25

th
Feb,2006 M.Aseeb Rahat
EXPERIMENT # 3
OBJECT
To measure the pH of Britlon Robinson Buffer, Walpole Acetate Buffer, Michaelis
Borate Buffers.
OBSERAT!O"
Britlon Robinson Buffer #pH $%$&
pH '.$ M "aOH #ml&
%.( '
) $.*
%$ %$.*
%$.) $'
%$.* +'
%$.( )'
%$., *'
%$.- ('
%$.. ,'
%$.. -'
%$.. %''
Walpole Acetate Buffer #+.(*.(&
Acetic Aci/ #ml& So/ium Acetate #ml& pH
%-.* %.* +.%
%)., *.+ +.,
%'.$ ..- ).$
- %$ ).$
%.. %-.% *.%
Michaelis Borate Buffers #,.*%$.+&
Bora0 #ml& "aOH #ml& pH
$' ' ..)
%( ) ..(
%$ - %'.+
- %$ %$
) %( %$.)
Bora0 #ml& HCl #ml& pH
$' ' ..)
%( ) ..+
%$ - ..%
- %$ $.(,
) %( %.+
ASSIGNMENT
BUFFER SOLUTIONS.
What i a b!""e# $%!ti$&'
(e"i&iti$&
A buffer solution is one 1hich resists chan2es in pH 1hen small 3uantities of an aci/ or
an al4ali are a//e/ to it.
A)i*i) b!""e# $%!ti$&
An aci/ic buffer solution is simpl5 one 1hich has a pH less than ,. Aci/ic buffer
solutions are commonl5 ma/e from a 1ea4 aci/ an/ one of its salts 6 often a so/ium salt.
A common e0ample 1oul/ be a mi0ture of ethanoic aci/ an/ so/ium ethanoate in
solution. !n this case, if the solution containe/ e3ual molar concentrations of both the aci/
an/ the salt, it 1oul/ ha7e a pH of ).,(. !t 1oul/n8t matter 1hat the concentrations 1ere,
as lon2 as the5 1ere the same.
9ou can chan2e the pH of the buffer solution b5 chan2in2 the ratio of aci/ to salt, or b5
choosin2 a /ifferent aci/ an/ one of its salts.
A%+a%i&e b!""e# $%!ti$&
An al4aline buffer solution has a pH 2reater than ,. Al4aline buffer solutions are
commonl5 ma/e from a 1ea4 base an/ one of its salts.
A fre3uentl5 use/ e0ample is a mi0ture of ammonia solution an/ ammonium chlori/e
solution. !f these 1ere mi0e/ in e3ual molar proportions, the solution 1oul/ ha7e a pH of
..$*. A2ain, it /oesn8t matter 1hat concentrations 5ou choose as lon2 as the5 are the
same.
,$- *$ b!""e# $%!ti$& -$#+'
A buffer solution has to contain thin2s 1hich 1ill remo7e an5 h5/ro2en ions or
h5/ro0i/e ions that 5ou mi2ht a// to it 6 other1ise the pH 1ill chan2e. Aci/ic an/
al4aline buffer solutions achie7e this in /ifferent 1a5s.
A)i*i) b!""e# $%!ti$&
We8ll ta4e a mi0ture of ethanoic aci/ an/ so/ium ethanoate as t5pical.
Ethanoic aci/ is a 1ea4 aci/, an/ the position of this e3uilibrium 1ill be 1ell to the left:
A//in2 so/ium ethanoate to this a//s lots of e0tra ethanoate ions. Accor/in2 to ;e
Chatelier8s <rinciple, that 1ill tip the position of the e3uilibrium e7en further to the left.
The solution 1ill therefore contain these important thin2s:
lots of un6ioni=e/ ethanoic aci/>
lots of ethanoate ions from the so/ium ethanoate>
enou2h h5/ro2en ions to ma4e the solution aci/ic.
Other thin2s #li4e 1ater an/ so/ium ions& 1hich are present aren8t important to the
ar2ument.
A**i&. a& a)i* t$ thi b!""e# $%!ti$&
The buffer solution must remo7e most of the ne1 h5/ro2en ions other1ise the pH 1oul/
/rop mar4e/l5.
H5/ro2en ions combine 1ith the ethanoate ions to ma4e ethanoic aci/. Althou2h the
reaction is re7ersible, since the ethanoic aci/ is a 1ea4 aci/, most of the ne1 h5/ro2en
ions are remo7e/ in this 1a5.
Since most of the ne1 h5/ro2en ions are remo7e/, the pH 1on8t chan2e 7er5 much 6 but
because of the e3uilibria in7ol7e/, it will fall a little bit.
A**i&. a& a%+a%i t$ thi b!""e# $%!ti$&
Al4aline solutions contain h5/ro0i/e ions an/ the buffer solution remo7es most of these.
This time the situation is a bit more complicate/ because there are two processes 1hich
can remo7e h5/ro0i/e ions.
Re/$0a% b1 #ea)ti&. -ith etha&$i) a)i*
The most li4el5 aci/ic substance 1hich a h5/ro0i/e ion is 2oin2 to colli/e 1ith is an
ethanoic aci/ molecule. The5 1ill react to form ethanoate ions an/ 1ater.
Because most of the ne1 h5/ro0i/e ions are remo7e/, the pH /oesn8t increase 7er5 much.
Re/$0a% $" the h1*#$2i*e i$& b1 #ea)ti&. -ith h1*#$.e& i$&
Remember that there are some h5/ro2en ions present from the ionisation of the ethanoic
aci/.
H5/ro0i/e ions can combine 1ith these to ma4e 1ater. As soon as this happens, the
e3uilibrium tips to replace them. This 4eeps on happenin2 until most of the h5/ro0i/e
ions are remo7e/.
A2ain, because 5ou ha7e e3uilibria in7ol7e/, not all of the h5/ro0i/e ions are remo7e/ 6
?ust most of them. The 1ater forme/ re6ionises to a 7er5 small e0tent to 2i7e a fe1
h5/ro2en ions an/ h5/ro0i/e ions.
A%+a%i&e b!""e# $%!ti$&
We8ll ta4e a mi0ture of ammonia an/ ammonium chlori/e solutions as t5pical.
Ammonia is a 1ea4 base, an/ the position of this e3uilibrium 1ill be 1ell to the left:
A//in2 ammonium chlori/e to this a//s lots of e0tra ammonium ions. Accor/in2 to ;e
Chatelier8s <rinciple, that 1ill tip the position of the e3uilibrium e7en further to the left.
The solution 1ill therefore contain these important thin2s:
lots of unreacte/ ammonia>
lots of ammonium ions from the ammonium chlori/e>
enou2h h5/ro0i/e ions to ma4e the solution al4aline.
Other thin2s #li4e 1ater an/ chlori/e ions& 1hich are present aren8t important to the
ar2ument.
A**i&. a& a)i* t$ thi b!""e# $%!ti$&
There are two processes 1hich can remo7e the h5/ro2en ions that 5ou are a//in2.
Re/$0a% b1 #ea)ti&. -ith a//$&ia
The most li4el5 basic substance 1hich a h5/ro2en ion is 2oin2 to colli/e 1ith is an
ammonia molecule. The5 1ill react to form ammonium ions.
Most, but not all, of the h5/ro2en ions 1ill be remo7e/. The ammonium ion is 1ea4l5
aci/ic, an/ so some of the h5/ro2en ions 1ill be release/ a2ain.
Re/$0a% $" the h1*#$.e& i$& b1 #ea)ti&. -ith h1*#$2i*e i$&
Remember that there are some h5/ro0i/e ions present from the reaction bet1een the
ammonia an/ the 1ater.
H5/ro2en ions can combine 1ith these h5/ro0i/e ions to ma4e 1ater. As soon as this
happens, the e3uilibrium tips to replace the h5/ro0i/e ions. This 4eeps on happenin2 until
most of the h5/ro2en ions are remo7e/.
A2ain, because 5ou ha7e e3uilibria in7ol7e/, not all of the h5/ro2en ions are remo7e/ 6
?ust most of them.
A**i&. a& a%+a%i t$ thi b!""e# $%!ti$&
The h5/ro0i/e ions from the al4ali are remo7e/ b5 a simple reaction 1ith ammonium
ions.
Because the ammonia forme/ is a 1ea4 base, it can react 1ith the 1ater 6 an/ so the
reaction is sli2htl5 re7ersible. That means that, a2ain, most #but not all& of the h5/ro0i/e
ions are remo7e/ from the solution.
REFEREN3E
http:@@111.thomasre2ister.com@olc@(+.,'''-@crane.htm
http:@@111.school6for6champions.com@science@chembases.htm
http:@@111.chem2ui/e.co.u4@ph5sical@aci/basee3ia@buffers.html