Design and experimental investigations of a smart battery energy storage system for

frequency control in microgrids

I. Serban and C. Marinescu

Citation: Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 6, 023130 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4873995
View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4873995
View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jrse/6/2?ver=pdfcov
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Design and experimental investigations of a smart battery
energy storage system for frequency control in microgrids
I. Serban and C. Marinescu
Department of Electrical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor 29,
500036 Brasov, Romania
(Received 19 September 2013; accepted 18 April 2014; published online 28 April 2014)
The frequency control process and ensuring the security of supply in microgrids
(MG) with high penetration of renewable energy sources demand the development
of specic control systems and energy storage resources. This paper presents a
three-phase battery energy storage system (BESS), designed to support the
frequency in autonomous MG. Besides the basic functions, the proposed BESS
includes enhanced features, which improves the MG frequency response. When
placing the BESS near a consumer, which may also include small generators, the
local power variations can be partially or totally compensated, thus relieving the MG
of these perturbations. The proposed solution is experimentally evaluated within a
laboratory MG prototype and with a 5 kW BESS. VC
2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4873995]
I. INTRODUCTION
The development of microgrids (MG) operating autonomously or interconnected, mainly
powered by renewable energy sources (RES), represents a new solution of supplying green
electricity in the future. The future smart grid may be developed from multiple interconnected
MG, similarly to the conventional generators within the conventional power systems.
1,2
However, the inherent RES power variations and the unpredictable nature negatively affect the
system reliability, becoming more sensitive to stability issues, as frequency stability. Moreover,
the power reserve estimation becomes a difcult task and as consequence, the security of
supply may be at risk.
3
The control of an MG implies the use of interfaces, protective, control
elements, energy storage elements, and other specic systems.
4,5
Technical regulations and
standards are currently addressing the MG, e.g., the lately IEEE 1547.4.
6
The power quality issues in an MG are generally similar with those from the classical
power systems. The main differences arise from the limited power supply capacity (mainly in
terms of active power) of a RES-based MG, which can lead to major power unbalances in the
system and even failure if no prevention measures are developed. The use of renewable ener-
gies may lead to large active power variations, caused by the uctuating nature of primary sour-
ces (wind, sun). The passive loads are another source of disturbances in an MG.
Frequency control represents a main component within the control system of an MG. In the
classical grids, the frequency control is accomplished on three time-dissociated levels, namely,
primary, secondary, and tertiary, which are successively deployed in order to both regulate the
frequency and to ensure an optimal loading of the generating units according to the requirements
in each control area.
7
Reference 8 suggests a similar structure for the frequency control in MG
too, involving the dispatching of generators, energy storage systems, and active loads.
One reliable solution to overcome the aforementioned difculties consists in improving the
system stability by using energy storage systems, smart loads, and more controllability of the
RES-based generators. Besides the generators, storage elements, and other equipments needed
for a normal operation, the MG may also require a centralized dispatch system, called microgrid
central controller (MGCC).
9
All the decisions regarding the MG resources handling are fullled
by the MGCC, which may also provide the appropriate commands for the controlled MG units.
1941-7012/2014/6(2)/023130/11/$30.00 VC
2014 AIP Publishing LLC 6, 023130-1
JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 6, 023130 (2014)
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In this paper, a battery energy storage system (BESS) designed for integration in MG to
support the frequency, with smart control functions, is presented. Such systems have the advant-
age of rapid active power response, being ideal to compensate the generation rate constraints of
some conventional generators and the uctuations produced by RES and loads.
10,11
Another
important feature regarding the operation in island mode, when the BESS can supply a critical
load during grid abnormal supply conditions.
12,13
The energy storage resource may come from
stationary units based on different battery technologies
14,15
(e.g., lead-acid, vanadium redox
ow, etc.) and from electric vehicles connected to the MG.
16,17
After introduction, the paper is organized as follows: Section II describes the proposed
BESS, which is then experimentally validated in Sec. III, while the papers main conclusions
are highlighted in Sec. IV.
II. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed BESS structure is shown in Figure 1. It integrates the battery bank and the
power conditioning system consisting of a voltage source converter (VSC) and a grid lter. The
BESS is placed near a consumer, which can also include small generators (e.g., photovoltaic or
wind power plants), after which a grid relay (K
G
) placed at the point of common coupling
(PCC) with the MG can detach the BESS and loads when abnormal MG operating conditions
occur.
The VSC control part, represented in the block diagram from Figure 2, accomplishes two
main tasks, the operation in MG-connected mode and in island mode. An online transition
between these two operating modes, detailed in Sec. II E, ensures that the local loads supply is
uninterrupted. In MG-connected mode, the VSC is current controlled with grid-supporting func-
tions and therefore it can be integrated within MG including at least one grid-forming genera-
tor, either inverter-based or rotary-based.
A. VSC current control
The VSC control system, represented in the block diagram from Figure 2, is developed
around a current control loop implemented in a synchronous reference frame (dq), locked with
the grid voltage vector.
19
The three-phase voltages and currents are transformed in dq with the
following expressions (valid for three-wire systems):
i
d
i
q
" #

sin h 1=

3
p
cos h 2=

3
p
cos h
cos h 1=

3
p
sin h 2=

3
p
sin h
" #
i
a
i
b
" #
; (1)
v
d
v
q
" #

1
3
sin h

3
p
cos h sin h

3
p
cos h
cos h

3
p
sin h cos h

3
p
sin h
" #
v
ab
v
ac
" #
; (2)
where h xt represents the phase of the rotating reference frame, which is provided by a
phase-locked-loop (PLL).
FIG. 1. The BESS-MG structure.
023130-2 I. Serban and C. Marinescu J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 023130 (2014)
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The two current controllers (G
Id
, G
Iq
) act upon the current errors and provide the voltages
for controlling the VSC by means of a space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) block.
The controllers, expressed by (3), include a proportional-integrative (PI) structure and a series
of sinusoidal signal integrators (SSI) tuned at frequencies multiple of 6f
1
(f
1
, fundamental) to
ensure harmonic compensation (HC), as described in Ref. 18. The current references (i
Odq
*
)
depend on the operating mode (MG- or islanded-mode). In the rst case, the currents to be
injected in the MG (i
Gdq
*
) are calculated with (4) and after adding the load compensation (LC)
currents (i
Lcdq
), as explained in Sec. II D, the nal current references result as in (5). The cur-
rent controllers were tuned to achieve a bandwidth of 2p krad s
-1
(1/10 of the switching fre-
quency) and a minimum open loop phase margin of 45

.
20
G
idq
s k
pI

k
iI
s
|{z}
PI

X
h6;12;
2k
hI
s
s
2
2phf
1

2
|{z}
HC
I
SSi
; (3)
where k
pI
and k
iI
are the PI controller gains and k
hI
are the SSI gains.
i

Gdq

2
3

G
v
Gf d
7Q

G
v
Gf q
v
2
Gf d
v
2
Gf q
; (4)
where P
G
*
and Q
G
*
are the active and reactive power references, v
Gfd
and v
Gfq
are the dq grid
voltage components after ltering,
i

Odq
i

Gdq
i

Lcdq
: (5)
B. Frequency control
The frequency controller, with the block diagram detailed in Figure 3, provides the active
power reference (P
G
*
>0, generator) according to the frequency deviation (Df), as follows:
P

G
s P
MGCC
k
pf
k
SOC
sk
df df
MGCC
f
G
f

G

; (6)
where k
pf
and k
df
are the proportional (droop) and derivative components, k
SOC
is a droop derat-
ing coefcient, df
MGCC
and P
MGCC
are two additional signals that connect the frequency con-
troller to an MGCC, and f
G
and f
G
*
are the measured and reference frequencies.
As one can see in (6), the controller is characterized by a proportional-derivative response
to a frequency deviation, the derivative component emulating the inertia of classical generators
to improve the MG frequency response.
21,22
The frequency controller is designed for MG
behaving like the conventional power systems, which may also include classical generators.
FIG. 2. The BESS control block diagram.
023130-3 I. Serban and C. Marinescu J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 023130 (2014)
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The frequency controller is investigated in this paper for primary frequency response only,
but it is exible designed to implement higher control levels by interconnecting it with an
MGCC. An MGCC can control the signals df
MGCC
and P
MGCC
to change both the frequency
reference (through df
MGCC
) and the output active power (through P
MGCC
). The MGCC interven-
tion is an optional feature and the presented BESS operates regardless the existence of a central
dispatcher. The subunit factor k
SOC
, introduced in (6), is used to reduce the frequency controller
droop when the battery state-of-charge (SOC) reaches a limit (maximum or minimum), thus
preventing overcharging or deep discharging of the batteries. A SOC controller, being part of
the battery management system, can control this coefcient according to the battery type and
operation constraints. However, this aspect is not the subject of this paper.
The MG frequency is estimated by means of the PLL with the block diagram shown in
Figure 4. It primarily provides the MG voltage phase for VSC control synchronization, while
the PCC voltage (V
G
) and frequency (f
G
) are additional signals used by the frequency and volt-
age controllers. The PLL is linear and insensitive to the voltage amplitude variations due to the
arctangent function applied to estimate the voltage phase angle. The PLL transfer function is
provided in (7). During MG-connected mode, the proposed control method can only be applied
when there is at least one voltage-forming generator in the MG, to which the PLL can
synchronize.
G
PLL
s
k
p;PLL
s k
i;PLL
s
2
k
p;PLL
s k
i;PLL
; (7)
where k
p,PLL
and k
i,PLL
are the parameters of the PI lter inside the PLL.
Because the PCC voltage may be affected by harmonics, the estimated frequency will
include alternative components superimposed on the average value with the amplitude depend-
ing on the PI lter (from the PLL) bandwidth and voltage harmonics level. Therefore, the
frequency signal is passed through a low-pass lter (LPF) before being used by the frequency
controller. A second-order Butterworth LPF, expressed by (8), is used. Nevertheless, the LPF
introduces a certain delay in the frequency control loop depending on the lter cut-off fre-
quency (x
LPF
), thus limiting the frequency controller dynamics, as detailed in Ref. 22.
G
LPF
s
x
2
LPF
s
2

2
p
x
LPF
s x
2
LPF
: (8)
C. Voltage control
When operating partially loaded, the BESS can also transfer reactive power in order to
modify the PCC voltage. Therefore, the proposed control scheme also includes a voltage
FIG. 3. Frequency controller block diagram.
FIG. 4. PLL block diagram.
023130-4 I. Serban and C. Marinescu J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 023130 (2014)
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controller, illustrated in Figure 5, which changes the reactive power reference (Q
G
*
>0, capaci-
tive), according to the voltage deviation from the rated value, as in (9) and (10). The reactive
power injection will be limited to the VSC remaining capacity with the expression from (10).
The voltage deviation from the rated value (V
G
V
G
*
) multiplied with k
Q
, representing the volt-
age droop, will provide the reactive power. The droop is necessary to achieve power sharing
between multiple voltage controllers, spread within the MG.
23
Similar to the frequency controller, the voltage controller includes two additional signals,
dV
MGCC
and Q
MGCC
, through which an MGCC may change the reactive power transfer.
Q

G1
s Q
MGCC
k
Q
dV
MGCC
V
G
V

G

; (9)
Q

G
min

G1

S
VSC
2
P
2
G
q
!
sgnQ

G1
; (10)
where k
Q
is the voltage controller gain (Q-V droop), V
G
and V
G
*
are the measured and refer-
ence voltages, dV
MGCC
and Q
MGCC
are two additional signals that connect the voltage controller
to an MGCC, and S
VSC
is the VSC rated power.
D. Load compensation
The proposed control system includes a LC function in order to diminish the negative
impact that the uncertainty of loads power demand has upon the MG. Moreover, if small RES
generators are included on the local bus (as shown in Figure 1), the BESS will act like a lter
to smooth the power variations (e.g., produced by a wind turbine). Related to the future smart
grid, the BESS along with the local loads/generators can be viewed as part of a smart con-
sumer, actively participating in the MG. Because the frequency control represents the primary
function, the load compensation degree depends on the BESS power reserve.
As shown in Figure 2, the load current (i
Ldq
) is measured and added to the reference grid
current (i
Gdq
*
) to obtain the reference value for the current controller, expressed by (5).
Furthermore, in certain conditions (e.g., when the BESS reaches its capacity limits) the load
compensation degree can be reduced by multiplying, as in (11), the load current with a subunit
factor k
LC,
which may be controlled by the battery management system, or other similar
systems,
i
Lcdq
i
Ldq
k
LC
: (11)
E. Transfer between MG-connected and island modes
As aforementioned, the proposed system can operate both connected to the MG and auton-
omously when supplying a local load. The rst case represents the primary subject of this
paper, while the island mode is detailed in Ref. 18. The transition between the two operation
cases accomplishes by means of a transfer block as shown in Figure 2, which ensures the unin-
terruptible supply of the local loads no matter the MG state. The transfer algorithm, presented
in the owchart from Figure 6, is based on over/under voltage (OUV) and over/under frequency
FIG. 5. Voltage controller block diagram.
023130-5 I. Serban and C. Marinescu J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 023130 (2014)
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(OUF) protection relays. When the MG power quality at PCC worsens under a certain limit,
namely the voltage and frequency exceed the standard variation range (610% for voltage and
61% for frequency according to EN50160), the BESS switches to island mode by activating
the signals EN
i
and K
Gon
, remaining in this state until the PCC conditions allow the reconnec-
tion. Seamless transitions are ensured in order not to disturb the local loads supply, thus the
system being ideal to protect sensitive loads. Prior the reconnection, a smooth synchronization
of the local voltage with the MG voltage is accomplished, eliminating the sudden changes of
voltage phase or frequency. Consequently, the switching ON of the grid relay (K
G
) has an
insignicant impact on the local load supply and on the MG.
In island mode, two voltage controllers, RV
d
and RV
q
shown in Figure 2, regulate the local
voltage to follow an internally generated voltage reference. Further, they provide the current
references i
Id
*
and i
Iq
*
for the current controllers. The structure of the two voltage controllers is
identical with the current controllers, presented in Sec. II A.
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed system was evaluated by simulations and laboratory experiments. In the
following, only the experimental results are discussed, as they are more relevant. The block
diagram and illustration of the laboratory test-bench are provided in Figure 7. It includes a
three-phase 5 kW BESS connected to a 6.6 kW MG created by three single-phase MG-forming
inverters. The BESS parameters are listed in Table I. The real-time control and data acquisition
are implemented with a dSPACE DS1103 board, including a user interface developed with the
dedicated software dSPACE ControlDesk. For the VSC control, two line voltages and two cur-
rents are measured using Hall effect transducers (LV25P and LA55P). The VSC is driven by a
FIG. 6. Flowchart of the transfer algorithm
023130-6 I. Serban and C. Marinescu J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 023130 (2014)
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symmetrical PWM with a switching frequency of 10 kHz. A 650 V/6 kW DC power source
along with a power resistor (R
B
) and a chopper to allow bidirectional power ow were used to
emulate the battery. In the following graphs, the signals were acquired from the real-time sys-
tem by means of ControlDesk, which then were plotted in Matlab.
FIG. 7. Laboratory test-bench: (a) block diagram and (b) illustration.
TABLE I. BESS main parameters.
Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Rated power P
BESS
65 kW
Rated MG voltage (line-to-line) V
G
400 V
VSC switching frequency f
s
10 kHz
DC inverter voltage V
dc
650 V
Filter inductance L
f
3 mH
Filter series resistance r
f
0.25 X
Filter capacitance (star connected) C
f
10 lF
Local loads Linear P
L
2 kW
powers Nonlinear (three-phase diode rectier) P
Ln
1.5
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The MG frequency characteristic was identied by subjecting the MG-forming inverters to
several tests and the results revealed the expression of the frequency deviation (Df) depending
on the active power deviation (DP
d
), as in (12). As one can see, due to the integral action
within the transfer function, the frequency deviation is cancelled in steady state. The MG-
forming inverters operate in this mode only when they can maintain the active power balance
in the MG (i.e., the difference between the produced and consumed powers can be balanced by
the inverters). Otherwise, the operating principle is changed by adding a droop in the frequency
control loop. This leads to a permanent frequency deviation as in the case of the conventional
droop-controlled generators.
Df s
k
z
s
1 2nT
x
s T
2
x
s
2
|{z}
G
MG
s
DP
d
s; (12)
where Df and DP
d
are the frequency and active power deviations, k
z
0.303 kW
1
and
n 1.45, T
x
0.47 s are the parameters of the transfer function, experimentally identied from
the laboratory MG.
The presented results focus on experimentally assessing the new features of the proposed
BESS, namely the frequency control along with the load compensation function. The frequency
control process is evaluated by connecting on the local bus a 2 kW linear load. In the rst stage
the LC function is disabled (k
LC
0), while the main frequency controller parameters, k
df
and
k
pf
, are varied. The MG frequency and BESS active power are presented in Figure 8, for
k
df
05 (k
pf
50) and in Figure 9, for k
pf
0100 (k
df
2). The improvement in the fre-
quency response due to the inertia emulation (the derivative term k
df
) was established previ-
ously for certain types of MG.
18,21
However, as these experimental results show (Figure 8), the
effect of changing k
df
is not noticeable. This is due to the high damping coefcient (n 1.45)
FIG. 8. Connecting a 2 kW load, with 0 k
df
5 and k
pf
50 (experimental results).
FIG. 9. Connecting a 2 kW load, with 0 k
pf
100 and k
df
2 (experimental results).
023130-8 I. Serban and C. Marinescu J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 023130 (2014)
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found in the MG power-frequency transfer function that can be observed in (12), which is a
favorable case. Increasing the value of k
df
above a certain point, the oscillations are more pro-
nounced and the system tends towards instability. Regarding the BESS frequency droop (k
pf
),
the maximum frequency deviation is obviously smaller when k
pf
is higher, but the system tends
to be more oscillatory, as can be observed in Figure 9.
The advantage of the load compensation function upon the MG frequency response can be
observed in the waveforms from Figure 10, where the value of k
LC
from (11) is varied from 0
(without LC) to 1. The graphs demonstrate the expected outcome, namely, the more power is
balanced locally by the BESS the better the MG frequency response is (mainly in terms of
maximum frequency deviation), as all or part of the load is no longer transferred to the MG.
FIG. 10. Connecting a 2 kW load, with 0 k
LC
1 (experimental results).
FIG. 11. Operation with a 1.5 kW nonlinear load and k
LC
0 !1 (experimental results).
023130-9 I. Serban and C. Marinescu J. Renewable Sustainable Energy 6, 023130 (2014)
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Consequently, even though the studied MG self-regulates itself following the dynamic char-
acteristic from (12), adding the BESS to support the frequency improves the MG response and
makes it less susceptible to disturbances.
As a secondary feature, when the local load is nonlinear, the LC can minimize the current
harmonics circulation to the MG. This is a major advantage of the system, because nowadays
appliances are increasingly based on power electronics converters that pollute the grids. Due to
the high bandwidth of the current controller, as presented in Sec. II A, the harmonics cancella-
tion is very effective. This aspect is proved by connecting on the local bus a nonlinear load
consisting of a 1.5 kW three-phase rectier with capacitive lter. Varying the value of k
LC
as in
previous analysis, the improvement in the MG power quality is evidenced. When k
LC
0, the
current harmonics circulate in the MG and as consequence the voltage is distorted. The BESS
currents contain only the fundamental component due to a certain initial charging of the in-
verter, as can be observed in Figure 11. After enabling the LC and k
LC
1, i.e., the load current
(including the harmonics) is almost completely compensated by the BESS, the MG will be
much less polluted by these harmonics, dramatically reducing the voltage distortion, as it is
more precisely illustrated in Figure 12. Figure 11 also shows the transitory regime when acti-
vating the load compensation by changing k
LC
from 0 to 1. As shown, the inverter balances the
load current in no more than one voltage cycle, thus exhibiting a good dynamic.
Figure 12 highlights the voltage total harmonics distortion (THD
V
) at the point of common
coupling with the MG, for different values of k
LC
. Note that, without compensation, THD
V
exceeds 6%, while in the best case with k
LC
1 the value of THD
V
is less than 2%. Further
improvements are intended to be performed in order to ensure selective harmonics compensa-
tion when the BESS cannot carry the entire load.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The paper has presented a BESS developed to support the frequency in autonomous MG
with high penetration of renewable energy sources. Besides the frequency control, the proposed
system can also compensate the power variations produced by a local consumer. Compared
with a conventional BESS, which commonly provides active and reactive power control only,
the proposed BESS and the protected local loads behave as an intelligent aggregate, contribut-
ing to the goal of smart grid development. Thereby, the local power quality is improved with
minimum intervention from the MG.
The theoretical approach was experimentally evaluated on a laboratory MG prototype with
a 5 kW BESS and the results showed that both the proposed frequency control and local load
compensation signicantly improve the MG frequency response mainly in terms of maximum
frequency deviation. The local load compensation proved to have a positive side effect by
reducing the MG voltage distortions when the local load is nonlinear. By these actions, the MG
frequency is controlled faster, the local power quality is improved and the MG supply becomes
more reliable. Further studies are intended to be developed regarding the BESS contribution to
counteract other power quality issues such as unbalances.
FIG. 12. MG voltage THD, for 1.5 kW nonlinear load, with 0 k
LC
1 (experimental results).
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