.
Structure: Repetitions, Patterns, Symmetry:
Do things happen in patterns? Like one, two, and then, boomthe punchline?
Are there sets of actions, words or events that can be grouped together?
Do certain images keep recurring: sparks, embers, smoke, fames?
Shifts and Changes:
Does the pattern change at some pointabruptly, gradually?
Does the diction and the syntax change at that same point?
These points of transition are important, mark them with a pencil.
Literal vs. Metaphorical
Is a particular word used literally or metaphorically?
Would it make sense to take a word literally or do we have to interpret it
metaphorically and symbolically?
Closure:
Does the text feel resolved? Has the action come full circle, loose threads tied up?
If not, what would be needed to tie up the loose threads?
What questions are you left with at the end of an open-ended text?
Expect some unresolved answers.
At this point also you should be able to point to specifc paragraphs and lines in
supporting your answers. You should, for example, be able to say: In the third
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paragraph on page 99, the author suddenly shifts tone and stops talking in the
voice of the main character and starts talking in the voice of an animal.
Questions About The Arguments in a Text
The Argument
Every text contains an argument for a position, as well as against a position.
Every text asks the reader to buy into this argument.
Is the author expressing his argument through a character, or through a contrast
with the characters point of view?
Literary and religious texts seldom lay out the argument in plain sight.
Academic articles and reports usually do, which is why theyre easier to read.
Your last job as a close reader is to identify the arguments hidden in the text.
Your next job is to wrestle with the argumentyou dont have to buy it.
You could simply agree or disagree with the argument, but how boring!
Wrestle with the argument, ask how it could be made more convincing.
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