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3.2 Pulse amplitude modulation
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3.2 Pulse amplitude modulation
Basis ---- The sampling theorem
PAM. The amplitude of the carrier pulse
varies with the analog baseband signal.
Characteristics of PAM signal
Pulse-type signal, its amplitude denotes the
analog information.
Satisfied with sampling theorem
PAMs bandwidth is wider than that of analog
waveform
Two classes of PAM signals
Natural Sampling (Gating)
Instantaneous Sampling
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3.2.1 Natural Sampling (Gating)
clock
S(t)
Analog bilateral switch
W
s
(t)=w(t)s(t)
W(t)
Generation of PAM with natural sampling
3.2 Pulse amplitude modulation
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PAM signal with natural sampling
) ( ) ( ) ( t s t w t w
s
=
If w(t) is a analog
waveform bandlimited
to B Hertz, The PAM
signal that uses natural
sampling (gating) is
where

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
k
s
kT t
t s

) (
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Spectrum of PAM waveform
| | ) (
sin
) ( ) (
s
n
s s
nf f W
d n
d n
d t w F f W = =

The spectrum for a naturally sampled PAM signal is

s
f/ =
s
f =
Where
s
d/ =
And is the spectrum of the original unsampled
waveform.
| | ) ( ) ( t w F f W =
the spectrum of PAM signal with natural sampling is a
function of the spectrum of the analog input waveform.
(3-3)
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3 / 1 / = =
s
T d
Example.
The case of an
input waveform
that has a
rectangular
spectrum, where
the duty cycle of
the switching
waveform is
And the sampling
rate is
B f
s
4 =
Spectrum of PAM waveform
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Demodulation of PAM signal
Method 1 ---- Low-pass filter
Method 2 ---- Product detection
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3.2.2 Instantaneous sampling
W(t)
-/2
/2
t
h(t)=(---)
t

W
s
(t)
Generation
by using a sample-and-hold type of electronic circuit
(t-KT
s
)
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Instantaneous sampled PAM
Characteristic
At t=kT
s
, the
sampling values
w(kT
s
) determine
the amplitude of
the flat-top
rectangular pulses.
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If w(t) is a analog waveform
bandlimited to B hertz, the
instantaneous sampled PAM signal is
given by
where h(t) denotes the sampling-pulse
shape.

=
=
k
s s s
kT t h kT w t w ) ( ) ( ) (

>
<
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

2 / , 0
2 / , 1
) (

t
t
t
t h
B f f T
s s s
2 / 1 =
where and
Instantaneous sampled PAM
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Spectrum of Flat-top PAM
The spectrum for a Flat-top PAM signal
is
| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=

=
f
f
t h F f H
kf f W f H
T
f W
k
s
s
s

sin
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
1
) (
where
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Spectrum of Flat-top PAM
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W
s
(f) W
s
(f)
1/H(f) LPF
W
s
(f)
Note;
1: Equalization filter ------ reduce the high frequency loss
2: decreasing , The pulse width is called aperture.
Demodulation of flat-top PAM
Method 1 ---- Low-pass filter
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Prefilter is needed before the multiplier to compensate
for the spectral loss due to the aperture effect
Note;
Method 2 ---- Product detection
W
s
(t)
PAM (flat-top
sampling)
Prefilter
H1(f)
Cos(nw
s
t)
Oscillator
w
o
=nw
s
Low Pass
Filter H(f)
W
s
(t)
^
H1(f)=
Sin(f)
f
f
co
-f
co
f
H(f)
Where B< f
co
<f
s
-B
Demodulation of flat-top PAM
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Comparison -- in time domain
Fig3-1 PAM Signal with natural sampling Fig 3-5 PAM signal with flat-top sampling
waveform of PAM signal
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Comparison -- in frequency domain
) (
sin
) (
s
n
s
nf f W
d n
d n
d f W =

Spectrum of PAM signal

Fig3-3 The Spectrum of natural sampling PAM Fig 3-6 The Spectrum of Flat-top PAM

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
n
s
n
s
s
s
nf f W
f
f
d
nf f W f H
T
f W
) (
sin
) ( ) (
1
) (

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The bandwith required for the transmission of
PAM is much large than that of the original
analog signal.
noise performance of the PAM system can never
be better than that analog signal. ---- not very
good for long-distance transmission.
Provide a means for converting an analog signal to
a PCM signal. Time-division multiplexing etc.
Summary