Iijec 2014 08 21 16

IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)
Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

A Publisher for Research Motivation........ Email: editoriijec@ipasj.org
Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2014 ISSN 2321-5984

Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2014 Page 61

ABSTRACT
In wireless communication fading of channels is the serious cause of the received degraded signals. The effect of fading can be
minimized by using various time and space domain techniques. However, space domain techniques are preferred over the
others due to its advantages. In this paper, performance evaluation of MIMO-OFDM under various channels is presented. The
next-generation wireless systems are required to have higher voice quality as compared to the present cellular mobile radio
standards and provide high bit rate data services(up to 2 Mbits /s). At the same time, the remote units are supposed to be small
lightweight pocket communicators. In other words, the next generation systems are supposed to posses better quality and
coverage, be more power and bandwidth efficient, and be deployed in diverse environments. Alamouti proposed a remarkable
diversity scheme in utilizing both space and time diversity known as space time coding. The new transmit diversity proposed by
Alamouti in states that Using two transmitter antennas and one receiver antenna the scheme provides the same diversity order
as maximal-ratio receiver combining(MRRC). In this paper, a comparison of diversity technique for estimating the channel
performance of mobile communication signals affected by Rayleigh multipath fading phenomena is discussed. The
performance evaluation is done under BPSK, 4-QAM, 16-QAM modulations. While the results are equally applicable if the
average transmitted power varies.
Keywords: Diversity, Maximal Ratio Combining, Rayleigh fading, Alamoutis Scheme and BER
1.INTRODUCTION
The next-generation wireless systems are required to have higher voice quality as compared to the present cellular
mobile radio standards and provide high bit rate data services (up to 2 Mbits/s). At the same time, the remote units are
supposed to be small lightweight pocket communicators. Furthermore, they are to operate reliably in different types of
environments: macro, micro, pico- cellular, urban, suburban, and rural; indoor and outdoor, as well. In other words, the
next generation systems are supposed to possess better quality and coverage, be more power and bandwidth efficient,
and be deployed in diverse environments. Recently, some interesting approaches for transmit diversity have been
suggested. A delay diversity scheme was proposed by Wittneben for base station simulating and later, independently. A
maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) or a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer is then used to
resolve multipath distortion and obtain diversity gain. The technique discussed in this paper is a simple transmit
diversity scheme which improves the signal quality at the receiver on one side of the link by simple processing across
two transmitter antennas on the opposite side. The obtained diversity order is equal to applying maximal-ratio receiver
combining (MRRC) with two antennas at the receiver. The scheme may easily be generalized to two transmitter
antennas and receiver antennas in order to provide a diversity order of 2 M. This is done without any feedback from the
receiver to the transmitter and only with small computational complexity. And also in this paper we are using two
transmitter and two receiver alamoutis scheme for different modulations such as BPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM. By this
high bit rate data is improved. Different equalization methods are used here so as to improve the high bit data rate and
high reliability of MIMO-OFDM communications at different channel conditions.
2.MIMO SYSTEM MODEL
When a transmitter and a receiver, with an appropriate channel coding/decoding scheme, are equipped with multiple
antennas, the presence of multipath fading can improve by achievable transmission rates. For such MIMO channels,
several optimum space-time codes have been designed. Now, let us consider a single point-to-point MIMO system with
arrays of transmit and receive antennas. In this case, focus on a complex base band linear system model described in
discrete time. The general modeling of a channel as an abstract MIMO channel allows for a unified treatment using a
compact convenient vector-matrix notation

Performance Evaluation of MIMO-OFDM
Systems under Various Channels
C. Niloufer fathima, G. Hemalatha

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
KSRM college of Engineering, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Figure 1 MIMO system model
The system block diagram is shown in Figure 1. The transmitted signals in each symbol period are represented by a n
T

x 1 Column matrix x, where the j-th component of x
i
, refers to the transmitted signal from antenna j. A Gaussian
channel has considered, for which, according to information theory, the optimum distributed of transmitted signal is
also Gaussian. Thus, the elements of x are considered to be zero mean independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.)
Gaussian variables. The covariance matrix of the transmitted signal is given by
R
xx
= E(XX
H
) (1)

Where E{.}denoted the expectation and the operator A
H
denoted the Hermitian of matrix A, which mean the transpose
and components- wise complex conjugate of A. The total transmitted power is constrained to P regardless of the
number of transmit antennas. It can be represented as
P = tr(R
xx
) (2)
Where tr (A) denoted the trace of matrix A, obtained as the sum of the diagonal elements of A. By using the linear
model, the received vector can be represented as are considered to be zero mean independent and identically distributed
(i.i.d.) Gaussian variables. The covariance matrix of the transmitted signal is given by
r = Hx+n (3)
Where H is the channel matrix . Now ,the received signal covariance matrix, defined as E{rr
H
}, by using equation3, is
given by
R
rr
= HR
xx
H
H
(4)
While the total received signal power can be expressed as tr(Rrr) .
3. MAXIMUM RATIO COMBINING
There are various techniques used to combine the signals from multiple diversity branches. In Maximum Ratio
combining each signal branch is multiplied by a weight factor that is proportional to the signal amplitude. That is,
branches with strong signal are further amplified, while weak signals are attenuated. Maximal-ratio combining is the
optimum combiner for independent AWGN channels. Maximum ratio combining is a linear combining method, where
various signal inputs are individually weighted and added together to get an output signal. A block diagram of a
maximum ratio combining diversity is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Block diagram of a maximum ratio combining
The output signal is a linear combination of a weighted replica of all of the received signals. It is given by r = ai ri
where, ri is the received signal at receive antenna i, and ai is the weighting factor for receiver antenna. In maximum


ratio combining, the weighting factor of each receive antenna is chosen to be in proportion to its own signal voltage to
noise power ratio. Let A
i
and |
be the amplitude and phase of the received signal r

i
respectively. Assuming that
each receiver antenna has the same average noise power, the weighting factor a
i
can be represented as a
i
= A
i
e
-j
i
.
This method is called optimum combining since it can maximize the output SNR.
4. ALAMOUTIS TRANSMIT DIVERSITY SCHEME
In past receiver diversity was widely used. This was on account of the fact that the receiver diversity was simpler and
also the receiving devices were generally passive producing little or no interference. Transmitter diversity was difficult
because of the following two reasons:
1)The multiple signals from the transmitting end would combine to produce only one value of signal level at a given
point, resulting in no diversity.
2)The transmitted signals would sometimes produce objectionable nulls in the radiation at some angles. Alamouti
proposed a remarkable diversity scheme in [8] utilizing both space and time diversity known as space time coding.
4.1 Two Transmitters and One Receiver Scheme

Figure 3 Two-branch transmit diversity scheme with one receiver
The block diagram of Alamoutis diversity scheme for two transmitters and one receiver is illustrated in Figure 3.
Here S
0
, S
1
are data which are complex in nature.
At transmitting antenna 0, A=[s0 -s1*] (5)
And transmitting antenna 1, B =[s0 s1*] (6)
We use the property of orthogonality (A.B
T
=0 ) because there is no co-phasing in the channel, if h
1
, h
2
are the
channels between the transmit antenna and the receiver, antennas 0 and 1 respectively. Then h
0
=
0
e
-j
0
where
0
e
-j
0
is
the channel state information and similarly h
1
=
1
e
-j
1
.Now r
0
, r
1
are Gaussian distributed, the maximum likelihood
decision rule at the receiver for these received signals.
Then
r
0
= h
0
s
0
+ h
1
s
1
+ n
0
& r
1
= h
0
s
1
*
+ h
1
s
0
*
+ n
1
(7)
Where n
0
and n
1
represent complex noise and interference Now the using of combiner then signal estimate is:
s
0
= h
0
*
r
0
+ h
1
r
1
*
& s
1
= h
1
*
r
0
h
0
r
1
*
(8)
Now finally the receiver combining scheme for two-branch MRRC is as follows:
s
0
= h
0
*
r
0
+ h
1
r
1
*
= (
0
2
+
1
2
) s
0
+h
0
*
n
0
+ h
1
n
1
*

And
s
1
= (
0
2
+
1
2
)s
1
- h
0
*
n
1
+h
1
*
n
0
(9)
Where (
0
2
+
1
2
) is second order diversity.



4.2. One Transmitter and Two Receivers Scheme

Figure 4 Two-branch MRRC
The block diagram of Alamoutis proposed scheme in regarding one transmitter and two receivers is shown in Figure 4.
[r
0
r
1
] =[h
0
h
1
][s
0
] +[n
0
n
1
]
Noise and interference are added at the two receivers. The resulting received baseband and signals are:
Then
r
0
= h
0
s
0
+n
0
(10)
And
r
1
= h
1
s
1
+n
1
(11)
where h
0
=
0
e
-j
0
, h
1
=
1
e
-j
1
Now finally the receiver combining scheme for two-branch MRRC is as follows:
s
0
= h
0
*
r
0
+ h
1
*
r
1

=(
0
2
+
1
2
) s
0
+h
0
*
n
0
+ h
1
n
1
*
(12)
4.3. Two Transmitters and Two Receivers Scheme

Figure 5 Alamouti 2x2



tracting the two symbols which interfered with each other. In the first time slot, the received signal on the first receive
antenna is,
1
1 1,1 1 1,2 2 1 1,1 1,2 1
2
s
y h s h s w h h w
s
(
( = + + = +
(

(13)

The received signal on the second receive antenna is,
1
2 2,1 1 2,2 2 2 2,1 2,2 2
2
s
y h s h s w h h w
s
(
( = + + = +
(

(14)
where, y
1
,y
2
are the received symbol on the first and second antenna respectively ,h
j,i
is the channel coefficient of the
channel between j
th
receiving antenna and i
th
transmitting antenna., s
1
,s
2
are the transmitted symbols and w
1
, w
2
is
the noise on 1
st
, 2
nd
receive antennas. For convenience, the above equation can be represented in matrix notation as
follows:
1,1 1,2 1 1 1
2,1 2,2 2 2 2
h h y s w
h h y s w
( ( ( (
= +
( ( ( (

(15)
Equivalently,
y Hs w = +
(16)
5. SIMULATION RESULTS

In this section simulation scheme and result are highlighted.
5.1. BPSK Scheme
BPSK is simplest shift keying scheme. It uses two phases which are separated by 180 and also termed 2- PSK.

Figure 6 Phase-shift keying(BPSK)
This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it takes the highest level of noise or distortion to make the
demodulator reach an incorrect decision. It is, however, only able to modulate at 1 bit/symbol and so is unsuitable for
high data-rate applications. The general form for BPSK follows the equation:
s
n
(t)= cos(2f
c
t+[1-n]) ,n=0,1 (17)

This yields two phases, 0 and . In the specific form, binary data is often conveyed with the following signals:
s
0
(t)= cos(2f
c
t+) , for binary 0 (18)
s
1
(t)= cos(2f
c
t) , for binary 1 (19)
where fc is the frequency of the carrier-wave.
In Figure 7, the simulation results are presented along with the theoretical results. The theoretical results are presented
while considering the 1 Txx and 1 Rxx, 1 Txx and 2 Rxx using maximum ratio combining technique. As shown in the
Figure 7, the performance in term of BER improves significantly for example for Eb/N0 equals to 10 db the BER
improves by a factor of 10. Hence, MRC schemes provide very good results; this is also an agreement with theoretical
results. However, in MRC scheme, to receive better signal quality more than two receivers may require. To counteract


this Alamouti proposed a scheme in which more than one transmitter can be used to transmit signals, as signal
generated from these antennas will travel different path, hence may provide better quality signal at the receiver. As
this scheme is somewhat compromising scheme, therefore results may not be up to the level of MRC. However, this
scheme is very simple and has potential to combat with fading of the channel.
0 5 10 15 20 25
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Eb/No, dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e
BER for BPSK modulation with 2Tx, 2Rx Alamouti STBC (Rayleigh channel)

theory (nTx=1,nRx=1)
theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)
theory (nTx=2, nRx=1, Alamouti)
sim (nTx=2, nRx=2, Alamouti)

Figure 7 Performance analysis of SISO theoretical (1Tx,1Rx), SIMO Maximum ratio combining theoretical (1Tx, 2
Rx), MISO Alamouti theoretical (2Tx, 1Rx) and Alamouti simulation (2Tx, 2Rx) system.
In Figure 9, simulation results for the Alamouti scheme are presented. In Figure 9, Alamouti results are In figure 7
Alamouti results are presented while considering, 2 Txx and 2 Rxx. It is evident form as the number of receiver
increased from 1 to 2 the BER improves. This is understandable as the number of receiver increases the performance
should improve. In Figure 7 it is noticeable that in case of 2 Tx and 2 Rx the results are better in comparison to 1Txx
and 2 Rxx MRC scheme. This 2 Txx and 2 Rxx, scheme avails the advantage MRC as well as Almouti scheme.
However, this does not mean that if we keep on increasing the receiver the BER performance will improve
continuously.
5.2. 4-QAM modulation scheme
Given that we have discussed bit error rate for a BPSK modulation, let us know focus on finding the bit error rate for a
QPSK (4-QAM) modulation scheme. Consider that the alphabets used for a QPSK (4-QAM) is

Figure 8 Constellation plot for QPSK (4-QAM constellation)
The scaling factor of is for normalizing the average energy of the transmitted symbols to 1, assuming that all the
constellation points are equally likely.
5.2.1.Noise model
Assuming that the additive noise follows the Gaussian probability distribution function,
with and . (20)
5.2.2 Probability of error
Consider the symbol , the conditional probability distribution function (PDF) of given was transmitted is:
. (21)


Figure 9 Probability density function for QPSK (4-QAM modulation)
The probability of being decoded correctly is,

p(c/s2) =[1- ]
2
(22)

5.3. 16-QAM modulation
We have went over the bit error rate for 4-QAM . Consider a typical 16-QAM modulation scheme where the alphabets
are used. The 16-QAM constellation is as shown in the figure below

Figure 10 16-QAM constellation
5.3.1 Noise model
Assuming that the additive noise follows the Gaussian probability distribution function,
with and . (23)
5.3.2 Probability of error
The probability of being decoded incorrectly is,
(24)
(25)
(26)



5 10 15 20 25
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
Eb/No, dB
B
i
t

E
r
r
o
r

R
a
t
e
BER for BPSK/4-QAM/16-QAM modulation with 2Tx, 2Rx Alamouti STBC-OFDM (Rayleigh channel)

STBC-OFDM(nTx=2, nRx=1, Alamouti(BPSK))
STBC-OFDM(nTx=2, nRx=2, Alamouti(BPSK))
STBC-OFDM(nTx=2, nRx=2, Alamouti(4-QAM))
STBC-OFDM(nTx=2, nRx=2, Alamouti(16-QAM))

Figure 11 BER fro BPSK / 4-QAM /16-QAM modulation with 2Tx, 2Rx Alamouti STBC-OFDM (Rayleigh channel)
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a comparison of diversity technique for estimating the channel performance of mobile communication
signals affected by Rayleigh multipath fading phenomena is discussed. The performance of Alamouti scheme and
Maximum ratio combining techniques are evaluated under the assumption of BPSK, 4-QAM and 16-QAM signals
affected by reflection, diffraction and scattering environment. It is shown that in wireless MIMO, system based on
Alamouti diversity technique and Maximum ratio combining a technique can help to combat and mitigate against
Rayleigh fading channel and approach AWGN channel performance with constant transmits power. While the results
are equally applicable if the average transmitted power varies.
REFERENCES
[1] W. C. Jakes, Ed., Microwave Mobile Communications. New York: Wiley, 1974.
[2] A. Wittneben, Base station modulation diversity for digital SIMULCAST, in Proc. 1991 IEEE Vehicular
Technology Conf. (VTC 41st),May 1991, pp. 848853.
[3] A. Wittneben, A new bandwidth efficient transmit antenna modulationdiversity scheme for linear digital
modulation, in Proc. 1993IEEE International Conf. Communications (ICC93), May 1993, pp.16301634.
[4] J. H. Winters, The diversity gain of transmit diversity in wireless systems with Rayleigh fading, in Proc. 1994
ICC/SUPERCOMM, New Orleans, LA, May 1994, vol. 2, pp. 11211125.
[5] N. Seshadri and J. H. Winters, Two signaling schemes for improving the error performance of FDD transmission
systems using transmitter antenna diversity, in Proc. 1993 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf. (VTC 43rd), May
1993, pp. 508511.
[6] G. G. Raleigh and J. M. Cioffi, Spatio-Temporal Coding for Wireless communication, IEEE Transaction on
Communication, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 357-366, March 1998.
[7] B. Vucetic and J. Yuan, Space-Time Coding, England, Wiley, 2003.
[8] S. Alamouti, Space block coding: A simple transmitter diversity technique for wireless communications, IEEE J.
Select. Areas. Commun., vol. 16, pp. 14511458, Oct. 1998.

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IPASJ International Journal of Electronics & Communication (IIJEC)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJEC/IIJEC.htm

be the amplitude and phase of the received signal r

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