Chemistry

Low density polyethylene are formed using pressure of 2000atm and temperature of
300C
High density polyethylene is formed where pressure is about 20 atm and temperature
of 60 C
Due to bent structure of ozone,it is more polar and has higher boiling point,also more
soluble,because ozone only contains single bonds,it more reactive/less stable
Ozone has strong intermolecular force but has weak intramolecular force
CFCs were once used in propellants, refrigerants, foams, and cleaning solvents in the
1930s,
Cell and tissue damage leading to tumours and/or cancer, formation of eye cataracts,
damage to certain plants and organisms dependent upon sunlight but vulnerable to
UV radiation, such as various forms of plankton.
Ozone is unreactive in the lower atmosphere however it decompose when it diffuses
to the stratosphere.
One of the steps to alleviate the problem of ozone depletion is Montreal Protocol in
1987,
Also nations created trade agreements to restrict trade of substances which are
dangerous to ozone layer as well as research and production of CFC replacements
HCFC were first introduced as replacement for CFCs,although they are higly
reactive,(because of C-H bonds)they decomposed in the lower atmosphere before it
could reach the stratosphere,they still release chloride ions in the cucle.
Later HFC were used instead,they have zero ozone destroying capacity as they
contain no C-Cl bonds.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) can be determined through the use of a specific titration
procedure known as the Winkler Method.
Membrane filters are sheets of polymers wrapped into a cylinder shaped tube
HCl is used to dissolve fertiliser so it precipitates better higher accuracy
Using large amount of fertiliser and accurate balance ensure correct measurement
Why NaHCO3 is used for neutralising acid spills:
- It can be stored and transported easily given its stable nature.
-It is amphiprotic, meaning that it can be used to neutralise both acid and alkali spills.
- It is relatively cheap, providing an incentive for industrial use.
-Excess amounts can be used, the effect is only mildly reactive.
Buffer in natural system, talk about bicarobate in the blood as a natural buffer.
Because of its ability to maintain an approximately constant pH, such a solution is
called a buffer solution:it acts as a buffer against change in pH.
In fermentation reaction,yeast cannot survive above 37 degrees
The actual conditions used during the Haber process include a temperature of around
400C and a pressure of 250 atmospheres.




Definitions
Haloalkanes- A haloalkane is a regular alkane where at least one hydrogen atom has been
replaced by a halogen.
Buffer- A buffer is a substance that will work to maintain the pH of a system even if small
amounts of acids
or bases are added. A buffer is normally a combination of chemicals, commonly consisting of
a weak
acid and its conjugate base (although it can also be formed from a weak base and its conjugate
acid).

Important Equations
Condensation reaction of glucose


Fermentation


Hydration/dehydration


CFC and Ozone

Haber process


Formation of rust


Buffer in natural system


Production of transuranic elements


-Neptunium


-Californium


Formation of sulphuric acid


Nitric acid and nitrous acid


Final tips
-Never round off values during working out
-Chuck in equation if relevant
-Write an intro and conclusion for longer responses
-Watch for BOS verbs eg.Assess means to list the advantage and disadvantage and make a
judgment.
-show clear working,label !ie. n(SO4)