Cyclic and Emergency Rating Factors of

Distribution Cables in Presence

of Non Linear Loads
P. Caramia G. Carpinelli, Member, IEEE A. La Vitola P. Verde, Member, IEEE
Abstrocl: - The paper proposes procedures which allow to
know, lor assigned harmonic pronle of non linear loads, the
cable cyclic and emergency ratings in non sinusoidal operating
conditions. The proposed procedures refer to distribution
cables and employ simplified expressions ver y similar to those
adopted by IEC Standard 853 for the sinusoidal conditions; the
harmonic presence is taken into account by a new proper
definition of the load-loss factor and by the introduction of
harmonic coefficients easily to be predicted. Numerical
applications to low voltage and medium voltage cables nre
developed and discussed considering typical non linear load
scenarios, in order to furnish practical indications regarding
the derating lactors to be introduced lor the harmonic
preSe"Ce.
Index Terms: Cables. Rating, Harmonic distortion,
1. INTRODUCTION
The presence of current and volrage harmonics in
electrical energy systems is well known: the harmonics are
due to non linear loads and can damage the system
components. I n the case of cables. current and voltage
harmonics can cause so relevant additional losses in the
conducting and in the insulating materials that unacceptable
cable life reduction arises if they are neglected in the cable
sizing [l-5].
The evaluation of the cable ratines in non sinusoidal
-
operating conditions has been analyzed in literature [6-91.
All the procedures mainly refer IO steady-state non
sinusoidal currents, that is assuming 100% load factor.
Maximum load is based on the continued application of a
constant distorted current.
In practice, the maximum load is usually applied only
for a limited time, and the maximum current may then be
increased without the maximum permitted conductor
temperature rise being exceeded. Such increases in current
rating are given by cyclic rating factor. when the applied
load is cyclic, and by emergency rating factor. when the
applied load isan emergency load current [ 10-131.
P. Cunmia. G. Carpineili. A. La Vitola. P. Verdc arc with thc Depnnmcnl
of lndusrial Enginemin) of the tinivcrriry of Carrlno. Via Di Biasio. 43 ~
03043 Cassino (FR) l ol y (c-mail: anni i n6umcns. i t . Eominellil~~unicas.iI
vcrde@unicas.il)
The problem of cyclic current rating was analyzed in
sinusoidal operating conditions at beginning of 1950. Then,
in [14] a simplified approach was proposed, based on the
use of the 100% load factor steady-state rating equations;
the cyclic load is taken into account by a proper
modification of the external thermal resistance of the
cable. Another simplified approach was proposed in [I51
and later adopted by IEC Standard [12-131; the permissible
peak value of current during a daily cycle is obtained
multiplying the 100% load factor steady-state rating
equations by a proper computed cyclic rating factor. Finally,
in [I61 some considerations about the cyclic rating in non
sinusoidal conditions were done.
The problem of emergency rating was analyzed only in
sinusoidal operating conditions. In [ 171 formulas for
calculating the emergency loading of cables taking into
account the variation of the electrical resistivity of the
conductor with temperature were proposed and later
adopted by IEC Standard [13]; the emergency load current
is obtained multiplying the 100% load factor steady-state
rating equations by a proper factor which takes into account
the maximum permissible temperature rise above ambient at
the end of emergency period and the current applied before
the beginning of emergency period.
In this paper the approaches adopted by I EC Standards
853 [IZ-131 are extended to the case in which the cyclic or
emergency currents are non sinusoidal as a consequence of
the presence of non linear loads such as static converters.
The current rating equations derived for both cyclic and
emergency conditions refer only to distribution cables and
need only to know the form of the fundamental current of
the cycle and the nature of the non linear loads which the
cable feeds. As in the IEC Standard 853, only balanced
three phase loads are considered: moreover, the voltage
dependent losses such as charging current and dielectric
losses are not taken into account because these losses can be
neglected for most distribution class cables [ 181.
Numerical applications to low voltage and medium
voltage cables are developed and discussed considering
typical non linear load scenarios. The aim is to furnish
practical indications regarding the derating factors to be
introduccd in calculation of thc cyclic and emergency
ratings when cables feed non linear loads.
0-7803-7611-41021S17.W 02WZ IEEE 716
I
I,
11. CYCLIC RATING M NON SNUSOIDAL CONDmlONS
In sinusoidal conditions [12-131, the cyclic rating of ' " ~
cables refers to the current rating of cables carrying a load
O b .
which vanes cyclically over a 24 h period (the shape of each
daily cycle being substantially the same). It generally 4 0 ~
requires computation of a cyclic rating factor M by which
the permissible steady-state rated current I, (100% load 0 4 -
factor) is multiplied to obtain the permissible peak value of oI:
current I,, during a daily cycle (I,,,%, =M In) such that the
T l m of man" , e- -
conductor temperature attains, but does not exceed, the o 1
standard permissible maximum temperature during the
..---,-...,
6 4 2 0 Tn"norl obghs
cycle. The standard permissible maximum temperature is
usually the one associated to steady-state (100% load factor)
current.
As well known [12,13,15] the expression of the cyclic
rating factor M is obtained assuming that the maximum
conductor temperature caused by the actual cyclic daily load
current may be approximated by the maximum conductor
temperature caused by the actual current applied for a time T
hours prior the expected time of maximum temperature, and
Fiz. I Equivalenl stcp function cyclic lorr-load
Then, the simplified expression ( I ) has to be properly
modified to take into account harmonics 1161.
Lei be the RMS value of the hth harmonic of the non
sinusoidal current at time i, I-,, be the highest value of the
fundamental of non sinusoidal current during the daily
cycle, Rh be the cable ac equivalent resistance at frequency
corrennondine to the h" harmonic and obtained initiallv ~ ~~~~~ I . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~~~ ~~ ~~
a constant current applied for all earlier times, its amplitude
being an average provided by loss-load factor. It results in:
neglecting variation with
Assuming that the temperature rise is proportional to the
joule losses (fundamental plus harmonics), the temperature
rise 9(0), obtained considering the cable subjected for a
long time before t =0 to joule losses equal to the average
value of the losses during the day Wd, can be computed as:
(1)
I
M =
with the load-loss factor p given by:
V . 2
23 I 23 H
and with 5 usually equal to 6 hours. In ( I ) the scaled
current stepped cume ordered for the six hourly periods
before the occurrence of the highest temperature (fig. I ).
e&) is the conductor temperature rise above ambient at
time t after application of the sustained (100% load factor) w, I 23 H R h 2
resistance, I j is the RMS value of the applied sinusoidal
current at time i of the equivalent step function cyclic loss-
load and I,, is the highest value of current during the daily
cycle.
=L xWi =- x xR, , l;h
A new load-loss factor in non sinusoidal conditions I&,,
quantities Yo, Y, . ..., Ys are the ordinates of the squared 24i=0 24i =0 h=l
can be introduced as':
(4)
rated current I, with neglected variation in conductor
l h =-=- xYi.1 1 - Yi . h 3
Ri1Lm,1 24i,o h = l RI
being:
The temperature rise ratios in ( I ) are furnished by IEC
In non sinusoidal conditions. the presence of the joule
1: I
1i 3X. I
y. =_
Standard [ 12-13] for the various cable configurations. 1.1
losses due to current harmonics has to be taken into account.
In fact, because the resistance ratios. and hence the joule
consideration of the effect of harmonics on cable losses is
clearly justified [ I I ]. On thc other hand, the growing
high level in a distribution system.
l i . h
Y , , ~ =-
losses, increase dramatically at higher frequencies, Ii.1
and with H maximum order of harmonics.
presence of non linear loads and capacitors can cause very 1 shown in 1191. load-losr factor i n sinusoidal condllioilr should
be m m formally defincd assuming as refcrencc the highest Y~I UC of l owl
losses (fundamental plus harmonics) dwmg the cycl c in spire afthc hiehcsi
value of IOSSES at fundamenwl. However. thc definition given by 141
rimplifier the following cxprc~si onr IO bc tahn into account in cyclic
rating cvr l umon in non rmusoidrl conditions.
711
It should be noted that the 'is,, coefficients have the
same structure of the Yi coefficients in ( I ) with the only
difference that they now refer to the fundamental of the non
sinusoidal current waveform. The coefficients Y , . ~ , that are
the ratios of the current harmonics to the fundamental,
represent the harmonic mark linked to the fed non linear
loads.
Having in mind (4), the relation (3) becomes:
The temperature rise at t =I hour. 8( I ), arising for the
subsequent application at t =0 of a single step We of joule
losses lasting I hour, can he computed as:
( 6)
with the position that e,(O) =0.
By iterating the above procedure likely in the sinusoidal
case (12-131, with the same ordering technique and with the
formal substitution of the currents with the losses
(fundamental plus harmonics), the maximum conductor
temperature rise at time t =T hours is:
(7)
where the scaled quantities Ye.,. Y,,,, ... are the ordinates of
the squared current stepped curve at fundamental ordered
for the T hours before t =T, expected time of the highest
temperature.
The relation (7) is very useful to introduce the cyclic
rating factor M,, in non sinusoidal conditions. For assigned
harmonic mark linked to the fed non linear loads, this
quantity can be defined as the factor by which the
permissible steady-state rated current I n (100% load factor)
has to be multiplied to obtain the permissible highest value
of the fundamental of non sinusoidal currcnt durinz the
daily cycle I,,,, (I-,, =M., IRj such that the conductor
temperature attains but does nor exceed. the standard
permissible maximum temperature during the cyclc. Having
in mind ( 7) i t results:
( 8)
where the temperature ratios are the same as in (1 I .
It should be noted that also in non sinusoidal conditions
the maximum conductor temperature caused by the actual
non sinusoidal cyclic load current may be approximated by
the maximum conductor temperature caused by the actual
non sinusoidal current applied for a time 7 =6 hours prior
the expected time of maximum temperature, ana a constan1
current applied for all earlier times. its amplitude being an
average provided by the new loss-load factor (41. This has
been numerically verified comparing in several cases the
cyclic rating factors (8) obtained with 7 =6 hours with the
one obtained considering the whole daily cycle. as shown in
[lo]; in all the examined cases the difference between the
two procedures always resulted less than 2%.
The applicability of the proposed expression for the
cyclic rating in non sinusoidal conditions requires, like in
the sinusoidal cases, the knowledge of the form of the
fundamental current of the cycle; this knowledge allows to
calculate the coefficients Y,,. In addition, the nature of the
non linear loads which the cable feeds has to be known; this
knowledge allows to calculate the ratio of the current
harmonics to the fundamental Y ,.~. No additional time
temperature variations have to be calculated.
We note that in applying (8) the ac cable equivalent
resistances at harmonic frequencies have to be calculated.
Both skin and proximity effects and losses in other metallic
parts of the cable have to he taken into account properly;
the hest results have been obtained making total joule losses
equivalent to conductor joule losses. I n [I l l how to
calculate all the needed coefficients is illustrated.
Let us now consider the variation of the resistances with
temperature, initially neglected. Strictly speaking. all the
resistances of the relations (8) or (10) should be calculated
at proper temperature values: in fact the resistances Rh
assume different values versus time in dependence on the
transient that characterizes the cable temperature during the
load cycle. As already known, to rigorously take into
account this dependence is not trivial, because the resistance
values depend on temperature and, in turn, the temperature
values depend on resistances: it follows that an iterative
procedure should be employed to solve the problem, but this
is neither a simple nor practical solution. Fortunately, no1
many noteworthy errors in cyclic rating factor M, ,
evaluation have been numerically evidenced if all
resistances are calculated at thc same temperature. I n
particular, as later seen in the numerical applications, a
cautious evaluation can be done assumins as reference
temperature for ali resistances the standard maximum
permissible temperature; the errors evidenced in several
numerical applications have ric; bccn more than 3;.
111. EMERGENCY RATING W NON SIAIJSOIDAL CONDITIONS
In sinusoidal conditions [13]. the emergency rating of
cables refers to cables carrying an emergency current
following a constant current (less than the rated current) or a
cyclic current. The emergency rating is sometime called
short time rating [ I I ] and requires computation of an
emergency rating factor N by which the permissible steady-
state rated current In (100% load factor) is multiplied to
obtain the emergency load current IE (IE =N In) which may
be applied so that the conductor temperature rise above
ambient at the end of the period of emergency loading
attains, but does not exceed, the maximum permissible
temperature rise emay. The maximum temperature rise in
emergency conditions is in excess of or equal to the
maximum standard permissible temperature associated with
sustained 100% rated current.
As well known [13], the expression of the emergency
rating factor N is obtained assuming that the cable prior the
emergency load is canytng a constant current I, for a
sufficiently long time for steady-state conditions and that
the temperature rise is proportional to the joule losses; if a
cyclic load with the highest value of current equal to I,,
amperes has been applied for a long time , then I, =
(p)"zlm where p is the load-loss factor of the cyclic load
[ I I ]. The emergency rating factor N is obtained as:
where:
and being R, the ac resistance of conductor before
application of emergency current. RR the ac resistance at
standard maximum permissible temperature. RE the ac
resistance at the end of the assigned period TE of emergency
loading and eR(TE) the conductor temperature rise at time t
=TE follouing application of losses Wn due to the steady-
state rated current. The temperature rise ratio in (9) - like the
temperature ratios present in (I ) - is furnished by IEC
Standard [12-13] for the various cable configurations.
In non sinusoidal conditions, the presence of the joule
losses due to current harmonics has to be taken into account
once again so that the simplified expression (9) has to be
properly modified.
Let lE.h and IE., be, respectively. the RMS value of the h"
harmonic and of the fundamental of the emergency non
sinusoidal current, RE., the cablc ac equivalent resistance a1
frequency corresponding to the hlh harmonic and at the end
of the period TE of emergency loading.
Assuming once again that the temperature rise is
proportional to the joule losses (including the harmonic
losses), the following relation can be written:
where WE are the J oule losses (fundamental plus harmonics)
in emergency conditions, W. are constant J oule losses
before application of emergency non sinusoidal current,
ea(-) is the steady-state conductor temperature rise
following application of losses W,.
The expression of the emergency rating factor No, in non
sinusoidal conditions depends on the load applied before the
application of the emergency current.
If a constant sinusoidal current I, is applied before the
emergency loading, the expression (I 0) with trivial
manipulations becomes:
The relation (11) is very useful to introduce the
emergency rating factor Nns in non sinusoidal conditions.
For assigned harmonic mark linked to the non linear loads
fed in emergency conditions, this quantity can be defined as
the factor by which the permissible steady-state rated
current In (100% load factor) has to be multiplied to obtain
the permissible highest value of the fundamental of non
sinusoidal current II.E =N., In) which may be applied
so that the conductor temperature rise above ambient at the
end of the period of emergency loading attains, but does not
exceed, the maximum permissible temperature rise e,-.
Bearing in mind ( I I ) it results:
If the cable is subjected for a long time before the
application of the emergency current to joule losses W,
equal to the average Yalueof the losses during a daily cyclic
non linear load W,, =Rl p n s I ~ax , l (see relation (4)). the
expression (IO) with trivial manipulations becomes:
where:
I E.h
7E. h =I
E. I
I t should be noted that the coeficients that is thc
ratios of the current harmonics to the fundamental. are the
719
harmonic mark linked to the non linear loads fed in
emergency conditions. It should be noted. moreover, that
the ratio RI & disappears in (13) since both resistances are
evaluated at fundamental frequency and at standard
permissible maximum temperame.
Bearing in mind (13) it results:
r ,112
(14)
where:
The applicability of the proposed expressions for the
emergency rating in non sinusoidal conditions requires, like
in the sinusoidal cases, the knowledge of the current applied
before the beginning of emereency period; this knowledge
allows to calculate the coefficients h, andi t. In addition,
the name of the non linear loads which the cable feeds has
to be known; this knowledge allows to calculate the ratio of
the current harmonics to the fundamental No additional
time temperature variations have to be calculated.
IV. NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS
Numerical applications have been developed to evaluate
the derating of low voltage and medium voltage cables in
presence of harmonics and in cyclic or emergency
conditions.
The low voltage and medium voltage cables analyzed
are:
.
cable type N. I : I O kV single conductor XLPE cable
under ground in flat formation (cable model N. I of
cable type N. 2: IO kV three-core XLPE cable under
ground (cable model N. 2 of [ I I ]);
cable type N. 3: 0.75 kV four conductor EPR cable
under ground (cable model reported in Appendix);
The XLPE cables have copper screen while EPR cable
[I l l );
does not have it
A. Cyclic raring in non si nusoi dal condirions
Various load cycles with harmonics have been
considered, typical of low voltage and medium voltage
level. However, since to report all them i t is impossible. in
the following. we only refer about some cascs in which we
have assumcd that thc Y,,, coefficients - which detail the
form of the fundamental current of the daily cycle - are
coincident with the Y: corfficienl shown in thc IEC
Standard 853 [12-13] for the sinusoidal operating
conditions.
With reference to the harmonic profile. both the case in
which the shape of non sinusoidal current waveforms
remains unchanged during the cycle and the case in which
the shape changes are considered. In particular. the
following harmonic profiles have been considered:
profile N. I : the shape remains unchanged and it is
characterized by the yh coefficients reported under
cavital letter A in Tab. I:
profile N. 2: as in profile N. I , but with the yh
coefficients reported under capital letter B in Tab. I;
profile N. 3: as in profile N. I but with the yh
coefficients reported under capital letter C in Tab. I;
profile N. 4: the shape changes during the cycle with
the profiles I , 2 and 3 that cyclically repeat every three
hours.
Profile N. 1 is taken from IEEE Standard 519 [20] and it
is the profile given for AC-DC converters as described in
Table 13.1 of the Standard. The profile N. 2 takes the value
for the first scenario and attenuates all harmonics so that
the THD reaches I O %. The profile N. 3 takes the values for
the first scenario and attenuates all the harmonics so to
represent a combination of linear and non linear loads.
The values of the cyclic rating factor hl,, in non
sinusoidal conditions for the three cable types and for the
considered four profiles are reported in Tables II and 111,
compared to the cyclic rating factor M in sinusoidal
condition, reported in the Tables as profile 0. The cyclic
rating factors of Table II have been calculated with 7 =6
hours and assuming for all resistances the same temperature:
the standard maximum permissible temperature: the cyclic
rating factors of Table Ill have been calculated considering
the whole cycle and applying the iterative procedure
outlined at the end of Section 11.
Tablc I
Harmonic profilcr.
Yh [P.".]
A B C
h
I
5
7
I1
13
17
I 9
23
25
29
31
35
37
4 1
4;
47
49
I
0.192
0.132
0.073
0.057
0.035
0.027
0.020
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01 I
0.010
0.009
0.00s
0.008
I
0.050
0.0s0
0.035
0.035
0.030
0.027
0.012
0.012
0.012
0.0 I2
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.007
I
0. l 2l
0.083
0.046
0.036
0.022
0.017
0.013
0.010
0.009
0.00s
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.00s
0.007 0.007 0.004
THD 1 25.7'X 10% 16.270
72u
Table II
Cyclic raring facton for vanoms cable types and profiles (-6 hours and
all resistances calculated st standard maximum permissible
tempetatun)
Cable Cable
TypcI Type2
Profile
Cable
Type3
Tablc 111
Cyclic rating factors far various cable weeand pmfilcs (whole cycle
and a11rcsistanccs calculatcd with an ilcrative praccdurc)
Profile
1.245 1.211 1.152
1.102 1.115 1.108
1.209 1.187 1.144
1.182 1.170 1.134
4 1.141 1.139 1.117
From the analysis of the Tables I1 and III it should be
the harmonics may create a significant change in the
cyclic rating factor values;
as foreseeable, the most critical harmonic profile is the
N.I while the less critical one is the N.2, so that a
positive influence of the attenuation of the harmonics to
meet 10% limit ofTHD can be revealed;
the influence of the change of the non sinusoidal
current waveforms during the cycle (profile 4) is not
particularly pronounced, being the maximum
temperature during the cycle mainly constrained by the
hour in which the harmonic content attains the highest
value;
the cable type N. I and N. 2 are the most subjected to
the harmonic influence due to significant additional
harmonic losses in metallic parts of the cable other than
conductor; this is particularly the case of cable type N.
1 ;
the errors between the cyclic rating factors evaluated
with I =6 hours and with all resistances calculated at
the maximum standard temperature and the ones
evaluated with the whole cycle and with all resistances
calculated at the actual temperatures are always less
than I ,3%.
Eventually, in order to show the strong influence that
may have the harmonics on the cyclic rating of low voltage
and medium voltage cables, the Table IV shows the actual
noted that:
maximum temperatures that cables reach if the harmonics
are neglected in the sizing stage and the profile N. I is the
actual operating condition. These values are compared with
the maximum standard permissible temperature associated
with sustained 100% rated current.
B. Emergency rating in non sinusoidal conditions
Various emergency loads with harmonics have been
considered, typical of low voltage and medium voltage
level. However, since to report all them it is impossible, in
the following, we only refer about some cases in which the
three cable type 1 , 2 and 3 of the above Section A are
subjected to:
constant sinusoidal current I. equal to 0.7 In or non
sinusoidal cyclic load characterized by the four
harmonic profiles considered in Section A, before the
beginning of the emergency period;
non sinusoidal emergency conditions characterized by
the four harmonic profiles considered in Section A.
Moreover, the maximum temperature rise in emergency
conditions 0- is assumed to be equal to 105 C for cable
types 1 and 2 and equal to 100 C for cable type 3. The
period TE of emergency loading is assumed to be 6 hours.
The values of the emergency rating factor N., in non
sinusoidal conditions for the three cable types are reported
in Table V, compared to the emergency rating factor N in
sinusoidal condition, reported also in Table V as profile 0.
Constant sinusoidal current before the emergency conditions
was assumed.
Table VI reports the same factors of Table V, but
assuming non sinusoidal cyclic load before the emergency
conditions.
From the analysis of Tables V and VI the same
considerations as for cyclic loads arise regarding both the
most critical harmonic profile (the profile N.1) and the most
sensitive cable (the cable type N. l ).
Moreover, it should be noted that the emergency rating
factors obtained starting from constant sinusoidal current
are greater than the ones obtained starting from cyclic non
sinusoidal load. This is not a general rule, because it is due
to the fact that the cable temperature just before the
emergency condition is lower for the cases of Table VI than
for the ones ofTable V. As obvious, other cases can arise in
which the behavior is opposite.
Tablc IV
Cable maximum ~cmperaturc dunng cycl i c non sinusoidal
load ( profileN. I)
cable Actual maximum Maximum scandad
tempcrarure lCmpEratUrC
[Cl . r y
. .
107.5 90
3 I 99.3 85
72 I
Table V
Emergency rating fastars far various cable t y p and pmfila. staniag
hnm sinusoidal constant c m t
Pmfils
before
E mer g"
N,
Cable Cable Cable
Type1 Typc2 Type3
Emergency
1.496 1.357 1.272
I i I 1.333 1.260 1.223
1.454 1.333 1.263
1.424 1.316 1.252
0 4 1.401 1.302 1.246
I
2
3
4
Table VI
Emergency rating factor for various csblc types and profilcs. rmi ng
I 1.201 1.187 1.185
2 1.314 1.256 1.223
3 1.286 1.239 1.213
4 1.278 1.233 1.210
f" cyclic non sinusoidal c m t
Conductor
s (mot')
before
Emergency
1.353 1.211 1.232
C"
95
In (A)
TI ( K - W
h ( K . W
T, ( K . W
Table Vn
Csblc maximum tcmperaturc during emergency non sinusoidal
load ( profile N. 1)
296
0.3895
0.2270
0.657
CablE A C N ~ mi mum Maximum emergency
temp cram Imper aNE
rc1 ["Cl
type
125.1 105
112.4 105
3 105.4 100
Eventually, in order to show the strong influence that
may have the harmonics on the emergency rating of low
voltage and medium voltage cables, the Table VI1 shows the
actual maximum temperatures that cables reach if the
harmonics are neglected in the sizing stage and the profile
N. 1 is the actual emergency operating condition. These
values are compared with the maximum permissible
temperature in emergency conditions.
1 12.86
EPR l n s u l at ion
D.h" I 16.51
Cameuted Pammncrs 1Hotte~t Cablc)
V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper the problem of the cable cyclic and
emergency ratings in non sinusoidal operating conditions
has been analyzed. The drawn expressions guarantee a
practical and immediate application of the approach. In fact,
the derived cyclic and emergency rating equations need only
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[I81
[I91
[20]
VI[. BIOGRAPHIES
Guido Cnrpinolll (M91) was bom in NPPICS. Italy. in 1953. He rcceived
his degree in Elcctrical Engineenng from the Univcrsita dcgli Siudi di
Napoli in 1978. Hc bccamc Professor in Industrial Energy Systems in 1990
at Univerrita degli Studi di Cassino. Italy. Hi s rcsearch inlcmt concerns
cl cctl i cal power systcms and power quality. Guido Carpinelli is mcmbcr of
IEEE and componcnt of the IEEE Working Group on Powcr System
narmonicr.
Pierluigl Carsmi. was ham in Naples. Italy. in 1963. Hc ohtaincd his
dcgnc in Elccnical Engineenng from thc Univenita degli SNdi di Cassino.
Italy, in 1991. Currently. hc is Arrociatc Professor of Eleftrical Power
Systema1 Uni veni Ii degli Studi di Cassino. His research i nt ~r csl ConcEms
mainly POWU clectronics in power systems.
Paoln Verdc was bom in Bencvento. Italy. in 1964. She rcceivcd her
dcgrcc in Electrical Engineering from the Univcrsitd dql i Studi di N~poIi.
Italy, in 1988. Currently. shc is Associalc Professor of Electrical Powcr
Systems at Uni veri i tb dfgli Studi di Cassino. Italy. Hcr rcscarch interest
conccms mainly powcr cl ccwoni cs in power systems. Pnola Vcrdc is a
mcmbcr of EEE and component of the IEEE Working Gmup on Powcr
S ys m Harmonics.
La Vitols Alfredo was born in Sora (FR). Italy. in 1973. Hc ohtaincd his
dcgrec in Elcctrical Enginccnng from thc Univcrsild dcgli Studi di Cassino,
Italy. in 1997. Currently. he i s PHD student at Univcnitb degli Studi di
Cassino. His research interest conccms mainly power clmtronics in power
systems.
111