PART IV

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRACTICE













SYLLABUS

GE 6162 ENGINEERING PRACTICES LABORATORY L T P C 0 0 3 2

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Study of electronics components and Equipments - Resistors, colour
coding, measurement of AC signal parameter(peak-peak, rms period,
frequency) using CRO.
2. Study of logic gates AND, OR, EOR and NOT.
3. Generation of clock signal.
4. Soldering practice- Components devices and circuits- using general purpose
PCB.
5. Measurement of ripple factor of HWR and FWR.




















Ex. No. : Page No. :
Date :

STUDY OF MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING COLOR CODING

AIM:
To study the measurement of value of resistance using color coding.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Resistors
2. Multimeter
THEORY:
A resistor is a passive component. It introduces resistance in the circuit. Resistance is basic
property of conducting material and is given by
R = L/ A
Where,
- Resistivity.
L - Length of the material.
A - Area of cross section of material.

We have a number of typeof resistors such as carbon composition, metal film, carbon film wire
wound and variable resistors.Carbon resistors are quite cheap, but the value of resistance may be easily
affected by atmospheric changes and is also susceptible to high tolerance.
IDENTIFICATIONMARKING OF RESISTORS
Universally recognized approaches have been established to identify the electrical values. Two
such markings are
(i) Colourcode.
(ii) Alpha numeric code.
In our colour coding method the value of the resistance is coded on the resistor using three or
four colour bands. The first two colour band gives the first two significant digital values. The third band
gives the value of multiplier. Fourth band gives the tolerance value.



MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING COLOR CODING










RESULT






Ex. No. : Page No. :
Date :
MEASUREMENT OF AC SIGNAL PARAMETERS USING CRO

AIM:
To measure the following when a sinusoidal voltage is applied
1. Peak Peak Magnitude of the Voltage
2. RMS Value of the Voltage
3. Time Period
4. Frequency
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FORMULA USED:
Measurement of unknown frequency=F
V
/ F
H
(Hz)
=



Where,


F
V
frequency of waveform given to the vertical plane
F
H
frequency of waveform given to the horizontal plane

V
RMS
=V
m
/ 2 (Volts)
f=1 / T (Hz)
=2 f (radian)




S.NO.

NAME OFTHE EQUIPMENT

TYPE

RANGE
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
1. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope(CRO) Analog 30 MHz 1
2. Audio Frequency Oscillator Digital 2 MHz 1
3. Signal Generator 1
4. Bread Board 1
5. Connecting Probes, wires As Required
THEORY:
The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope is a versatile electronic testing and measuring instrument that
allows the amplitude of the signal which may be voltage, current, power etc. To be displayed
primarily as a function of time. It is used for voltage, frequency and phase angle measurement and
also for examining the waveforms, from d.c or very low frequency to very high frequencies.
SIGNAL GENERATOR:
It is a device which produces simple repetitive wave forms.
PEAK-PEAK VOLTAGE:
The peak to peak magnitude of a periodic voltage is the voltage difference the most positive
point in the wave and most negative point in the wave.
PEAK VOLTAGE:
The peak voltage of a wave is the magnitude of the most positive or negative of the wave
respect to ground or reference.
DC AVERAGE VOLTAGE:
The DC component of an AC signal is the average value of that signal over the period.
Vrms = Vm/2
PERIOD:
The time taken by an alternating signal to complete one cycle is called the period of the
signal.
FREQUENCY:
It is the number of cycles per second.









BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CRO


MODEL GRAPH:
(Using CRO) AC input Voltage:


PROCEDURE
1. The circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The sinusoidal voltage is applied with the help of AFO.
3. Readings are taken for different magnitudes and frequencies.


Measurement of DC Voltage amplitude and frequency:



TABULATION:
Type of
waveform
peak-peak
voltage
(Vp-p) in
volts
Peak
Voltage
(Vp) in
volts
RMS
voltage in
Volts
(Vrms)
DC voltage
(Vdc) in
volts
Period Frequency
Sine wave
Triangular
wave



RESULT:





Ex. No. : Page No. :
Date :

STUDY OF LOGIC GATES
AIM
To study about logic gates and verify their truth tables.
APPARATUS REQUIRED







AND GATE:
The AND gate performs a logical multiplication commonly known as AND function. The
output is high when both the inputs are high. The output is low level when any one of the inputs is low.
OR GATE:
The OR gate performs a logical addition commonly known as OR function. The output is
high when any one of the inputs is high. The output is low level when both the inputs are low.
NOT GATE:
The NOT gate is called an inverter. The output is high when the input is low. The output is
low when the input is high.
X-OR GATE:
The output is high when any one of the inputs is high. The output is low when both the inputs
are low and both the inputs are high.



SL No. COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QTY
1. AND GATE IC 7408 1
2. OR GATE IC 7432 1
3. X-OR GATE IC 7486 1
4. NOT GATE IC 7404 1
NOT GATE:
SYMBOL PIN DIAGRAM:


EX-OR GATE :
SYMBOL : PIN DIAGRAM :



AND GATE:
SYMBOL: PIN DIAGRAM:


OR GATE:



PROCEDURE FOR IC TRAINER KIT:
(i) Connect the 14
th
pin of IC to the supply and the 7
th
pin to the ground.
(ii) Connect the input of the gates to logic switches.
(iii) Connect the output of the gates to LED through a resistor.
(iv) Switch ON the power supply.
(v) Check the truth tables of different gates for various inputs. If LED is glowing, then the
output is 1. If it is not glowing, then the output is 0.
(vi) Switch OFF the power supply.

















RESULT:





Ex. No. : Page No. :
Date :
GENERATION OF CLOCK SIGNAL
Aim:
To generate the clock signal using 555 Timer IC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO NAME SPECIFICATION QTY
1 BREAD BOARD 1
2 Regulated power supply 1
3 555 Timer IC 1
4 Resistors 1K, 10K 1 each
5 Capacitors 0.1 F, 0.01 F 1 each
6 CRO 1
7 Connecting wires As required

Formula:
Time period T = 0.7 * ( R1+ 2R2 ) * C1
Frequency f = 1.4 / (R1+2R2 ) * C1
PROCEDURE:
Fix the components in the bread board as in the circuit diagram
Power supply is given to the input
Output is viewed through CRO
The amplitude and Time periods Ton and Toff are noted to draw the clock signal in the graph.








PIN DIAGRAM




CIRCUIT DIAGRAM





MODEL GRAPH



TABULATION


AMPLITUDE( VOLTS) TIME PERIOD (SECS) FREQUENCY (Hz)







RESULT:



Ex. No. : Page No. :
Date :
SOLDERING AND DE-SOLDERING PRACTICE
AIM:
To practice the soldering and de-soldering for the given electronic circuit in the PCB.

PREREQUISITE:
Soldering is the process for jointing of metal parts with the aid of molten metal (solder) when the
melting temperature of solder is below that of materials joined and thereby the surface of the parts is
wetted without they being molten.
TYPES OF SOLDERING:
The usually used solder is an alloy of tin and lead in different proportions.
COMPOSITION MELTING TEMPERATURE ( C)
TIN LEAD
50 50 200
60 40 185
90 10 219
35 65 237

Other categories are brazing solder (also called hard solder), silver solder and aluminium solder
with trade name ALCA P Parasol. It is an alloy of tin, lead, zinc and cadmium.
FLUX:
During soldering operation an auxiliary medium is mostly used to increase the flow property of
molten solder or to improve the degree of wetting such medium is called as flux.
Following characteristics are required are required in a flux.
1. It should provide a liquid cover the material and exclude air up to the soldering temperature
2. It should dissolve any oxide on the material surface or on the solder and carry such unwanted
materials away.
3. It should be readily displaced from the metal by the molten soldering operation.
4. Residue should be removable after completion of solder.



SOLDERING TECHNIQUE:
It depends on
1. Nature and type of joint
2. Melting temperature of solder
3. Soldering flux used.
SOLDERING EQUIPMENT:
The equipments used for soldering are blowlamps, soldering iron, soldering pot, laddle etc.,
BLOW LAMP:
Using blowlamp an open flame is obtained by burning kerosene, petrol or spirit.
SOLDERING IRON:
Nowadays electric soldering iron is used in various types of soldering jobs. Heat is obtained
from a nichrome wire element in the range of 10W to 2KW or bigger and is used to heat soldering bit.
The key to the function of iron is in the bit itself. The bit of the soldering iron has to perform following
functions.
1. It stores heat and convey it from heat source to work.
2. Conveys molten solder and often flux to work. However it is not recommended. It is better to apply
solder to work piece correctly.
3. It can be used to remove surplus solder from the joints.
Soldering bits are made of copper.
DRILLING:
Drilling of holes into PCB to mount components is an important machinery operation. For
drilling holes the drills bit diameter is chosen as 0.05 mm higher then the hole diameter. Drilling
machines for PCB applications are available in a wide range of designs. The speeds mostly used are
around 20000-50000 rpm.
COMPONENT MOUNTING:
Components should be properly mounted on the PCB. The leads should be bend symmetrically.
The leads should not be bend to close from the body. The leads should be thoroughly cleaned before
mounting. Lifted mounting and vertical mounting should be avoided as far as possible. The insulated
portion of leads should not extend into the holes.
EXPERIMENT:
TOOLS:
High speed drills with bits, nose pliers, soldering iron ,cutter, emery paper.


MATERIALS:
Soldering lead 60/40, soldering flux.
PROCEDURE:
1. Drill holes in the PCB at appropriate places.
2. Plug soldering iron into the socket
3. Clean the soldering bit. To clean the bit when it is slightly hot apply flux and then solder 10 to 15
Sec. When the solder has melt clean the bit with a piece of cloth. An unclean bit will cause dry
soldering (Cold soldering).
4. Any component or surface, which is to be soldered should be cleaned with emery paper.
5. Now apply a small quantity of flux on the surface, which is to be joined and melt solder over the
surface.
6. The wires or components that are to be connected are bend if required to fix in the holes properly.
7. Hold the soldering iron on the right hand and keep solder bit on the solder point.
8. Apply solder. The solder will melt and spread around the point. Silver like appearance of the
soldered point indicates perfect soldering.
9. Cut the projected part of components after soldering.
SOLDERING AND DE-SOLDERING PRACTICE


GIVEN CIRCUIT


BACK SIDE OF PCB BOARD




FRONT SIDE OF PCB BOARD



RESULT:









Ex. No. : Page No. :
Date :

MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLE FACTOR OF HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
AIM:
To obtain the ripple factor of Half wave and Full Wave rectifier and to plot the characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO.

NAMEOF THE EQUIPMENT

TYPE

RANGE
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
1 Diode IN 4001 4
2 Resistor 1K 1
3 Transformer Step-down 230 V
(12 0 12) V
1
4 CRO Analog 30 MHz 1
5 Function Generator 1
6 Bread Board 1
7 Connecting wires and probe As Required

THEORY:
The rectifiers are the circuits which converts ac voltage into pulsating dc voltage. These are
used in the initial stages of dc power supply. It may be classified into following two types.
i) Half Wave Rectifier.
ii) Full Wave Rectifier.
Half Wave Rectifier
The working of half wave rectifier may be suited by considering positive and negative half
cycles of the ac input voltages. During positive half cycle the diode is forward biased and conducts for
all voltages greater than the effect voltage (0.7 V for Si, 0.3V for Ge). So the waveform appears at the
output. During negative half cycle the diode is reverse biased and it offers high resistance. So it does
not conduct. There is no waveform at the output.
Full Wave Rectifier
A full wave rectifier is a circuit which allows a unidirectional current to flow through the load
during entire input cycles. The result of full wave rectification is a dc output voltage that pulsates every
half cycles of the input. There are two types full wave rectifiers namely Center tapped and Bridge
rectifier.

FORMULA USED:
Half Wave Rectifier
1. V
dc
= V
m
/
2. V
rms
= V
m
/
3. PIV = V
m

4. Ripple factor = V
rms
/ V
dc
= I
rms
/ I
dc

Full Wave Rectifier
1. V
dc
= 2V
m
/
2. V
rms
= V
m
/
3. PIV = 2V
m

4. Ripple factor = V
rms
/ V
dc
= I
rms
/ I
dc

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Half wave Rectifier


Full wave rectifier
MODEL GRAPH





















RESULT: