Prof. D. R.

Wilton
Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long
Notes 13
Notes 13
Maxwell
Maxwell

s Equations
s Equations
ECE 3317
Electromagnetic Fields
Four vector quantities
E

electric field strength [Volt/meter] =[kg-m/sec
3
]
D

electric flux density [Coul/meter
2
] =[Amp-sec/m
2
]
H

magnetic field strength [Amp/meter] =[Amp/m]
B

magnetic flux density [Weber/meter
2
] or [Tesla] =[kg/Amp-sec
2
]
each are functions of space and time
e.g. E(x,y,z,t)
J

electric current density [Amp/meter
2
]

v

electric charge density [Coul/meter
3
] =[Amp-sec/m
3
]
Sources generating
electromagnetic fields
MKS units
length meter [m]
mass kilogram [kg]
time second [sec]
Some common prefixes and the power of ten each represent are listed below
femto - f - 10
-15
pico - p - 10
-12
nano - n - 10
-9
micro -

-

10
-6
milli - m - 10
-3
mega - M - 10
6
giga - G - 10
9
tera - T - 10
12
peta - P - 10
15
centi - c - 10
-2
deci - d - 10
-1
deka - da - 10
1
hecto - h - 10
2
kilo - k - 10
3
0
v
B
E
t
D
H J
t
B
D

= +

=
=
Maxwells Equations
(time-varying, differential form)
Maxwells Equations
J ames Clerk Maxwell (18311879)
James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish mathematician and
theoretical physicist. His most significant achievement was the
development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing
all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations
of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory.
His set of equationsMaxwell's equationsdemonstrated that
electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the
same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. From that moment
on, all other classical laws or equations of these disciplines
became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work
in electromagnetism has been called the "second great
unification in physics", after the first one carried out by Isaac
Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel
through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of
light. Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote A Dynamical Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field

where he first proposed that light was in
fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric
and magnetic phenomena. His work in producing a unified model
of electromagnetism is considered to be one of the greatest
advances in physics.
(Wikipedia)
Maxwells Equations (cont.)

C S
C S S
S
v
S V
d
E dr B ndS
dt
d
H dr J ndS D ndS
dt
B ndS
D ndS dV
=
= +
=
=

Faradays law
Amperes law
Magnetic Gauss law
Electric Gauss law
(Time-varying, integral form)
The above are the most fundamental form of Maxwells equations since
all differential forms, all boundary forms, and all frequency domain forms
derive from them!
Maxwells Equations (cont.)
0
v
B
E
t
D
H J
t
B
D

= +

=
=
Faradays law
Amperes law
Magnetic Gauss law
Electric Gauss law
(Time-varying, differential form)
( )
( )
0

D
H J
t
D
H J
t
J D
t

= +

= +

= +

Law of Conservation of Electric
Charge (Continuity Equation)
v
J
t

=

Flow of electric
current out of volume
(per unit volume)
Rate of decrease of electric
charge (per unit volume)
[2.20]
Continuity Equation (cont.)
v
J
t

=

Apply the divergence theorem:

Integrate both sides over an arbitrary volume V:
v
V V
J dV dV
t

=

v
S V
J n dS dV
t

=

V
S

n
Continuity Equation (cont.)
Physical interpretation:
V
S

v
S V
J n dS dV
t

=

v
out v
V V
i dV dV
t t

= =


encl
out
Q
i
t

(This assumes that the

surface is stationary.)
encl
in
Q
i
t

or
Maxwells Equations
Decouples



0

0 0


v
v
E
B D
E H J B D
t t
E D H J B

= = + = =

= = = =
Time-Dependent
Time-Independent (Static s)

and is a function of and is a function of
v
H E H J
E B
H J D
B 0
D
v
j
j

=
= +
=
=

Maxwells Equations
Time-harmonic (phasor) domain
j
t

Constitutive Relations
Characteristics of media relate D

to E

and H

to B
0 0
0 0
( = permittivity )
(

= permeability)
D E
B H
=
=
-12
0
-7
0
[F/m] 8.8541878 10
= 4 10 H/m] ( ) [

exact
[2.24]
[2.25]
[p. 35]
0 0
1
c

=
c = 2.99792458

10
8
[m/s] (exact value that is defined)
Free Space
Constitutive Relations (cont.)
Free space, in the phasor domain:
0 0
0 0
( = permittivity )
(
D
=
= E
B pe = rmeability) H


This follows from the fact that
( )
V aV t a
(where a

is a real number)
Constitutive Relations (cont.)
In a material medium:
( = permittivity )
( = permeability
D = E
B= ) H


0
0
=
r
r


=

r

= relative permittivity

r

= relative permittivity

or

Independent of Dependent on
space homogenous inhomogeneous
frequency non-dispersive dispersive
time stationary non-stationary
field strength linear non-linear
direction of isotropic anisotropic
E

or H
Terminology
Isotropic Materials

(or ) is a scalar quantity,
which means that E

|| D

(and H

|| B

)
x x
B = H
y y
B = H
y
H
x
H
x
y
x x
D = E
y y
D = E
y
E
x
E
x
y

(or ) is a tensor (can be written as a matrix)
This results in E

and D

being NOT parallel to each other; they are
in different directions.
0 0
0 0
0 0
x x x
y y y
x x x
z z z
y y y
z z z
D E
D E
D E
D E
D E D E

=

=

=

Anisotropic Materials
D
E