1/5/2014

1
Linear Circuits
An introduction to electric circuit elements and a study of circuits
containing such devices.
Dr. Bonnie H. Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Concept Map: Module 2
2
Background
Resistive
Circuits
Reactive
Circuits
Frequency
Analysis
Power
1
2
3 4
5
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2
Resistive
Circuits
Resistive
Circuits
Concept Map
3
Background
Reactive
Circuits
Frequency
Analysis
Power
current,
voltage,
sources,
resistance,
circuits,
power
Power
Resistive
Circuits
Resistive Circuits
Resistors
Ohms Law
Kirchoffs Laws
Series and
parallel resistors
Superposition
Solution methods
Max Power
Sensors
Main Ideas
4
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3
Visit the forum to ask and answer questions
5
8/13/2013
1
Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Resistivity and
Ohms Law
Learn how materials resist the flow of current
Learn about Ohms law a law relating current and voltage
through materials
Find resistance of materials from their dimensions and electric
properties
Define resistance
Calculate conductance from resistance
Apply Ohms Law to find currents, voltages,
or resistances
Calculate the resistance of a material using
its dimensions and electrical properties
Lesson Objectives
5
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2
Ohms Law
6
Resistance and Conductance
7
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3
nitrogen
14.007
N
7
hel ium
He
4.0026
2
neon
Ne
20.180
10
F
18.998
9
oxygen
O
15.999
8
carbon
C
12.011
6
boron
B
10.811
5
argon
Ar
39.948
18
chlorine
Cl
35.453
17
sulfur
S
32.065
16
phosphorus
P
30.974
15
silicon
Si
28.086
14
al uminium
Al
26.982
13
krypton
Kr
83.798
36
bromi ne
Br
79.904
35
seleni um
Se
78.96
34
arsenic
As
74.922
33
germani um
Ge
72.64
32
gallium
Ga
69.723
31
zinc
Zn
65.38
30
copper
Cu
63.546
29
nickel
Ni
58.693
28
cobalt
Co
58.933
27
iron
Fe
55.845
26
manganese
Mn
54.938
25
chromium
Cr
51.996
24
vanadi um
V
50.942
23
titanium
Ti
47.867
22
scandium
Sc
44.956
21
calcium
Ca
40.078
20
potassi um
K
39.098
19
magnesium
Mg
24.305
12
sodium
Na
22.990
11
beryllium
Be
9.0122
4
li thi um
Li
6.941
3
hydrogen
H
1.0079
1
xenon
Xe
131.29
54
iodine
I
126.90
53
tellurium
Te
127.60
52
antimony
Sb
121.76
51
tin
Sn
118.71
50
indium
In
114.82
49
cadmium
Cd
112.41
48
silver
Ag
107.87
47
palladium
Pd
106.42
46
rhodium
Rh
102.91
45
ruthenium
Ru
101.07
44
technetium
Tc
[98]
43
mol ybdenum
Mo
95.96
42
niobium
Nb
92.906
41
zirconi um
Zr
91.224
40
yttrium
Y
88.906
39
strontium
Sr
87.62
38
rubidium
Rb
85.468
37
radon
Rn
[222]
86
astatine
At
[210]
85
polonium
Po
[209]
84
bi smuth
Bi
208.98
83
l ead
Pb
207.2
82
dysprosium
Dy
162.50
66
terbi um
Tb
158.93
65
gadolinium
Gd
157.25
64
europi um
Eu
151.96
63
samarium
Sm
150.36
62
promethium
Pm
[145]
61
neodymium
Nd
144.24
60
praseodymium
Pr
140.91
59
ceri um
Ce
140.12
58
lanthanum
La
138.91
57
barium
Ba
137.33
56
caesium
Cs
132.91
55
roentgenium
Rg
[272]
111
darmstadtium
Ds
[271]
110
meitnerium
Mt
[268]
109
hassium
Hs
[277]
108
bohri um
Bh
[264]
107
seaborgium
Sg
[266]
106
dubni um
Db
[262]
105
rutherfordium
Rf
[261]
104
radium
Ra
[226]
88
francium
Fr
[223]
87
l utetium
Lu
174.97
71
ytterbium
Yb
173.05
70
thulium
Tm
168.93
69
erbium
Er
167.26
68
holmium
Ho
164.93
67
thallium
Tl
204.38
81
mercury
Hg
200.59
80
gold
Au
196.97
79
platinum
Pt
195.08
78
iridium
Ir
192.22
77
osmium
Os
190.23
76
rhenium
Re
186.21
75
tungsten
W
183.84
74
tantalum
Ta
180.95
73
hafnium
Hf
178.49
72
berkelium
Bk
[247]
97
lawrencium
Lr
[262]
103
nobelium
No
[259]
102
mendelevium
Md
[258]
101
fermium
Fm
[257]
100
einsteinium
Es
[252]
99
californium
Cf
[251]
98
curium
Cm
[247]
96
americium
Am
[243]
95
plutonium
Pu
[244]
94
neptunium
Np
[237]
93
uranium
U
238.03
92
protactinium
Pa
231.04
91
thori um
Th
232.04
90
actinium
Ac
[227]
89
Reason for Resistance
Li
9
Cl
Cu Si
The Electron Bucket Brigade
10
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4
Example: Electron Drift Rate
11
Pause
Resistivity
12
Pause
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5
Finding Resistance
13
Used background to see how voltage and current
relate moving through materials
Introduced Ohms Law and its application
Discussed the physical cause for resistance
Described electron drift rate and calculated this
value in a case study
Calculated resistance using the dimensions and
resistivity of a material
Summary
15
8/13/2013
1
Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Kirchhoffs Laws
Introduce Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL) and apply to parallel
circuits
Introduce Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) and apply to series
circuits
Use Kirchhoffs Laws to solve a simple circuit
Describe KVL and KCL
Describe the voltage relationship of parallel
elements
Describe the current relationship of series
elements
Use Kirchhoffs Laws to find unknown values in a
simple circuit
Lesson Objectives
5
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2
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)
6
KVL and Parallel Circuits
7
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Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
8
What if?
9
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KCL and Series Circuits
10
Solving Values in Circuits
11
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5
Introduced KVL and KCL
Applied KVL to parallel elements
Applied KCL to series elements
Gave a justification for KCL
Solved a simple circuit using
Kirchhoffs Laws
Summary
13
8/13/2013
1
Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Resistors
Introduce resistors as a circuit element
Consider resistors in series and parallel
Calculate equivalent resistance by combining parallel/series
resistors
Apply Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Laws to simple
resistive circuits
Calculate an equivalent resistance of resistors in
parallel/series
Find equivalent resistance through successive
application of combining parallel and series
resistors
Learning Objectives
5
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2
Resistors
8
Review
9
Ohms Law Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Kirchhoffs Current Law
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Resistors in Series
10
Pause
Voltage Divider
11
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Resistors in Parallel
12
Pause
Current Divider
13
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Example
14
Introduced to resistors as a circuit element
Combine series/parallel resistors
Found an equivalent resistance using
successive application of series/parallel
resistance
Summary
16
8/13/2013
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Lab Demo:
Introduction to
Electrical
Components
Demonstrate basic instruments and components.
Lab Demo: Introduction to
Electrical Components
4
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2
Physical resistors
Color codes
Tolerances
Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Measure voltage, current, resistance
Protoboard (breadboard)
Ease of building circuits
Summary
5
Thanks to Marion Crowder (School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at
Georgia Tech) for video-taping the experiment
DMM used in experiment is manufactured by Fluke Corporation
Credits
7
8/13/2013
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Lab Demo:
Resistors and
Connections
Resistors in series and parallel, measuring voltage and current in
circuits.
Demonstrate
Series and parallel resistance
Measure voltage and current
using the voltage divider law
and Ohms Law
Lesson Objectives
4
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2
5
Review
Protoboard
Resistors in Series
R
1
R
2
R=R
1
+R
2
R
1
2 1
2 1
R R
R R
R
+
=
Resistors in Parallel
Lab Demo: Resistors and Connections
6
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Connect physical resistors in
parallel and in series
Measure voltages and currents in
a circuit, applying the voltage
divider law and Ohms Law
Summary
7
Thanks to Marion Crowder (School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
at Georgia Tech) for video-taping the experiment
DMM used in experiment is manufactured by Fluke Corporation
Credits
9
8/13/2013
1
Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Linearity
Describe linearity, superposition, and homogeneity
Define linearity, superposition, and
homogeneity
Identify if a given function exhibits
superposition or homogeneity
Lesson Objectives
5
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2
Why is this course called linear circuits?
What does the linear mean?
Linear Circuits
6
Linearity Defined
7
If both properties hold,
the system is linear.
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3
Ohms Law: Linear
8
Examples and Counterexamples
9
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4
Introduced linear operators (superposition
and homogeneity)
Identified if an operator is linear
Used linear operators to generate new linear
operators
Summary
10
8/13/2013
1
Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Superposition
Use linearity (particularly superposition) to solve circuits
Identify superposition as an important part of many analysis
techniques
Given a complex system, generate a set of
simple systems, each with a single
independent source
Using solution of simple systems, find the
complete behavior of the system
Lesson Objectives
5
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2
Isolating Independent Sources
6
Zero-out all independent sources
Return sources one at a time and solve for
value of interest in simplified system
Take the arithmetic sum of these values to
find the final quantity
Steps For Superposition
7
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Example 1
8
Example 1 (a)
9
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Example 1 (b)
10
v(a) = 1V
Example 1 (c)
11
v(a) = 1V
v(b) = 3V
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Dependent sources must be analyzed in each
solution
Must be linear
Working with Dependent Sources
12
Example 2
13
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Example 2 (a)
14
Example 2 (b)
15
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7
Used superposition to solve circuits
Independent sources only
With dependent sources
Summary
16
1/5/2014
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Systematic
Solution Methods:
Mesh Analysis
Introduce several ways of obtaining circuit equations and focus on
Mesh Analysis
Introduce
Mesh analysis
Node analysis
Thvenin and Norton
equivalent circuits
Mesh Analysis
Lesson Objective
5
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2
Ohms Law
V = iR
KVL
sum of all voltages around any loop = 0
KCL
sum of all currents out of any node = 0
Physical Behavior
6
Systematic Ways to Solve Circuit Problems
7
Method Summary
Mesh Analysis Define mesh currents
Systematic KVL to obtain simultaneous
equations for mesh currents
Node Analysis Define node voltages
Systematic KCL to obtain simultaneous
equations for node voltages
Thvenin and
Norton Equivalent
Circuits
Reduce circuit to smaller equivalent
Source transformations using graphical
method
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3
Mesh Analysis
8
1. Define mesh currents, one for each
non-inclusive loop
2. Do KVL around each loop
3. Solve for mesh currents
I
1
I
2
I
3
Mesh Analysis Example
9
4
5V
10
5
15v
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4
Introduced systematic solution methods
Showed Mesh Analysis
Extra worked problem online
Linear equation solver
Summary
10
1/5/2014
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Systematic
Solution Methods:
Node Analysis
Introduce Node Analysis as a systematic way of solving circuit
problems.
Show how to use Node analysis to solve
circuit problems
Lesson Objective
5
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2
1. Select a ground node
2. Define node voltages
3. Do KCL at every node
4. Solve for node voltages
Node Analysis
6
Node Analysis Example
7
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Summary
8
Method Summary When to Apply
Mesh Analysis Define Mesh Currents
Systematic KVL
Solve equations for currents
Multiple currents are
needed
Current sources are present
Node Analysis Define Node Voltages
Systematic KCL
Solve equations for voltages
Multiple voltages are
needed
Voltage sources are present
Thvenin and
Norton Equivalent
Circuits
Simple equivalent circuits,
source transformations
Intermediate values not
important; only output
voltage or current
1/5/2014
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Systematic Solution
Methods: Thvenin
and Norton Circuits
Introduce several ways of obtaining circuit equations.
Demonstrate
Thvenin equivalent and Norton equivalent circuits
Source transformations
Lesson Objective
5
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2
Systematic solution Methods
6
Method Summary When to Apply
Mesh Analysis KVL to obtain
simultaneous
equations for currents
Multiple currents are
needed
Current sources are present
Node Analysis KCL to obtain
simultaneous equations
for voltages
Multiple voltages are
needed
Voltage sources are present
Thvenin and
Norton Equivalent
Circuits
Simple equivalent
circuits, source
transformations
Intermediate values not
important; only output
voltage or current
Thvenin Equivalent
7
Replace circuit with equivalent
resistance and voltage source

1/5/2014
3
v
Th
: open circuit across a-b and find v
ab
= v
Th
i
sc
: short circuit across a-b and find i
sc
Thvenin Equivalent Circuit
8
R
Th
: circuit resistance with voltage sources
shorted and current sources open circuited
(when no dependent sources are present)
Thvenin Equivalent Example
9
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4
Norton Equivalent Circuit
10

Source Transformation: these configurations

are interchangeable in a circuit
Thvenin equivalent circuit Norton equivalent
circuit
Source Transformation Example
11
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5
Mesh and node analysis
Systematic ways to find independent
simultaneous equations
Thvenin and Norton methods
Replace most of the circuit with a
simple equivalent circuit
Source transformations
Extra worked problems are given on
these methods
Summary
12
8/13/2013
1
Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Maximum Power
Transfer
An introduction to linear electric circuit elements and a study of
circuits containing such devices.
Find the load resistance that gives maximum
power transfer to the load
Calculate this power consumed by the load
resistor giving maximum power transfer
Lesson Objectives
5
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2
Two-Terminal Linear Circuits
6
Power Equations for Resistors
7
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3
Load Resistance
8
Maximum Power Transfer
9
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4
Specified power equations for resistors
Matched load resistance to system resistance
for maximum power transfer
Specified equation for maximum power
transfer
Summary
10
8/13/2013
1
Nathan V. Parrish
PhD Candidate & Graduate
Research Assistant
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Wye-Delta
Transforms and
the Wheatstone
Bridge
Transform resistors from a wye configuration to a delta
configuration and vice-versa
How to use a wheatstone bridge to measure a resistance
Transform resistor circuits between wye and
delta configurations
Specify a test resistor which balances a
Wheatstone bridge
Identify whether the resistor under test in a
Wheatstone bridge is below or above the target
resistance
Learning Objectives
5
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2
Wye-Delta Transformation
6
Summary
7
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3
Example
8
Wheatstone Bridge
9
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4
Used Y- transform to simplify circuits
Balanced a Wheatstone bridge
Identified whether the resistor under test was
above or below balanced resistance based on
current across the bridge
Summary
10
1/5/2014
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Application:
Resistors in
Sensors
Show sensors that depend on variable resistance.
Sensor: device that converts a physical
quantity to an electrical signal
Resistors in Sensors
4
Variable Resistors:
R as pressure
R as temperature
R as strain gauge elongates
R varies with position
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2
Lab Demo: Variable Resistors in Sensors
5
Resistance often varies with physical
properties
Sensors utilize this property to convert
physical quantities to voltage
Summary
6
1/5/2014
3
Thanks to Marion Crowder (School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at
Georgia Tech) for video-taping the experiment
Thanks for James Steinberg and Kevin Pham for technical assistance
Flexforce sensor manufactured by Tekscan

Credits
8
8/13/2013
1
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Application:
Wheatstone
Bridge
An Wheatstone Bridge used in a sensor.
Wheatstone Bridge
4
-
+
v
s
R
2
R
1
R
3 R
x
b a
s
x
x
s
v
R R
R
v
R R
R
+
=
+
2 3 1
3
Cancel the v
s
. Similarly
Divide both sides of these last equations to get
x
R R
R
R R
R
+
=
+
2
2
3 1
1
Balance R
2
and R
3
so v
a
=v
b
and apply the
voltage divider law
2 1
3
R
R
R
R
x
=
Measure v
a
- v
b
8/13/2013
2
Lab Demo: Wheatstone Bridge
5
Wheatstone bridge is used to detect small changes in
resistance
Four strain gauges in a Wheatstone configuration
removes thermal effect
Summary
6
8/13/2013
3
Thanks to Sterling Skinner for building the flexible beam experimental platform
and Dr. Aldo Ferri for expertise on that system (both of the George W.
Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech).
Thanks to Marion Crowder (School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at
Georgia Tech) for video-taping the experiment
DMM used in experiment is manufactured by Fluke Corporation
Credits
7
1/5/2014
1
Dr. Bonnie Ferri
Professor and Associate Chair
School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Module 2
Resistive Circuits
Wrap Up
Summary of Resistive Circuits Module
Concept Map
3
Background
Reactive
Circuits
Frequency
Analysis
current,
voltage,
sources,
resistance,
circuits
Power
Resistive
Circuits
Resistive Circuits
Resistors
Ohms Law
Kirchoffs Laws
Series and
parallel resistors
Superposition
Circuit
equations
Max Power
Configurations
Applications
1/5/2014
2
Be able to reduce resistive networks to a single
equivalent resistance using parallel and series
connections
Important Concepts and Skills
4
Understand Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) and
Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)
Be able to apply KVL and KCL to circuits to obtain
equations
Be able to compute voltages and currents from the
voltage divider law and the current divider laws
Understand superposition and its application in
circuits to find specific voltages and currents
Given a color chart, be able to identify physical resistor values and
tolerances
Understand the purpose of a protoboard (breadboard) and its basic
operation
Understand how current can be measured in a circuit using the voltage
divider law
Important Concepts and Skills
5
Given a circuit with multiple sources, be able
to use the Superposition Principle to solve for
circuit voltages and currents
1/5/2014
3
Be able to compute the load resistance that
maximizes the power
Important Concepts and Skills
6
Have a basic understanding of mesh analysis, node analysis, Thvenin
equivalent and Norton equivalent circuits and when to use one versus
another
Be able to solve for specific voltages and currents in a given circuit
Know the transformation
Understand that these configurations may be used
in different applications, such as 3 phase circuits
Important Concepts and Skills
7
Know examples of resistors that vary with physical
quantities
Understand how a potentiometer is used to measure
position or angle
Know when a Wheatstone Bridge is used in a
practical application
Be able to write equations for a Wheatstone Bridge