2012-2013
22
36
52
K : ,
1.
.
:
(, , )
-
-
(.. )
-
-
:
,
,
, ..,
.
2.
,
T. Hall, 1. ,
, , .
.
1
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
,
, , .. ,
:
()
3.
3.1
,
... .
,
.
,
,
. , .
.
35-40%
, 19 1913
50-55% . ,
o. , 1897 , 25%
, 1882
53%
. ,
. , ,
,
, .
, 19
.
, 19
. ,
.
,
, .. , ,
. , .
. , .
12 14 , ,
6-8 .
,
. 19 , ,
.
,
,
.
5
: ,
, .
,
, , .., , ,
.
(1820)
(1830-1850),
.
, .
,
, ,
.
,
1830 . ,
. , 1850,
. 1920-1930
2.
, :
-
-
- ,
-
3:
. .
- -: (
, ,
, )
- :
- : (1760-1830), , 1830
, , ,
( )
-
,
.
( ,
, , ,
( factory system domestic system)
, ( ,
, , ), 18
, ,
, .
2
http://www.uadphilecon.gr/UA/content/gr/Article.aspx?office=16&folder=308&article=1165
3
. ,
. ,
, R. Owen, Fourier
( ),
, :
.
(.. )
, .. .
,
, ,
.
:
Sybil: The two nations Disraeli (1845), South and North Elizabeth Gaskell (1848)
Hard Times Charles Dickens (1854)
he Condition of the Working Class in England (1844) Frederick Engels (1844) .
. ,
19 20 ,
.
Manchester 1801
3.2
.
,
. :
The City (1925) Robert Park, Ernest Burgess R.D. McKenzie, The Urban Community
(1926) Ernest Burgess,
The Gold Coast and the Slum (1929) H. Zorbaugh
One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago (1933) H.Hoyt .
. ,
Burgess
Hoyt,
.
Mann (1965) 4.
. :
http://www.urenio.org/el/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/21-Xoriki-diataxi-Theories-Xorothetisis.pdf
10
Burgess
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
:http://www.urenio.org/el/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/21-Xoriki-diataxi-Theories
Xorothetisis.pdf
11
2
Hoyt
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
: http://www.urenio.org/el/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/21-Xoriki-diataxi-Theories
Xorothetisis.pdf
12
3
Mann
13
1960,
.
, 1970
(Ley 1983).
Mann o
1965 .
Burgess oyt
.
,
. Mann ,
.
Mann
, .
,
. ,
.
19 20
, (Short 1984: 1416).
.
..
. , .., 1800 , , 100.000
, 1891 24 (Ley 1983: 20).
.
...
.
... ,
. ,
14
, ,
, .
,
.
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
. , 19
. ,
,
. ,
19 .
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.
, .
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
Birmingham, ..,
. 20
. , Birmingham
15
5
3.3 6
,
:
( 1950-60
)
.
1.
2.
,
,
-
,
, .. --
(ex nihilo ), ..,
. , ,
38.000 .
- .
,
, , .
16
4. M :
.
Soja,
,
, , ,
19 . ,
20 ,
(1781).
, 20
20 . 1970
, , ,
:
Metropolis: From the division to Labour to Urban Form(1988) Allen Scott,
Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (1989) Ed
Soja
Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other Real and Imagined Places (1996) Ed Soja,
City of Quartz : Excavating the future of Los Angeles (1990) Mike Davis
Postmodernism,or the Cultural logic of Late Capitalism (1992) Frederick Jameson.
The 100 Mille City (1993) Deyan Sudjic..
Tim Hall
.
, , .
,
, , ,
17
. ,
, , .
Peirce Lewis 1983,
(Knox 1993) .7
:
urban realms model Hartshorn Muller (1989),
,
Soja (1989).
,
-, (edge
city), 8.
;
,
.
, .. (Christoferson Storper 1986),
(Scott 1988) ,
, - (Soja
1995)9.
, .
.
,
.
7
8
aJEQC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Graham+and+Marvin+(1996:+334)+SOJA&source=bl&ots=pHzRPldLtf&sig=I4H9uR1OzFmWZm-7CRcOhUYeLM&hl=el&sa=X&ei=K2BDUeiNrSS7AayqIDACA&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Graham%20and%20Marvin%20(1996%3A%20334)%20SOJA&f=false,
.13
9
Tim Hall, .., . 36-7
18
.
. Savage Warde
.
.
20 . ,
, 20 ,
.
,
.
, , ,
,
. :
(edge cities)
,
(paranoid carceral), ,
, .. ,
.
O Ed Soja (Soja 1995: 129-37).
,
, .
19
5. EDGE CITY
Joel Garreau, Edge City: Life on the New Frontier (1991).
.
,
, , .
20
edge city ( )
-
, pepperoni
pizza.
edge city, Joel Garreau :
465.000 ..
56.000 .., .
edge city .
. ,
,
.
edge
, , .
edge ,
, ( ).
.
. 200.
, edge
.
( , .)
( .).
edge
Detroit 1920
. Miracle Mile Wilshire
20
: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Miraclemile1.jpg
6.
. .
.
; ;
20
,
1970.
21
,
.
, .
, ,
.
-
- , , , ,
, .
1980.
-
-
. , ..
20 , , ..
.
, .. ,
.
- .
. , , ,
.
, , ,
, . ,
:
-
-
-
-
22
1.
1.1 Pinol:
18
.
,
(boulevard, Bollwerk)
.
18-19
()
Cit (, ) ville ()
Town city . town city, .
... Township town .
town (village-city)
,
(, ).
(communes) .
,
.
19 ( urban sanitary
districts
, 1872)
23
.
1.2
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
, .
. ,
.
. , ..,
300 ,
30.000 .
T. Hall ; ,
, , .., ,
,
.
. ,
.
, ,
(Glass 1989:56, Savage and Warde 1993:2). , ..,
-
, , .
, ( )
. ,
, ,
24
10.
,
:
(.. Council for the
Protection of Rural England Urban Development Corporations .)
2.
2.1
,
. ,
:
,
,
(
)
2.2
20
2.2.1 ( )
. ( , site and situation)
20
10
25
( ).
:
1.
,
, .. , .
,
, .
2.
. (urban morphology)
20 ,
, :
( ).
(
, )
1950 1960
1980
.
, , managers,
11.
2.2.3 (modern approaches)
20
.
. , :
- () ,
, ,
11
26
-
- , (.. )
.
1. [] :
-
2. [] :
-
3. [] : :
[] []:
.
, [ ]: .
27
. (positivist approach)
H 1950 19
. , 1933 , ,
.
. T. Hall,
, .
:
) (.
Burgess, Hoyt
1 .) Mann.
(..
).
)
.
28
( )
( ).
,
, .
:
.
(
1970
80)
.
1970 , T. Hall12.
.
:
,
)
.
,
. , :
,
,
.
.
12
29
,
.
.
) .
,
, , . 1969
,
. ,
, , ,
, . , 1960
. Place and Placelessness
Edward Relph (1976) .
, ,
.
.
. : -
. , ,
. H
,
13.
,
,
.
13
30
. ,
.
Tim Hall, -
1960. ,
,
.
,
.
Tim Hall, -
. , ,
, ,
.
Manuel Castells David Harvey,
- Manuel Castells
. :
1. : (1977)
, .
.
,
.
2. (1983)
.
.
, , .
. ,
.
David Harvey
-
31
.
. ,
,
. Harvey :
(1973)
-
.
.
,
.
,
-
.
.
,
,
.
:
- 2
- 1970 1980
:
- ,
- ,
. , , ..,
.
-
. ,
.
. ,
32
.
- ,
.., ,
.
-
14.
.
.
1920
.
, ,
.
.
-,
.
. John Rex Robert
Moore
.
. H - - .
1980 .
,
, ,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
14
33
, ,
.
. Amos Rappaport (1990), ..,
:
,
,
.
. ,
,
.
, , .
,
,
.
James Duncan Kandy
, ,
Ed Soja ,
,
,
Harvey, ..,
:
.
.
, -
.
,
,
.
34
:
(Cheltenham) (Doncaster). ,
,
15.
. 1990
.
, o
.
. ,
.
, ,
, .
.
,
, .., , ,
. , ,
.
. :
, :
- , .
20 20
.
15
35
- , .
.
.
36
EKTO:
1.
:
, , :
-
- .
, ,
:
-
-
- .
.
Sudjic ,
.
;
-
- , ,
- .
.
,
. ,
37
. , ,
, .
4
38
2. 1980
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
, .
.
Tim Hall16
1970
1990. .
1973.
. ,
(over investment) ,
.
, .
1980
1990.
,
:
,
.
-
.
.
16
39
, ,
.
, Battery Park , California Plaza
Docklands East End .
.
California Plaza
Battery Park
40
Docklands
,
. Harvey
.
Knox, Graham Marvin,
, ,
.
.
, ..
.
.
, , , unit dhabitation
Le Corbusier Unit dhabitation.
41
unit dhabitation
.
o
. , - ,
.
, ,
(Harvey 1989a,
1989b, Crilley 1993, Knox 1993).
3.
. ,
, ,
. ,
. 1980
.
.
, . ,
1980
.
42
4.
Tim Hall,
,
. ,
, .
.
, , .
. ,
, .
, , ,
1980
. ,
, . ,
,
. 1980
.
.
.
, .
, (, ,
) .
, .
1. ( 1945 1955)
.
1960
. ,
,
(Knox 1991).
(Ley 1989).
43
2. ,
,
.
, . ,
(McCracken 1988, Knox 1991: 183-6, 1993: 19-25, Jackson Holbrook
1995). ,
-
. ,
.17
5. A
1970 1980
5.1. , -
1980
. :
-
.
, ,
.
1980 .
.
.
1980
.
:
17
44
.
Battery Park City ,
La Dfense
, .. , , , .
La Dfense
, ,
.
. ,
, (Harvey 1989b).
,
(Bianchini et al. 1992).
(Bianchini et
al. 1992: 250, Crilley 1993, Hubbard 1996). ,
.
(Knox
1992a),
.
, , ,
45
.
,
. Hudson,
18.
. (festival retailing)
.
1980,
.
.
.
.
1980
. ,
,
.
.
, (malls)
/
.
. (Harvey 1989a).
.
.
:
18
46
, ,
- .
, . Tim Hall
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
1980 199019.
.
.
. 1980
,
.
,
.
1980
. ,
19
47
, ,
(Bianchini Schwengal 1991)20.
. .
,
1980,
.
. (inner-city): ;
:
1.
2.
,
3. .
T. Hall21 inner-city
. Burgess Hoyt
. ,
. , 19 ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
,
(inner-city). , ,
, ..
20
21
48
. ,
,
.
.
, (Coleman 1973,
Mayne 1993). ,
.
, ,
, , .
, .
. Tim Hall, o
, , , , ,
.
4.
, , . ,
, ..,
. , ,
. :
.
(Leyshon Thrift 1994).
,
, .
(Leyshon Thrift 199422).
22
49
. (gentrification)
(gentrification)
, ,
.
, 1980.
,
(Fincher 1992). , ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, . ,
(,
, .. ,
).
(..,
, )
.
,
.
4.5 23
,
.
.
. 20
, : -,
23
50
.
.
, .
(Whitehand 1994), (Knox 1991, 1992a,
1993), ,
(Whitehand 1990). ,
, (Moudon 1992, Whitehand et
al. 1992).
5.
, ,
, , , .
, .
:
, ,
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
. ,
.
.
.
,
51
, . Tim Hall
.
,
.24
24
52
:
1.
, ,
.
,
.
.
, , .
.
,
,
1985 .
. ,
,
,
1980
Harvey.
:
1.
2. ,
, ..
3. , .., ,
..
4. ,
,
.
53
5. ,
(.. Jos
Saramago).
.
6. ,
.
, , ,
.
, , ,
, ..
.
, .., ,
, ,
, .
.
25. ,
20
.
,
, .
25
54
2.
2.1.
. , ,
.
:
.
19 . ,
.
,
,
, , .
, ,
,
. , , ,
, 20
(Ward 1990: 54-62).
, .
, 1930 (Ward 1990; 1994).
,
. , ,
19 , Blackpoll Scarborough
(Ward 1998).
. 20
, , (Gold and Gold, 1990,
1994).
.
.
,
55
, . ,
(inertia) ,
56
,
:
-
-
-
-
.
, ,
.
, 1980
.
. , ,
,
.
, , .
,
, ,
(Watson
1991:63).
.
,
. ,
70,
,
.
, .
,
.
57
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
, .
2.2.
,
.
.
(Fretter 1993:165, Holcomb 1993, 1994).
.
.
, .
. ,
70
.
1980
. ,
.
.
(Bailey 1989:3).
. . ,
.
58
2.3.
,
, ,
, (.. ,
) ,
-, .
.
2.4.
. ,
, ..,
. Tim Hall
.
.
, , .
,
.26
2.5.
.
:
:
1.
26
59
, .. .
. , ,
.
,
, , , , , , .
Tim Hall
.27
2.
, , , ,
. ,
.
, ,
. , ,
. Tim Hall,
. , ,
, .
, , .
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
, .
27
60
. ,
.., .
,
.
,
. , , ,
,
28.
3.
,
, .
Syracuse, ,
. 1980
,
.
: http://www.syracuse.ny.us/City_Hall.aspx
28
61
Tim Hall, o ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
, . ,
.
,
.
- ,
29.
4. life style
. ,
, ,
life style.
.
- ,
, ..,
, , , ,
, .. , , , ..
.
29
62
-
30, 31, 32.
,
, -
.
,
, (, ).
: , 30-5-1939
2.5 .
.
30
, . , , ,
, , .
()
( , ).
31
. , , ,
, ,
32
, .
(, ).
63
Tim Hall,
. ,
,
, .
,
.
/
. ,
.
,
,
Young and Lever,
,
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
64