High Data Verification

Joseph Tan
Application Engineer
2 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Service Provider Network Architecture
ROADM
Network
STM-64
Edge Router
MSPP
IP DSLAM
Residential
access
network
ONT
CMTS
FTTTower
(IEEE802.16 WiMAX)
Fibre
Access
(xPON)
CATV
Access
Enterprise
Customer
Super
Head-End
Video Service Office
Local Content
Copper
Access
GigE
GigE
GigE
10GigE
10GigE
SONET/SDH
Gigabit Ethernet
10Gig-E
Fibre Channel
ESCON
Video
OTU1/OTU2
Metro Network
MSPP Wavelength Services
SONET/SDH OTN Transport Layer
ROADM
Client
Line
3 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
40GE/100GE Network : REALITY
(Client vs Line)
Network Element
OTN
Ethernet
Demapper
Ethernet
Mapper
Ethernet
Device
Network Element
OTN
Ethernet
Mapper
Ethernet
Demapper
Ethernet
Device
... ...
100GE
100GE
OTU-4
100GE
100GE
OTU-4
4 x 25Gbps 4 x 25Gbps
1 x 112Gbps
BERT
Client to Line
Client
Line
CFP
4 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Small Cells
Cell
Tower
FTTA
and RRH
RRH
(Rooftop)
Outdoor DAS
DAS
Head End
IMS / Internet
DAS
Head End
Remote
Unit
Remote
Unit
In-Building
DAS
Ethernet Solutions environment
Mobile Fronthual
Mobile Backhual
RNC /
MME
NobeB /
eNobeB
BBU
RRH
1G
10G
100km
, Small Cells and Backhaul
5 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Mobile Backhual
Yesterday 1 Gbit/s
this morning 10 Gbit/s
today 40 Gbit/s
tomorrow 100 Gbit/s:
Is your network upgradable? What about Backbone
Networks?
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Distance
6 2013 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.
Fiber characterization
(CD and PMD)
7 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Chromatic Dispersion:
Different wavelengths travel at different velocities
Polarization mode dispersion:
Different polarization modes travel at different velocities
Pulse
Pulse Spreading
Pulse
Pulse Spreading
Types of Dispersion
8 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Chromatic or intra-modal dispersion
Material and waveguide Dispersion
Geometric form of the fiber core
Index of refraction varies with Wavelength
Channel
Never be
Non-zero
Line width
Single Wavelength, Single fiber Multiple Wavelength in single pulse
Wavelength
9 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Chromatic Dispersion CD
Low chromatic dispersion High chromatic dispersion
10 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Total Chromatic Dispersion
11 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Facts About Chromatic Dispersion
Chromatic dispersion is linear:
It increases proportionally with distance
17 ps/nm.km 2 nm @1550 nm G.652
Does not change (much) over time
Since CD properties are set during manufacturing, there is no
FAIL in the field. Values measured are used to adjust the compensation
process and to select the optimum set of transmitter/receiver.
Example: 40GBASE-LR4
Max positive dispersion (1331 nm) = 33 ps/nm
Max negative dispersion (1271 nm) = 59 ps/nm
12 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Chromatic dispersion compensation
Good News : CD is stable, predictable, and controllable.
Compensation could be preformed:
Per span: Negative dispersion fiber
Per channel: DCM
Per path: Tunable Dispersion Compensator
13 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Polarization Mode Dispersion PMD
Causes During Manufacturing
Causes During Deployment
14 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Polarised light in fibre
When travelling in a fibre polarised light can be described:
Horizontal linear polarisation state along the X-Z plane
Vertical linear polarisation state along the Y-Z plane
X
X
Y Y
Z
Z
15 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Polarization Mode Dispersion PMD
z,t
t
DGD: differential group delay
16 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
The polarization pulse spreading (PPS) is the impact of PMD (DGD) on a
transmitted signal
Pulse spreading on OOK signals
PPS
LOW PMD HIGH PMD
17 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Polarization Mode Dispersion PMD
Asymmetries in fiber core geometry and/or stress distribution create fiber local
birefringence.
A "real" fiber is a randomly distributed addition of these local birefringent
portions.
The causes
18 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
PMD and DGD
DGD MAX

2 * PMD
PMD
19 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Is your network future proof?
Source: British Telecom (BT) exact Technologies, 2002
Network proof testing
for 10G & 40G
transmissions
96 fibre cables - mixture
of fiber PMD along a
given route
Careful fiber selection
means 200-300km
achievable at 10Gbit/s
even for legacy fiber
Objective: Precisely measure CD/PMD on all available fiber segments in metro,
regional and core networks to differentiate the bad segments and allow highest line
rate transmission on the longest distance possible through fiber selection.
20 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Proposed thresholds for DWDM
21 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
EXFO Dispersion portfolio
Products
FTB-5800 (FLS-5834A) FTB-5500B (FLS-5834A) FTB-5700
Dispersion testing CD testing
Short, long, ultra-long and amplified
reach
PMD testing
Short, long, ultra-long and amplified
reach
CD/PMD testing
Short and long reach un-amplified.
Maximum reach >5,400 km
>12,000 km
(tested through 250 cascaded
amplifiers)
>120 km single-ended
(>140 km with reflector)
Amplified links YES YES NO
Compensation
application at 10/40G
YES YES YES* 40G: Depending on
modulation format tolerance
Performance
highlights
100 Gbit/s ready
Full features optimized,
phase-shift method based
Unbeatable performances
(See spec sheet or call EXFO
technical sales specialist)
100 Gbit/s ready
Full features optimized;
GINTY method based
Unbeatable performances
(See spec sheet or call EXFO
technical sales specialist)
40 Gbit/s ready*
Zero set up approach;
Scrambled state-of
polarization analysis (SSA)
method based
Exclusive single-ended
testing technology
22 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
CD & PMD Testing in FTB-200/5700 : Mesh Networks
Test several segments very quickly.
Huge opex savings
FTB-200v2
23 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Based on reflectometry and Time Of Flight, 8 TOF measurements are
taken at different lambdas.
Different ends of fiber will be due to the variation of the speed of light
in the fiber leading to Chromatic dispersion ps/nm.Km.
8 points over 100nm
Single-ended dispersion analyzer
24 2012 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved..
Simplicity: Our biggest strength
1
2
3
3a
1. Select Test
2. Press Start
3. View Results
3a. View detailed CD
results if required
25 2013 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.
In-Service PMD
WDM Investigator
Trend: increased network complexity
Mixing modulation formats and data
rates on one fiber
Green Field
Pure Coherent Networks
Brown Field
Pol mux with non pol mux on one
fiber
New and old impairments in DWDM
Impair-
ments
PMD pulse
spreading
Interchan-
nel crostalk
Nonlinear
effects
Carrier
leakage
Plain old PMD.
Can now be tested on
live noncoherent signals.
New and old impairments in DWDM
Impair-
ments
PMD pulse
spreading
Interchan-
nel crostalk
Carrier
leakage
In dense channel
plans, when neighbour
channels extend within
the channel bandpass of
a given signal.
Nonlinear
effects
Interchannel crosstalk
All channels on
1 / 2 channels turned
off
Channel
bandwidth
Noise
level?
Interchannel crosstalk
All channels on
1 / 2 channels
turned off
Channel
bandwidth
ASE noise
Crosstalk
noise!
New and old impairments in DWDM
Impair-
ments
PMD pulse
spreading
Interchan-
nel crostalk
Carrier
leakage
In dense channel
plans, when neighbour
channels extend within
the channel bandpass of
a given signal.
New impairment at 40G because
channel spectral width increases
with baud rate.
Worse with tight
channel spacings
(50 GHz).
Nonlinear
effects
New and old impairments in DWDM
Impair-
ments
PMD pulse
spreading
Interchan-
nel crostalk
Carrier
leakage
New impairment.
When signals interact nonlinearly
with one another
i.e. cross-phase modulation:
phase variation caused by
changing power of neighbour
channel
Typical when mixing 10G with
40G or 100G.
Nonlinear
effects
Kerr effect
Cross-phase modulation (XPM)
High power
10G OOK
40G coherent
10G OOK: amplitude modulation; 40G coherent: phase modulation
10G channel goes on and off, changing locally index of refraction as a
function of space and time.
phase of 40G channel changes. Phase noise! Signal quality degrades.
New and old impairments in DWDM
Impair-
ments
PMD pulse
spreading
Interchan-
nel crostalk
Carrier
leakage
New impairment.
When CW (unmodulated) signal is
present at transmitter output.
Causes extra noise.
Nonlinear
effects
New impairments: new sources of noise
In summary
The old days (10G and below)
CL talk x NLE ASE
N N N N Noise

Today (40G, 100G)
ASE
N Noise
ASE: amplified spontaneous emission (noise from amplifiers)
NLE: nonlinear effects like cross-phase modulation
X-talk: cross-talk
CL: carrier leakage
Impact of new and old impairments
Impairment
PMD pulse
spreading
Interchannel
crosstalk
Cross-phase
modulation
Carrier
leakage
Bits that
overlap (ISI)
Extra noise from
neighbour channel
Extra noise due to NLE
Extra noise from
transmitter
Worse
BER!
(if PMD)
The Solution: WDM Investigator
38 2013 EXFO Inc. All rights reserved.