PROJECT 2

By
Ramon Lopes de Arajo
ME438 Section 802_13858
Mecanica! En"ineerin" E#perimentation
$ni%ersity o& 'isconsin ( Mi!)a*+ee
,o!!e"e o& En"ineerin" App!ied Science
-. Bo# /84
Mi!)a*+ee0 'isconsin 5320110/84
Marc 28t0 2014
A2stract
3e project 2 &rom te 4Mecanica! En"ineerin" E#perimentation5
dea!s )it ca!i2ration o& sensors6 3e project is di%ided in tree
e#periments0 )ere te 7rst is ca!!ed 48re9*ency ,a!i2ration50 te
second recei%ed te name o& te transd*cer and it is ca!!ed 4Load ,e!!50
and te tird as te same sense o& te second0 2*t is ca!!ed 4Air
3ransd*cer :e!ocity56 A!! e#periments consists o& sensor ca!i2ration
com2inin" )it te statistica! ana!ysis6 3e e#pectation )as tat te
e#periments )ere consistent )it te !iterat*re0 or at !east c!ose6 3e
e#periment 4Air :e!ocity 3ransd*cer5 )ent &ar tan e#pected0 e%en )it
di;erent settin"s6 Mean)i!e te e#periments 58re9*ency ,a!i2ration5
and 4Load ,e!!5 )ere in accordance )it te !iterat*re6 'i!e 4Load
,e!!5 as a R< e9*a! 06=/0 4Air :e!ocity 3ransd*cer5 as a R< e9*a!
0600356 >t is spec*!ated tat tat te sensiti%ity o& te sensor inter&ered
in te ca!i2ration o& te 4Air :e!ocity 3ransd*cer56 >n "enera!0 te desi"n
so)n o) to do te ca!i2ration o& sensors in para!!e! )it te
statistica! ana!ysis ?a!)ays *sin" a con7dence !e%e! o& =5@A6 3o
comp!ement in&ormation0 tere is a seet added in te 4Appendices5
)it te instr*ctions o& te e#periments0 in order to 2e easier to
*nderstand6
1
3a2!e o& ,ontents
List o& 8i"*res
List o& 3a2!es
2
3
1.Introduction
3is report 2e!on"s to te second project o& te co*rse 4ME,BECD
438 1 Mecanica! En"ineerin" E#perimentation5 &rom $ni%ersity o&
'isconsin0 Mi!)a*+ee6 3e e#periments carried o*t are ca!i2ration o&
&re9*ency0 !oad ce!!0 and air %e!ocity transd*cer6 3e project is di%ided
into capters0 )ic tey are denominated in !iterat*re re%ie)0
metodo!o"y0 res*!ts0 disc*ssion o& res*!ts and conc!*sion6 >n !iterat*re
re%ie) contains in&ormations &rom 2oo+s0 artic!e or anoter so*rce
)ic tey e!p te reader to *nderstand te iss*es o& te
e#perimenta! )or+ and interpretation o& te data6 Metodo!o"y e#p!ains
o) te e#periments )as cond*cted0 te e9*ipment and so&t)are *sed
and te settin"s o& te e#periment6 Res*!ts so) te res*!ts o2tained in
"raps and ta2!es6 Eisc*ssion o& res*!ts as a teoretica! &o*ndation
tat aims to e#p!ain te res*!ts0 e%en i& te res*!ts are not consistent
)it te !iterat*re6 8ina!!y te conc!*sion0 )ic contains a c!ear
s*mmary a2o*t )o!e project6
,a!i2ration is a set o& operations tat ens*res tat a meas*rin"
instr*ment operates )itin a "ood standard o& meas*rement6 >t can not
to ta!+ a2o*t ca!i2ration i& it not ta!+ a2o*t statistica!6 3*s0 statistica! is
a too! presents in tis project tat assists to *nderstand te data6 An
important topic present in tis project is te statistica! *ncertainty
ana!ysis6 >t is a )ay to interpret e#perimenta! data6
1
2.Literature Review
3e p*rpose o& te !iterat*re re%ie) is to e#emp!i&y te teoretica!
&o*ndations and to "i%e s*pport &or a "ood *nderstandin" o& te
e#periments done6 .&ten te data are diFc*!t to *nderstand 2*t tey
can 2e so!%ed )it teoretica! &o*ndations6 3e e#periments carried o*t
are ca!i2ration o& &re9*ency0 !oad ce!!0 and air %e!ocity transd*cer6 A!on"
)it tis0 te statistica! st*dy is %ery important to interpret and
*nderstand e#perimenta! data te 2est )ay as possi2!e6
3o *nderstand a2o*t ca!i2ration process carried o*t in te
e#periments0 one m*st 7rst *nderstand its de7nition6 ,a!i2ration as
2een de7ned 2y te >nternationa! B*rea* o& 'ei"ts and Meas*res as
an 4.peration tat0 *nder speci7ed conditions0 in te 7rst step0
esta2!ises a re!ation 2et)een te 9*antity %a!*es )it meas*rement
*ncertainties pro%ided 2y te meas*rement standards and
correspondin" indications )it associated meas*rement *ncertainties
?o& te ca!i2rated instr*ment or secondary standardA and0 in te second
step0 *ses tis in&ormation to esta2!is a re!ation &or o2tainin" a
meas*rement res*!t &rom an indication56 Calibration is defined as an
association between measurements one of a scale or accuracy made or set
with one piece of equipment and another measurement made in as similar a way
as possible with a second piece of equipment. The piece of equipment or device
with the known or assigned accuracy is called the standard.
2
8ast 8o*rier 3rans&orm ?883A is a type o& discrete appro#imation o& a
8o*rier trans&orm6 ,arr G Madan ?1===A ad te &o!!o)in" to say a2o*t
tis metodH I6667nd tat te *se o& te 883 is considera2!y &aster tan
most a%ai!a2!e metods and &*rtermore0 te traditiona! metod
descri2ed in Beston0 Bates0 Ba+si and Madan0 and Scott can 2e 2ot
s!o) and inacc*rate666J6
3
3.Methodology
3is capter disc*sses te conditions *nder )ic te tests are 2ein"
per&ormed0 te e9*ipment *sed and proced*res6
3e e#periments )ere per&ormed at te La2oratory -roject o& te
,o!!e"e o& En"ineerin" G App!ied Science Basement 'B=2 at $'M6
>t )as *sed so&t)ares to co!!ect and to ana!yKe te data6 8or co!!ect
data0 it )as *sed LabView0 a system1desi"n p!at&orm and de%e!opment
en%ironment &or a %is*a! pro"rammin" !an"*a"e &rom National
Instruments6 8or statistica! ana!ysis0 it )as *sed te so&t)are Excel0
a spreadseet app!ication de%e!oped 2y Microsoft )ere yo* can ta+e
ad%anta"e o& &eat*res !i+e ca!c*!ation0 "rapin" too!s0 pi%ot ta2!es0 a
macro pro"rammin" !an"*a"e0 and oter many oter too!s6
3e ne#t s*2topics contain te e9*ipment *sed in eac
e#periment and o) te e#periment as 2een r*nnin"6
3.1 E!eri"ent 1# $re%uency Cali&ration
8or te rea!iKation o& te e#periment ca!!ed ca!i2ration &re9*ency0
te e9*ipment tat a%e 2een *sed areH
An acce!erometer
An acce!erationH BrLe! G Mjae! 1 type 42=4
4
C> =1N2
$+*!e!e
-o)er s*pp!y
Figure 1: NI9162 used in te ex!eriment 1"
Speci7c data &rom te acce!erometer ca!i2rator is in 7"*re 26 >ts
main in&ormations areH &re9*ency e9*a! to 15=62 BK ?O P 10000 radQsA6
Acce!eration e9*a! to 10 ms1< ?RMSA R 3@6 :e!ocity e9*a! to 10 ms1S
?RMSA R 3@6
Figure 2: a# $ccelerometer calibrator used in te ex!eriment 1" b# %ata of te
accelerometer
5
3e e#periment 1 is di%ided in t)o parts6 >t co*!d 2e considered part
1 )en it )as )or+ed )it acce!eration and te part 2 )en it )as
)or+ed )it $+*!e!e6 $+*!e!e is a strin"ed m*sica! instr*ment tat )as
*sed to per&orm samp!e meas*rement in te e#periment 16>ts pict*re is
i!!*strated in te 7"*re 36
Figure &: '(ulele used in te ex!eriment 1"
Eata ac9*isition )as per&ormed *sin" La2:ie)6 3en te data
so*!d a%e 2e e#ported to E#ce!6 >n te E#ce!0 it is possi2!e to
ca!i2rate *sin" 883 "rap6
3.2 E!eri"ent 2.1# Load Cell
Cali&ration
8or te rea!iKation o& te e#periment ca!!ed !oad ce!!0 te
e9*ipment tat a%e 2een *sed areH
N
Load ce!!H .me"a L,101 Stain!ess Stee!
C> =21=
-o)er s*pp!y
Figure ): Load cell calibration*s setu!"
3e e#perimenta! desi"n o& te e#periment 261 )as or"aniKed as
&o!!o)sH
-er&orm te sensor e#periment in ascendin" and
descendin" increments &or 4 cyc!es ?0!2 T 1!2 T 3!2 T N!2 T
/
8!2T N!2 T 3!2 T 1!2 T 0!2A6 Record a!! te data )it te
LabView"
Statistica! ana!yses6
Meas*re &o*r *n+no)n %aria2!es *sin" a*tomatic
con%ersion &*nction in LabView6
,ompare te res*!ts o& e#periments )it te teoretica!
prediction6
3.3 E!eri"ent 2.2# 'ir (elocity
Tran)ducer Cali&ration
8or te rea!iKation o& te e#periment ca!!ed !oad ce!!0 te
e9*ipment tat a%e 2een *sed areH
Air %e!ocity 3ransd*cer
C> =21=
-o)er s*pp!y
Air %e!ocity transd*cerJs in&ormations can 2e &o*nd in te 7"*re
56
8
Figure +: $ir ,elocit- transducer*s informations"
3e e#perimenta! desi"n o& te e#perimente 262 )as or"aniKed
as &o!!o)sH
-er&orm te sensor e#periment in ascendin" and
descendin" increments &or 4 cyc!es ?5 : T / : T = : T 11 :
T 13 :T 11 : T = : T / : T 5 :A6 Record a!! te data )it
te LabView"
Statistica! ana!yses6
Meas*re &o*r *n+no)n %aria2!es *sin" a*tomatic
con%ersion &*nction in LabView6
,ompare te res*!ts o& e#periments )it te teoretica!
prediction6
=
Figure 6 . /etu! of te ex!eriment 2"2"
*.Re)ult)
3e capter 4 contains res*!ts &rom te e#periments 10 2610 and
2626 3e res*!ts are so)n in "raps and ta2!es6
*.1 E!eri"ent 1# $re%uency Cali&ration
10
E#periment 1 as t)o partsH ca!i2ratin" tro*" ce!!pone is te
7rst part0 and te anoter is ca!i2ratin" *sin" $+*!e!e6 3e ne#t t)o
&o!!o)in" "raps are &rom ca!i2ration *sin" te ce!pone6
N604=============NE14
115
110
15
0
5
10
15
20
Eata 1 ,e!!pone

3ime
Amp!it*de 1 Acce!eration ?RMSA
Figure 0: %ata from cell!one"
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
N
/
8
=
10
883 1 ,e!!pone
8re9*ency 1 Acce!eration ?RMSA
Amp!it*de 1 Acce!eration ?RMSA
Figure 1: FF2 . 3ell!one"
As it )as mentioned0 a second instr*ment )as *sed6 $+*!e!e is a
mem2er o& te "*itar &ami!y o& instr*ments6 3e res*!ts in "rap &orm is
2e!o)
12
N604=============NE14
1062
0
062
064
06N
068
1
162
Eata 1 $+*!e!e

3ime
Amp!it*de 1 Acce!eration ?RMSA
Figure 9: %ata from '(ulele"
0
0605
061
0615
062
0625
063
0635
064
0645
065
883 1 $+*!e!e
8re9*ency 1 Acce!eration ?RMSA
Amp!it*de 1 Acce!eration ?RMSA
Figure 14: FF2 5 '(ulele
3e disc*ssion o& res*!ts is in te topic 56 3e "raps 4amp!it*de
%s time50 4amp!it*de %s &re9*ency50 and te statistica! ana!yses are
more tan eno*" to e%a!*ate a!! o& data6
13
*.2 E!eri"ent 2.1# Load Cell
3e topic 462 as te res*!ts o& e#periment 2616 3e &o!!o)in"
ta2!e contains te %a!*e meas*red in %o!ts accordin" to te )ei"t6
2able 1: %ata from load cell"
+eig
ht
,l&-
$ir)t Run
,'-
$ir)t Run
,.-
/econd
Run
,'-
/econd Run
,.-
Third Run
,'-
Third Run
,.-
'verage
0 000315/ 000315=5=
3N
00031N 00031N 00031N 00031N 000315=43
23
1 00032043 00031/4N1
5/
00031/4830
=
00031/5031= 00031/502
4N
00031/5028
/
00031/=80
53
3 000324=N1
48
000320302
=N
00032052=2
=
00032053/85 00032053N
38
0003251048
/
000321==5
4/
1 00032/==/
=
00031/214
N/
000325103N
/
00032511303 000325102
N
0003251048
/
0003242/2
/=
2 000324=1N
N=
000325 0003281521
3
000328 00032814/
=1
00032814/=
1
00032/0N0
//
0 1 2 ! " # $ % &
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
f'() * 0( + 0.0
,- * 0."#
f'() * 0( + 0.0
,- * 0.#"
.irst ,un
/scending
0inear '/scending)
1escending
0inear '1escending)
2eight 'lb)
3utput '4)
Figure 11: First run of calibration of te load cell"
14
0 1 2 ! " # $ % &
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
f'() * 0( + 0.0
,- * 1
f'() * 0( + 0.0
,- * 1
5econd ,un
/scending
0inear '/scending)
1escending
0inear '1escending)
2eight 'lb)
3utput '4)
Figure 12: /econd run of calibration of te load cell"
0 1 2 ! " # $ % &
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
f'() * 0( + 0.0
,- * 0.%"
f'() * 0( + 0.0
,- * 1
Third ,un
/scending
0inear '/scending)
1escending
0inear '1escending)
2eight'lb)
3utput '4)
Figure 1&: 2ird run of calibration of te load cell"
15
A&ter to "enerate te tree r*n o& te e#periment 2610 it )as
created te re"ression ana!ysis tro*" E#ce!6
2able 2: 6egression anal-sis . Ex!eriment 2"1
/3MM'R4 O3TP3T
Regression Statistics
Multi!le
R
00=845N0=3
R /%uare 00=N=3N023
'd5u)ted
R /%uare
00=5=14N=/
/tandard
Error
=015/5E105
O&)ervat
ion)
5
'6O('
df // M/ F /igni7cance F
Regre))i
on
1 /0=5=2E10/ /0=5=2E1
0/
=40=11=N
N1
000022=/51
Re)idual 3 205158E108 80385=E1
0=
Total 4 802108E10/
3oe8cie
nts
/tandard
Error
t /tat 95,alue 9+:
inferiores
9+:
su!eriores
Interce!t 00031NN/
34
N03888E105 4=50N/15
5=
108108E1
08
000314N402 000318/0N
N
7
(aria&le
1
00000132
/
103N21E105 =0/422//
2N
000022=/
51
80=351E105 000001/N0
5
1N
0 1 2 3 4 5 N / 8 =
0603
0603
0603
0603
0603
0603
0603
0603
0603
0603
&?#A P 0# U 0603
R< P 06=/
8ina! ,a!i2ration ,*r%e 1 E#periment 261
A%era"e
Linear ?A%era"eA
'ei"t ?!2A
.*tp*t ?:A
Figure 1) . Final calibration cur,e of te ex!eriment 2"1
,a!c*!*sH
Acc*racy !imits
bound=
upperlower
2
a
0
=
0.031870660.03146402
2
a
0
=0.00040664
a
1
=
0.000176050.000089351
2
a
1
=0.000086699
1/
*.3 E!eri"ent 2.2# 'ir (elocity
Tran)ducer
3e topic 463 as te res*!ts o& e#periment 2626 3e &o!!o)in"
ta2!e contains te %a!*e meas*red in %o!ts accordin" to te )ei"t6
! " # $ % & 10 11 12 1 1!
6".00760"
6.00760"
61.00760"
1.00760"
.00760"
".00760"
$.00760"
&.00760"
1.10760!
f'() * 0( 6 0
,- * 0.1&
f'() * 0( + 0
,- * 0.12
.irst ,un
/scending
0inear '/scending)
1escending
0inear '1escending)
8nput '4)
3utput '4)
Figure 1+ . First run of te ex!eriment 2"1"
18
! " # $ % & 10 11 12 1 1!
6".00760"
6.00760"
61.00760"
1.00760"
.00760"
".00760"
$.00760"
&.00760"
1.10760!
f'() * 0( 6 0
,- * 0."$
f'() * 0( 6 0
,- * 0.12
5econd ,un
/scending
0inear '/scending)
1escending
0inear '1escending)
8nput '4)
3utput '4)
Figure 16 . /econd run of te ex!eriment 2"2"
! # % 10 12 1!
6".00760"
6.00760"
61.00760"
1.00760"
.00760"
".00760"
$.00760"
&.00760"
1.10760!
f'() * 0( + 0
,- * 0
.inal Calibration Curve 6 7(periment 2.2
/verage
0inear '/verage)
8nput '4)
3utput '4)
Figure 10 . Final calibration cur,e of te ex!eriment"
1=
A&ter to "enerate te tree r*n o& te e#periment 2620 it )as
created te re"ression ana!ysis tro*" E#ce!6
2able &: 6egression anal-sis . Ex!eriment 2"2
/3MM'R4 O3TP3T
Regression Statistics
Multi!le
R
0005=0N4
R /%uare
0000348=
'd5u)ted
R /%uare
100328N8
/tandard
Error
10/=E105
O&)ervat
ion)
5
'6O('
df // M/ F /igni7cance F
Regre))i
on
1 303NE1
12
303NE1
12
000105
02
00=24841
Re)idual 3 =0N1E1
10
302E1
10
Total 4 =0N4E1
10
3oe8cie
nts
/tanda
rd
Error
t /tat 95
,alue
9+:
inferiores
9+:
su!erior
es
Inter)e89o 2005E105 20N/E1
05
00/NN5
8/
004==1
28
1N04E105 00000105
(ari:vel 7
1
20=E10/ 2083E1
0N
001024
81
00=248
41
180/E10N =03E10N
,a!c*!*sH
Acc*racy !imits
bound=
upperlower
2
20
a
0
=
0.0001050.000064
2
a
0
=0.000002055
a
1
=
0.00000930.0000087
2
a
1
=0.0000006
;..i)cu))ion o< Re)ult)
'en it comes to ca!i2ration0 e#pected res*!t )it a !inear "ro)t6
3e project 2 )as di%ided in tree 2i" parts0 ca!!ed e#periment 1 as
4&re9*ency ca!i2ration5 )ere it )as *sed a ce!!pone and an *+*!e!e to
per&orm samp!e meas*rement6 3e e#periment 261 is ca!!ed 4!oad ce!!5
and te e#periment 262 is ca!!ed 4air %e!ocity transd*cer56
3e e#periment 1 treats a2o*t ca!i2rate i" &re9*ency data *sin"
8836 Rea!iKes tat te res*!ts o2tained &rom ce!!pone compared )it
te res*!ts o2tained &rom *+*!e!e a%e a di;erence 2et)een di;erent
types o& so*nds at a pysica! !e%e!6 'i!e te ce!!pone as te i"est
&re9*ency ( acce!eration ?RMSA aro*nd 1N0 and te i"est meas*re o&
amp!it*de ( acce!eration ?RMSA aro*nd =0 te *+*!e!e as te
meas*rement !o)er tan ce!!pone6 >t as te i"est &re9*ency
aro*nd 0645 and te i"est meas*re o& amp!it*de ( acce!eration ?RMSA
aro*nd 36
3e e#periment 261 ad te meas*rement as e#pected6 3e second
r*n )as a!most per&ect0 a%in" te R< a!most e9*a! 16 Amon" tree
e#periments0 te e#periment 261 4Load ,e!!5 presented te res*!ts in a
21
more consistent ca!i2ration )it te !iterat*re6 >n addition0 te res*!ts
o2tained represent a 9*ite re"*!ar series o& data0 and 7t )itin a sma!!
con7dence 2and6 R< o& te 7na! ca!i2ration c*r%e is 06=/0 )at means
tat it )as a satis&actory ca!i2ration0
3e e#periment 262 so)ed )e!! dispersed and *nconnected
meas*res6 >t )as attempted to ma+e te e#periment can"in" te
position o& te sensor0 2*t it did not a%e e;ect and te error persisted6
>n te 7na! ca!i2ration c*r%e0 te R< is 0600356 3is means tat te
meas*rements are &ar &rom te e#pected6 Co one +no)s &or s*re )y0
2*t a possi2i!ity o& tis error is te settin" o& te sensor6 3is pro2!em
can 2e inV*enced 2y t*r2*!ence6 3e transd*cer )as attaced to a
pipe0 and tis pipe can 2e may a%e mas+ed te rea! %a!*e ?meas*resA
o& te e#periment6 Anoter possi2i!ity can 2e te sensiti%ity o& te
sensor0 )ere it )as not in a"reement )it te ade9*ate sca!e6
22
1.Conclu)ion)
3e e#periments attained te e#pectations "enerated 2y !iterary
st*dy0 )it te e#ception o& te e#periment 262 4Air :e!ocity
3ransd*cer56 3e statistica! ana!yses )as made )it con7dence !e%e! o&
=5@0 a "ood option 2et)een a!! o& oter con7dence !e%e!6 3e
e#periment 1 and 261 con7rmed te e#pects in te !iterat*re re%ie)6
3e app!ication o& transd*cers depends direct!y on te acc*racy at
)ic tey can ta+e meas*rements0 and te ease at )ic tese
res*!ts are ana!yKed )it re!ation to te inp*t and o*tp*t6
3e t*r2*!ence can 2e a &actor tat )i!! inV*ence in te 7na! res*!t0
in tis case it is te ca!i2ration6
3e e#perience o& ma+in" a ca!i2ration is an e#ce!!ent tas+ &or
en"ineerin" st*dent6 >t is tota!!y di;erent )en te data are ready and
23
it is necessary on!y do te ana!yses6 3e project 2 contri2*ted &or te
&ormation o& te st*dents0 since ca!i2ration o& sensors is e!p&*! and
common in te ind*stry6
=.Re<erence)
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