MICROORGANISMS & THEIR EFFECTS

ON LIVING THINGS
What is microorganisms?
Microorganisms also known as microbes. Microorganisms are living things which are
so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye and are only visible under the
microscope.

Who discovered the first microorganism?

Anton Van Leewenhoek (1632-1732) was the first person to discover the existence
of microorganisms, when he used the simple microscope that he himself invented to
view a drop of rainwater which he collected from his roof.
Types of Microorganisms

Based on their characteristics ( appearance, shape, size, method of reproduction,
nutrition and habitat), microorganisms can be classified into 5 groups:

1)Bacteria
2)Fungi
3)Protozoa
4)Virus
5)Algae




BACTERIA

CHARACTERISTICS

SEE BACTERIA CELL
STRUCTURE
-Unicellular organisms
-They have cell wall made of peptidoglycan
-Some have additional slimy capsule outside their cell wall for added protection
-Beneath the cell wall is its plasma membrane
-Bacteria do not have nuclear membrane
-Some bacteria have one or more tail-like structure called 'flagella' which are
used for swimming
-Some bacteria also have hundreds of hairlike structures known as pilli
SHAPE
-Classified according to their shapes
-They can be spherical known as cocci, rod-shaped known as bacilli, comma
shaped known as vibrios and spiral known as spirilla
SIZE
-Diameter ranges from 0.5 -1.0 micrometres
-Only visible using a high powered micoscope
METHOD OF
REPRODUCTION
Sexually by a process called conjugation or Asexually by formation of spores or
binary fission
NUTRITION
Photosynthesis, Chemosynthesis, Saprophytic and Parasitic. Bacteria stores
food in the form of glycogen granules in its cytoplasm.
HABITAT
Can be found almost everywhere (foods, air, water, soil, on any surfaces (such
as table tops), on the outside as well as inside of organisms especially in the
intestines).
MODE OF RESPIRATION
-Some are aerobic, requiring oxygen to survive
-Some are anaerobic, do not need oxygen to survive
-Some can live in the presence or absence of oxygen

FUNGI

CHARACTERISTICS
Do not contain the green pigment chlorophyll, so they have to take in
nutrients from external. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.
SIZE 10 - 100 micrometres
METHOD OF REPRODUCTION
Asexually through budding or formation of spores and sexually through
conjugation
NUTRITION parasitism and saprohytism
HABITAT Dark, moist, warm environment
EXAMPLE Yeast, Mucor/ Mould

PROTOZOA

CHARACTERISTICS
-Unicellular organisms
-Move with the help of cillia which continuously beat against the water
in diagonal pattern
METHOD OF REPRODUCTION Asexually through binary fission or sexually by conjugation
NUTRITION
-Parasitism, saprophytism or autotrophs
-Cilia/ cilium (hair like structures) send food to oral groove
HABITAT
Soil, moist area, live in water ( Amoeba) or inside the body of organisms
(Plasmodium)
EXAMPLES Amoeba, Plasmodium, Paramecium

VIRUS

CHARACTERISTICS -smallest microorganisms

SEE VIRUS CELL
STRUCTURE
-do not carry out any characteristics of living things
-when outside a cell, it forms a crystal
do not show cell organization
SHAPE Maybe spherical, polyhedral, rod-shaped or rocket shaped
SIZE Sizes ranges from about 20 - 400 nm in diameter
METHOD OF
REPRODUCTION
They can only multiply inside the living cells (host cell) of animals or plants or other
microbes. This process harms the host, resulting in a disease.
NUTRITION Parasitic
HABITAT living cell (host cell)
EXAMPLE influenza virus (spherical), tobacco mosaic virus (rod-shaped)

ALGAE

CHARACTERISTICS
-Simple aquatic plant
-No proper roots, stems, leaves or vascular system
-contains chlorophyll
SIZE 1 - 10000 micrometres
METHOD OF REPRODUCTION Asexually through binary fission or Sexually by conjugation
NUTRITION
Photosynthesis (most algae have pigments which use the wavelength that
penetrate water)
HABITAT Freshwater and marine (saltwater), soil, bark of trees
EXAMPLE chlamydomonas (unicellular), spirogyra