Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline

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NOTES:
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
A. Political Law, defined
B. Scope/Division of Political Law
1. Constitutional Law
2. Administrative Law
3. Law on Municipal Corporations
4. Law of Public Officers
5. lection Laws
C. Basis of the Study
II. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
A. Nature of the Constitution
1. !efinition
2. Purpose
3. Classification
4. "ualities of a #ood written Constitution
5. ssential Parts of a #ood written Constitution
$. %nterpretation&Construction of t'e Constitution
B. Brief Constitutional History
C. he !"#$ Constitution
D. A%end%ent
1. Amendment v. (evision
a. Lambino v. COMELEC
b. Two-part test
2. Constituent v. Le#islative Power
3. )teps in t'e amendator* process
a. Proposal
i. Con#ress+ b* a vote of , of all its members
ii. Constitutional Convention
iii. People+ t'rou#' t'e power of initiative
1. On t'e Constitution
2. On statutes
3. On Local Le#islation
b. (atification
i. !octrine of proper submission
1. Plebiscite ma* be 'eld on t'e same
da* as re#ular elections
2. ntire Constitution must be submitted
for ratification at one plebiscite onl*.
Piece-meal amendments not allowed.
4. .udicial (eview of Amendments
&. Power of 'udicial (eview
1. .udicial (eview
2. /'o ma* e0ercise t'e power
3. 1unctions of 2udicial review
a. C'ec3in#
b. Le#itimatin#
c. )*mbolic
4. (e4uisites of .udicial (eview&%n4uir*
a. Actual case or controvers*
b. (aised b* t'e proper part*
c. (aised at t'e earliest possible
opportunit*
d. !ecision must be
determinative of t'e case itself
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5. ffects of !eclaration of 5nconstitutionalit*+ two views6
a. Ort'odo0 view
b. Modern view
$. Partial 5nconstitutionalit*+ re4uisites6
7'e Le#islature must be willin# to retain t'e valid portions+
usuall* s'own b* t'e presence of a separabilit* clause
7'e valid portion can stand independentl* as law
III. THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE
A. Definition of a State
1. !istin#uis'ed from 8ation
2. !istin#uis'ed from 9overnment
B. &le%ents of a State
1. People
2. 7erritor*
a. 7'e 8ational 7erritor*
b. Components
c. 7'e P'ilippine Arc'ipela#o
d. Ot'er territories over w'ic' t'e P'ilippines
e0ercises 2urisdiction
e. Arc'ipela#o doctrine
3. 9overnment
a. !efined
b. 1unctions
c. !octrine of Parens Patriae
d. Classification
i. !e .ure
ii. !e 1acto
iii. Presidential
iv. Parliamentar*
v. 5nitar*
vi. 1ederal
4. )overei#nt*
a. !efined
b. :inds
i. Le#al
ii. %nternal
c. C'aracteristics
d. ffects of c'an#e in soverei#nt*
e. ffects of belli#erent occupation
f. !ominium v. %mperium
#. .urisidiction
i. 7erritorial
ii. Personal
iii. 0traterritorial
C. State )%%unity fro% Suit
1. ;asis
2. Par in parem non 'abet imperium
3. 7est to determine if suit a#ainst t'e )tate
4. )uits a#ainst 9overnment A#encies
a. %ncorporated
b. 5nincorporated
5. )uits a#ainst Public Officers
$. 8eed for Consent
a. 0press
i. 9eneral Law
ii. )pecial Law
b. %mplied
i. )tate commences liti#ation
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ii. )tate enters into a business contract
<. )cope of Consent
=. )uabilit* not e4uated wit' outri#'t liabilit*
IV. FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE STATE
A. *eneral Principles
1. %n'erent Powers
- Police Power
- minent !omain
- 7a0ation
2. )imilarities
3. !istinctions
4. Limitations
B. Police Power
1. !efinition
2. )cope&C'aracteristics
3. /'o ma* e0ercise t'e power
4. Limitations
a. Lawful sub2ect
b. Lawful Means
5. Additional Limitations
a. 0press #rant b* law
b. /it'in territorial limits
c. 8ot contrar* to law
C. &%inent Do%ain
1. !efinition&)cope
2. /'o ma* e0ercise t'e power
3. (e4uisites for e0ercise
a. 8ecessit*
b. Private Propert*
c. 7a3in# in t'e constitutional sense
i. >alid ta3in#
- private propert*
- for more t'an a momentar* period
- under warrant or color or aut'orit*
- propert* for public use or
ot'erwise informall* appropriate or
in2uriousl* affected
- utili?ation of t'e propert* must be
in suc' a wa* as to oust t'e owner
and deprive 'im of beneficial
en2o*ment of t'e propert*
d. Public use
e. .ust compensation
i. Concept
ii. .udicial prero#ative
iii. 8eed to appoint Commissioners
iv. 1orm of compensation
v. /it'drawal of deposit b* re2ectin#
landowner
vi. (ec3onin# point of mar3et value of t'e
propert*
vii. ntitlement of owner to interest
viii. /'o else ma* be entitled to 2ust
compensation
i0. 7itle to t'e propert*
0. (i#'t of landowner in case of non-pa*ment
of 2ust compensation
f. !ue process of law
4. /rit of Possession
5. Plaintiff@s ri#'t to dismiss t'e complaint in eminent domain
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$. (i#'t to repurc'ase or re-ac4uire t'e propert*
<. 0propriation under )ec. 1=+ Art. A%%
=. 0propriation under )ec. 4 and B+ Art. A%%%
D. a+ation
1. !efinition
2. /'o ma* e0ercise
3. Limitations on t'e e0ercise
a. !ue Process
b. PC
c. Public purpose
4. !puble 7a0ation
5. 7a0 0emptions
$. Police Power v. 7a0ation
a. License fee v. 7a0
b. :inds of license fee
i. 1or useful occupations or enterprises
ii. 1or non-useful occupations or enterprises
C amount ma* be a bit e0orbitant
<. )upremac* of t'e national #overnment over L95s in
ta0ation
V. PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES
A. Prea%,le
1. !oes not confer ri#'ts nor impose duties
2. %ndicates aut'ors'ip
3. numerates primar* aims and aspirations
4. Aids in t'e construction of t'e Constitution
B. (epu,licanis%
1. ssential features
- (epresentation
- (enovation
2. Manifestations
a. Ours is a #overnment of laws and not of men
b. (ule of t'e ma2orit*
c. Accountabilit* of public officials
d. ;ill of (i#'ts
e. Le#islature cannot pass irrepealable laws
f. )eparation of powers
i. Purpose
ii. La Bugal
iii. D8ot doctrinaire nor wit' pedantic ri#or+ not
independence but interdependenceE
iv. Principle of ;lendin# of Powers
v. Principle of C'ec3s and ;alances
vi. (ole of t'e .udiciar*
#. !ele#ation of Powers
i. Potestas delegata non potest delegare
ii. Permissible dele#ation
1. 7ariiff Powers to t'e President
2. mer#enc* Powers to t'e
President
3. !ele#ation to t'e People
a. (eferendum
b. Plebiscite
4. !ele#ation to L95s
5. !ele#ation to Administrative
;odies
iii. 7ests for valid dele#ation
1. Completeness 7est
2. )ufficient )tandard 7est
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C. he )ncorporation Clause
1. (enunciation of /ar
2. !octrine of %ncorporation
a. D9enerall* accepted principles of international lawE
refers to norms of #eneral or customar*
international law w'ic' are bindin# on all states
b. Fow international law becomes part of t'e sp'ere
of domestic law
i. ;* 7ransformation
ii. ;* %ncorporation
c. /'en applied
d. Lex posterior derogat priori
D. Civilian Supre%acy
&. Duty of *overn%ent- people to defend the State
(i#'t to ;ear Arms
.. Separation of Church and State
*. )ndependent forei/n policy and nuclear0free Philippines
H. 'ust and Dyna%ic Social 1rder
). Pro%otion of Social 'ustice
'. (espect for hu%an di/nity and hu%an ri/hts
2. .a%ily and youth
L. .unda%ental e3uality of %en and wo%en
4. Pro%otion of health and ecolo/y
N. Priority to education, science, technolo/y, etc.
1. Protection to la,or
P. Self0reliant and independent econo%ic order
5. Land (efor%
(. )ndi/enous cultural co%%unities
S. )ndependent people6s or/ani7ations
. Co%%unication and infor%ation in nation0,uildin/
8. Autono%y of local /overn%ent
9. &3ual access of opportunities for pu,lic service
:. Honest pu,lic service and full pu,lic disclosure
VI. BILL OF RIGHTS
A. )n *eneral
1. !efinition
a. Civil (i#'ts
b. Political (i#'ts
B. Due Process of Law
1. Ori#in
2. !efinition
3. /'o are protected
4. Meanin# of life+ libert* and propert*
a. Life
b. Libert*
c. Propert*
5. Aspects of due process
a. )ubstantive
b. Procedural
i. An impartial court or tribunal clot'ed wit'
2udicial power to 'ear and determine t'e
matter before it
ii. .urisdiction must be lawfull* ac4uired over
t'e person of t'e defendant and over t'e
propert* w'ic' is t'e sub2ect matter of t'e
proceedin#
iii. 7'e defendant must be #iven an
opportunit* to be 'eard
iv. .ud#ment must be rendered upon lawful
'earin#
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$. Publication as part of due process
<. Appeal and due process
=. Preliminar* investi#ation and due process
B. Administrative due process
C. &3ual Protection of the Laws
1. Meanin#G Persons Protected
2. )cope of 4ualit*
a. conomic
b. Political
c. )ocial
3. >alid classification
a. )ubstantial distinctions
b. 9ermane to t'e purpose of t'e law
c. 8ot limited to e0istin# conditions onl*
d. Applies e4uall* to all members of t'e same class
D. Searches and Sei7ures
1. )cope of t'e protection
2. )ome Procedural (ules
3. Onl* a 2ud#e ma* validl* issue
a. 0ception
b. Harvey v. antiago
4. (e4uisites of a >alid /arrant
a. Probable Cause
b. !etermination personall* b* a 2ud#e
i. %ssuance of a warrant of arrest
ii. %ssuance of a searc' warrant
c. After e0amination+ under oat' or affirmation+ of t'e
complainant and t'e witnesses 'e ma* produce
d. Particularit* of description
i. 9eneral warrants
ii. /arrant of Arrest
iii. )earc' /arrant
5. Properties sub2ect to sei?ure
- )ub2ect of t'e offense
- )tolen or embe??led propert* and ot'er proceeds
or fruits of t'e offense
- Propert* used or intended to be used as means for
t'e commission of an offense
$. Conduct of t'e )earc'
<. /arrantless Arrests
a. /'en t'e person to be arrested 'as committed+ is
actuall* committin#+ or is attemptin# to commit an
offense in 'is presence
i. (ebel ma* be arrested at an* time+ wit' or
wit'out a warrant
ii. Fot Pursuit
iii. ;u*-;ust Operation is a valid in fla#rante
arrest
b. /'en an offense 'ad 2ust been committed and
t'ere is probable cause to believe+ based on 'is
personal 3nowled#e of facts or of ot'er
circumstances+ t'at t'e person to be arrested 'as
committed t'e offense
c. /'en t'e person to be arrested is a prisoner w'o
'as escaped from a penal institution or place
w'ere 'e is servin# final 2ud#ment or temporaril*
confined w'ile 'is case is pendin#+ or 'as escaped
w'ile bein# transferred from one confinement to
anot'er
d. /'en t'e ri#'t is voluntaril* waived
=. /arrantless )earc'es
a. /'en t'e ri#'t is voluntaril* waived
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b. )top-and-fris3
c. )earc' and sei?ure is an incident to lawful arrest
d. )earc' of vessel and aircraft
e. Movin# ve'icles
f. %nspection of buildin#s and ot'er premises for t'e
enforcement of fire+ sanitar* and buildin#
re#ulations
#. /'ere pro'ibited articles are in plain view
lements6
i. Prior valid intrusion
ii. vidence inadvertentl* discovered
iii. vidence immediatel* apparent
iv. Plain view 2ustified t'e sei?ure
'. )earc' and sei?ure under e0i#ent and emer#enc*
circumstances
i. Arial tar#et ?onin# or D)aturation !rivesE
B. 0clusionar* (ule
&. Privacy of Co%%unications and Correspondence
1. %nviolabilit*
2. Mantle over tan#ible and intan#ible ob2ects
!. "ulueta v. C#
$. %aterous &rug v. 'L(C
5. 0clusionar* (ule
.. .reedo% of &+pression
1. )cope
2. Aspects
a. 1reedom from censors'ip or prior restraint
b. 1reedom from subse4uent punis'ment
i. Libel
ii. Obscenit*
iii. Criticism of official conduct
iv. (i#'t of students to free speec' in sc'ool
premises not absolute
3. 7ests of valid #overnmental interference
a. Clear and Present !an#er (ule
b. !an#erous 7endenc* (ule
c. ;alancin# of %nterests 7est
4. Assembl* and Petition
*. .reedo% of (eli/ion
1. 7wo #uarantees
2. 8on-establis'ment clause
a. 0ceptions
b. )cope
i. #dong v. C)eong eng *ee
ii. Laws w'ic' punis' blasp'em*
iii. +slami, &awa) v. Exe,. e,.
iv. %ntramural reli#ious dispute
3. 1ree 0ercise clause
a. Aspects of freedom of reli#ious profession and
wors'ip
i. (i#'t to believe
ii. (i#'t to act accordin# to one@s belief
1. Compellin# )tate %nterest 7est
2. )tate re#ulations on solicitations
H. Li,erty of A,ode and of ravel
1. Limitation on libert* of abodeH
a. -illavi,en,io v. Lu.ban
i. (uby v. Provin,ial Board
b. /&H( 0!
2. Limitations on t'e ri#'t to travel
a. P)il. Exporters v. &rilon
b. Manoto, v. C#
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). (i/ht to )nfor%ation
1. )cope
2. 8eed for publication reinforces t'e ri#'t
3. )ome cases
a. #1uino-armiento v. Morato
b. E,)egaray v. e,. o2 3usti,e
,. +n (e Coverage o2 Erap Plunder ,ases
i. A>( onl* for documentar* purpose+ not for
live or real-time broadcast
d. Bantay (# 45$0 v. Comele,
e. Hilado v. (eyes
'. (i/ht to for% associations
1. )cope
a. (i#'t to stri3e
2. (i#'t not absolute
2. Non0i%pair%ent Clause
1. %mpairment must be substantial. Law must effect c'an#e in
ri#'t of t'e parties wit' re#ard to eac' ot'er+ and not wit'
respect to non-parties
a. D%mpairmentE
2. Limitations
a. Police Power
b. minent !omain
c. 7a0ation
3. 1ranc'ises+ privile#es+ licenses do not come wit'in t'e
provision
L. .ree Access to Courts
4. 4iranda Doctrine
1. )ource6 Miranda v. Ari?ona
2. (i#'ts available onl* durin# custodial investi#ation
a. /'en does it be#in
b. Police Line-up
c. 8ot custodial investi#ation
d. (i#'ts refer to testimonial compulsion onl*
3. /'at ri#'ts are available
a. (emain silent
b. Competent and independent counsel
c. %nformed of suc' ri#'ts
d. (i#'ts cannot be waived+ e0cept...
e. 8o torture+ force...w'ic' vitiates free will
f. )ecret detention places...pro'ibited
#. Confessions&Admissions inadmissible
i. 7wo 3inds of coerced confessions
1. Coerced confessions
2. 5ncounselled statements
4. Applicabilit*
5. /aiver
a. Must be in writin# and made in t'e presence of
counsel
b. 8o retroactive effect
c. ;urden of proof
d. /'at ma* be waived
$. 9uidelines for Arrestin#&%nvesti#atin# Officers. Must inform
person of6
a. %n lan#ua#e 3nown and understood b* 'im+ of t'e
reason for t'e arrest and 'e must be s'own t'e
warrant of arrest
b. ri#'t to remain silent+ and an* statement made ma*
be used a#ainst 'im
c. ri#'t to be assisted at all times and 'ave t'e
presence of counsel
d. if 'e 'as no counsel+ 'e s'all be provided wit' one
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e. custodial investi#ation onl* w'en t'ere is counsel
f. ri#'t to communicate or confer
#. ri#'t to waive an* ri#'ts provided
'. waiver of ri#'t to a law*er must be in writin# and
wit' assistance of a law*er
i. 'e ma* indicate an* manner at an* time or sta#e of
t'e process t'at 'e does not wis' to be 4uestioned
2. initial waiver does not bar 'im from invo3in# it at
an* time durin# t'e process
3. an* statement or evidence obtained in violation
s'all be inadmissible
<. 0clusionar* (ule
a. 1ruit of t'e poisonous tree
b. (eceipt of sei?ed propert* inadmissible
c. (e-enactment of t'e crime
d. (es #estae
e. /aiver of e0clusionar* rule
N. (i/ht to Bail
1. !efined
2. /'en invo3ed
3. 0ceptions
a. /'en c'ar#ed wit' an offense punis'able b* (P
and evidence of #uilt is stron#
b. 7raditionall*+ not available to militar*
4. !ut* of t'e court w'en accused c'ar#ed wit' offense
punis'able b* (P or 'i#'er
5. ;ail is eit'er a matter of ri#'t+ or at t'e 2ud#e@s discretion+
or it ma* be denied
a. ;ail+ a matter or ri#'t
b. ;ail+ w'en discretionar*
c. /'en s'all be denied
$. )tandards for fi0in# bail
<. (i#'t to bail and travel abroad
=. (i#'t to bail and e0tradition
1. Constitutional (i/hts of the Accused
1. Criminal !ue Process
a. Me6ia v. Pamaran
b. 5nreasonable dela* in resolvin# complaint
c. %mpartial court or tribunal
d. (i#'t to a 'earin#
e. People v. %ebb
2. Erap v. andiganbayan
#. Plea of #uilt to a capital offense
'. )tate and offended part* entitled to due process
2. Presumption of innocence
a. Proof a#ainst accused must survive t'e test of
reason
b. /'en presumption not overcome
c. Presumption of re#ularit* cannot+ b* itself+ prevail
over constitutional presumption of innocence
d. Lo#ical connection between fact proved and
ultimate fact presumed
e. Presumption ma* be overcome b* contrar*
presumptions based on e0perience of 'uman
conduct
2. Ong v. andiganbayan
#. Circumstantial vidence
'. 4uipoise (ule
3. (i#'t to be 'eard b* 'imself and b* counsel
a. 7'e ri#'t to counsel durin# t'e trial is not sub2ect to
waiver
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b. !ecision of conviction set aside w'en appointment
of counsel was pro forma and counsel did not e0ert
best efforts
c. )ome instances w'en ri#'t cannot be waived
d. DPreference in c'oice of counselE applies to person
under investi#ation rat'er to accused in criminal
prosecution
e. Client bound b* mista3es of law*er+ e0cept w'en
ne#li#ence or incompetence of counsel is deemed
so #ross as to 'ave pre2udiced t'e constitutional
ri#'t of t'e accused
4. (i#'t to be informed of t'e nature and cause of t'e
accusation a#ainst 'im
a. (ationale
b. (e4uisites
c. >oid-for-va#ueness rule
d. /aiver
5. (i#'t to speed*+ impartial and public trial
a. )peed* 7rial
b. %mpartial 7rial
c. Public 7rial
$. (i#'t to meet witnesses face to face
<. (i#'t to compulsor* process to secure attendance of
witnesses and production of evidence
a. (e4uisites6
i. vidence is reall* material
ii. Accused is not #uilt* of ne#lect in
previousl* obtainin# t'e production of suc'
evidence
iii. vidence will be available at desired time
iv. 8o similar evidence can be obtained
=. 7rial in absentia
a. /'en presence of accused mandator*
i. Arrai#nment and plea
ii. !urin# trial for identification
iii. !urin# promul#ation of sentence+ unless
for a li#'t offense w'erein accused ma*
appear b* counsel or representative
P. Ha,eas Corpus
1. !efined
2. /'en available
3. Procedure
4. 9rounds for suspension
5. )uspension does not suspend ri#'t to bail
5. Speedy Disposition of Cases
1. Cadalin v. POE# #dministrator
2. B+nay v. andiganbayan
a. Li,aros v. andiganbayan
3. Tilendo v. OMB
4. (o1ue v. OMB
5. #badia v. C#
$. *uerrero v. C#
(. Self0incri%ination
1. Availabilit*
2. )cope
3. %mmunit*
4. /aiver
S. Non0detention ,y reason of political ,eliefs or aspirations
. )nvoluntary Servitude
1. (einforced b* (PC 2<2 C PM and 1I: fine to an*one w'o
s'all purc'ase+ sell+ 3idnap or detain 'uman bein# for t'e
purpose of enslavin# 'im
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2. 0ceptions
- punis'ment for a crime w'ereof one 'as been dul*
convicted
- service in defense of t'e )tate
- naval enlistment
- posse comitatus
- return to wor3 order in industries affected wit' public
interest
- patria potestas
8. Prohi,ited Punish%ents
1. Mere severit* does not constitute cruel or unusual
punis'ment
2. !eat' penalt* is not a cruel or unusual punis'ment
a. Plea of #uilt in capital offenses
3. Automatic review
9. Non0i%prison%ent for De,t
1. era2in v. Lindayag
2. Lo7ano v. Martine7
3. People v. 3udge 'ita2an
:. Dou,le 'eopardy
1. (e4uisites
a. >alid complaint or information
b. 1iled before a competent court
c. 7o w'ic' t'e defendant 'ad pleaded
i. /'en t'e accused+ after pleadin# #uilt*+
testified to prove MC+ t'e testimon* 'ad
t'e effect of vacatin# 'is plea of #uilt*
d. !efendant was previousl* ac4uitted or convicted+
or t'e case dismissed or ot'erwise terminated
wit'out 'is e0press consent
i. Mere filin# of two informations or
complaints c'ar#in# t'e same offense
does not *et place t'e accused in double
2eopard*
ii. 8o double 2eopard* w'ere t'e accused
was sentenced to plea bar#ainin#
approved b* t'e court but wit'out t'e
consent of t'e fiscal. Jfiscal consent
necessar*K
iii. Promul#ation of onl* one part of t'e
decision is not a bar to t'e promul#ation of
t'e ot'er part
iv. &ismissal o2 a,tion
Permanent dismissal
Provisional dismissal
1. /'en t'e #round for t'e motion to
dismiss is insufficienc* of evidence
2. /'en t'e proceedin#s 'ave been
unreasonabl* prolon#ed as to violate
t'e ri#'t of t'e accused to speed* trial
v. (evival of criminal cases provisionall*
dismissed
vi. Appeal b* t'e prosecution
1. 7'ree relate protections provided
b* !.
a. A#ainst a second
prosecution for t'e same
offense after ac4uittal
b. --- after conviction
c. A#ainst multiple
punis'ments for t'e same
offense
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2. After trial on t'e merits+ an
ac4uittal is immediatel* final and
cannot be appealed. 7'e onl*
e0ceptionG mistrial resultin# in
denial of due process
3. Court acted wit'out .! w'en it
dismissed t'e case merel*
because none of t'e witnesses
notified b* t'e court appeared
durin# pre-trial
vii. !isc'ar#e of co-accused
viii. /'ere t'e 2ud#e amended 'er
decision of ac4uittal because s'e
overloo3ed t'e testimon* of a
witness+ t'e amended decision is
void
4. Crimes Covered
5. !octrine of supervenin# event
a. 8ot a bar w'en6
- #raver offense developed due to supervenin# facts
arisin# from t'e same act or omission
- t'e facts constitutin# t'e #raver offense arose or
were discovered onl* after t'e filin# of t'e former
complaint or information
- t'e plea of #uilt* to a lesser offense was made
wit'out t'e consent of t'e fiscal or t'e offended
part*
;. &+0Post .acto Law and Bill of Attainder
1. 0 Post 1acto Law
a. :inds
i. Ma3es criminal action done before t'e
passa#e of t'e law and w'ic' was
innocent w'en done+ and punis'es suc'
action
ii. A##ravates a crime+ ma3es it #reater
t'an it was w'en committed
iii. C'an#es punis'ment and inflicts #reater
punis'ment
iv. Alters le#al rules of evidence and
receives less or different testimon* t'an
t'e law re4uired at t'e time of
commission of t'e offense in order to
convict
v. Assumin# to re#ulate civil ri#'ts+
imposes a penalt* or deprivation of ri#'t
for somet'in# w'ic' w'en done was
lawful
vi. !eprives accused of a crime of some
lawful protection to w'ic' t'e* 'ave
become entitled+ suc' as t'e protection
of a former conviction or ac4uittal+ or of a
proclamation of amnest*
b. C'aracteristics
i. (efers to criminal matters
ii. (etroactive+ and
iii. Pre2udices t'e accused
c. )ome Cases
2. ;ill of Attainder
a. !efined C le#islative act t'at inflicts punis'ment
wit'out trial
b. C'aracteristics C substitutes le#islative fiat for a
2udicial determination of #uilt
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Anti-)ubversion Act is not a ;ill of Attainder because it
does not specif* t'e Communist Part* or its members for
t'e purpose of punis'ment+ it simpl* declares t'e part* to
be an or#ani?ed conspirac* to overt'row t'e #overnment
VII. CITIZENSHIP
A. *eneral Principles
1. !efined
2. 5sual modes of ac4uirin# citi?ens'ip
3. Modes Jb* birt'K applied in t'e P'ilippines
a. ;efore 1B35 Constitution
i. .us )an#uinis
ii. .us soli
b. After 1B35 Constitution
i. .us san#uinis
4. 8atural-born citi?ens
5. Marria#e b* 1ilipino to an alien
$. Polic* a#ainst dual alle#iance
<. Attac3 on one@s citi?ens'ip ma* be made onl* t'rou#' a
direct proceedin#
=. (es 2udicata in citi?ens'ip cases
B. Citi7ens of the Philippines
1. 7'ose citi?ens of t'e P'ilippines at t'e time of t'e 1B=<
Constitution
a. -alles v. COMELEC
b. (oa do,trine
,. Caram provision
2. 7'ose w'ose mot'ers or fat'ers are citi?ens of t'e
P'ilippines
3. 7'ose born before .an. 1<+ 1B<3+ of 1ilipino mot'ers+ w'o
elect P'ilippine citi?ens'ip upon reac'in# t'e a#e of
ma2orit*
a. Procedure for election
b. /'en to elect
,. Cu v. (P
d. -illa)ermosa v. Commissioner o2 +mmigration
e. (P v. C)ule Lim
4. 7'ose naturali?ed in accordance wit' law
C. Naturali7ation
1. Modes of naturali?ation
a. !irect
b. !erivative
2. !octrine of indelible alle#iance
3. !irect naturali?ation under P'ilippine laws
4. 8aturali?ation under CA 4<3
a. "ualifications
b. !is4ualifications
c. Procedure
d. ffects of 8aturali?ation
e. !enaturali?ation
5. 8aturali?ation b* direct le#islative action
$. Administrative 8aturali?ation
D. Loss and (eac3uisition of Philippine Citi7enship <CA =>?
1. Loss of citi?ens'ip
a. ;* naturali?ation in a forei#n countr*
b. ;* e0press renunciation of citi?ens'ip
c. ;* subscribin# to an oat' of alle#iance
d. ;* renderin# service to or acceptin# commission in
t'e armed forces of a forei#n countr*
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e. ;* cancellation of t'e certificate of naturali?ation
f. ;* 'avin# been declared b* competent aut'orit* a
deserter of t'e P'ilippine armed forces in time of
war
2. (eac4uisition of citi?ens'ip
a. 7a3in# oat' or alle#iance
b. ;* naturali?ation
c. ;* repatriation
d. ;* direct act of Con#ress
VIII. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
A. he Le/islative Power
1. !efinition
2. /'ere >ested
a. Con#ress to provide a s*stem of initiative and
referendum
i. nablin# Act
1. %nitiative and (eferendum defined
2. Pro'ibited measures
3. Local %nitiative
4. Limitations on Local %nitiative
B. Con/ress
1. Composition
2. ;icameralism v. 5nicameralism
C. Senate
1. Composition
2. "ualifications
3. 7erm of Office
a. Limitation
D. House of (epresentatives
1. Composition
a. !istrict representatives
b. Part*-list representatives
c. )ectoral representatives
2. Apportionment of le#islative districts
a. %n'abitants
b. 7erritor*
c. (eapportionment
i. Mariano v. Comele,
Tobias v. #balos
ii. Monte6o v. Comele,
iii. ema v. Comele,
3. "ualifications
a. +(M v. Comele,
b. #1uino v. Comele,
,. Co1uilla v. Comele,
4. 7erm of Office
5. 7'e Part-List )*stem
a. !efinition of 7erms
i. Part*
ii. Political part*
iii. )ectoral part*
iv. )ectoral or#ani?ation
v. Coalition
b. (e#istrationG Manifestation to participate
c. (efusal and&or Cancellation of (e#istration
d. 8omination of (epresentatives
e. "ualifications of 8ominees
f. Manner of >otin#
i. Bantay (# v. Comele,
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#. 8umber
i. -eterans v. Comele,
0. PM and Butil v. Comele,
ii. #ng Bagong Bayani v. Comele,
'. C'oosin# a (epresentative
i. ffect of c'an#e of affiliation
2. >acanc*
3. 7erm of officeG ri#'ts
&. &lection
1. (e#ular
2. )pecial
.. Salaries
*. Privile/es
1. 1reedom from arrest
a. (PC 145
b. People v. 3alos6os
,. Trillanes v. Pimentel
2. Privile#e of speec' and debate
a. Osmena v. Pendatun
H. Dis3ualifications
1. %ncompatible office
2. 1orbidden office
). 1ther inhi,itions
1. Appearin# personall* as counsel
2. 1ull disclosure
'. Sessions
1. (e#ular
2. )pecial
3. .oint
a. >otin# separatel*
i. C'oosin# t'e president
ii. !etermine president@s disabilit*
iii. Confirmin# nomination of t'e >P
iv. !eclarin# e0istence of a state of war
v. Proposin# constitutional amendments
b. >otin# 2ointl*
4. Ad2ournment
2. 1fficers
L. 5uoru%
4. (ules of Proceedin/s
N. Discipline of %e%,ers
1. (ecords and ,oo@s of accounts
P. Le/islative 'ournal and the Con/ressional (ecord
1. ntered in t'e 2ournal
2. nrolled ;ill 7'eor*
5. &lectoral ri,unals
1. Composition
a. F(7
b. )7
c. !octrine of Primar* .urisdiction
2. Power
a. ampayan v. &a7a
b. -in7ons-C)ato v. Comele,
c. 7 independent of t'e Fouses. %ts decisions ma*
not be reviewed b* t'e )C+ e0cept w'en t'ere is
#rave abuse of discretion
(. Co%%ission on Appoint%ents
1. Composition
2. Powers
S. Powers of Con/ress
1. 9eneral&Plenar* le#islative power
2. Appropriation
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3. 7a0ation
4. Le#islative %nvesti#ation
5. "uestion Four
$. /ar Powers
<. Act as ;oard of Canvassers in lection of President
=. Call special election for President and >P
B. .ud#e president@s p'*sical fitnessto disc'ar#e t'e functions
of t'e Presidenc*
1I. (evo3e or e0tend suspension of t'e privile#e of /FC or
declaration of martial law
11. Concur in Presidential amnesties.
12. Concur in treaties or international a#reements
13. Confirm appointments&nominations made b* t'e President
14. %mpeac'ment
15. (elative to natural resources
1$. Propose amendments to t'e Constitution
IX. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
A. he President
1. "ualifications
2. lection
a. (e#ular
b. Con#ress as canvassin# board
i. Overseas Absentee >otin# Act
ii. Lope7 v. enate8 Con#ress ma* dele#ate initial
determination of aut'enticit* and due
e0ecution of certificates of canvass to a .oint
Con#ressional Committee
iii. Pimentel v. 3oint Committee
iv. Brillantes v. COMELEC
c. )upreme Court as P7
3. 7erm of Office
4. Oat' of Office
5. Privile#es
a. Official (esidence
b. )alar*
c. %mmunit* from )uit
i. Estrada v. &esierto
ii. *loria v. C#
d. 0ecutive Privile#e
i. enate v. Ermita
ii. 'eri
e. Pro'ibitions&%n'ibitions
$. Pro'ibitions&%n'ibitions
a. )'all not receive an* ot'er emoluments from t'e
#overnment or an* ot'er source
i. (epubli, v. andiganbayan
b. 5nless provided in t'e Constitution+ s'all not 'old
an* ot'er office or emplo*ment
c. 8ot directl* or indirectl* practice an* ot'er
profession+ participate in business+ or be financiall*
interested in an* contract&franc'ise&privile#e
#ranted b* #overnment
d. Avoid conflict of interest
e. 8ot appoint spouse or relatives b* consan#uinit* or
affinit* wit'in t'e fourt' civil de#ree.
<. (ules on )uccessions
a. >acanc* at t'e be#innin# of t'e term
i. !eat' or permanent disabilit*
ii. 1ails to 4ualif*
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iii. 8ot c'osen
iv. )enate President+ t'en )pea3er+ t'en
Con#ress-c'osen succeeds
b. >acanc* durin# term
i. !eat'+ permanent disabilit*+ removal from
office+ resi#nation of President
0. Erap v. *M#8
ii. !eat'+ permanent disabilit*+ removal from
office+ resi#nation of President and >P
c. 7emporar* disabilit*
d. Constitutional dut* of Con#ress in case of vacanc*
in t'e offices of President and >ice-President
=. (emoval of t'e President C ;L impeac'ment
B. he 9ice0President
0. "ualifications+ election+ term of office+ removal
9. >acanc* in t'e office of t'e >ice-President
C. Powers of the President
1. 7'e 0ecutive Power
a. 'E# v. C#6
b. Aut'orit* to reor#ani?e t'e OP
c. 0ecutive power vested in t'e President
d. Malaria Employees v. (omulo
e. 8ot for t'e President to determine t'e validit* of a
law
2. Power of Appointment
a. Appointment
b. Appointments+ classified
i. Permanent or 7emporar*
i.a. -alen,ia v. Peralta
i.b. Binamira v. *arru,)o
ii. (e#ular or ad interim
ii.a. PLM v. +#C
ii.b. Matibag v. Benipayo
c. Officials appointed b* President
i. President s'all nominate+ wit'
Commission on Appointments
- Feads of e0ecutive departments
- Ambassadors+ ot'er public ministers
and consuls
- Officers of armed forces from colonel
to nav* captain
- 7'ose w'ose appointment vested b*
t'e Constitution
i.a. armiento v. Mison8
ii.b. priano v. Lista
ii. President s'all appoint
- All ot'er appointments not provided
b* law
- Aut'ori?ed to appoint
ii.a. Bautista v. alonga8
ii.b. Tarrosa v. ingson8
ii.,. (u2ino v. Endriga8
d. )teps in t'e appointin# process
8omination b* t'e President
Confirmation b* t'e CoApp
%ssuance of t'e commission
Acceptance b* t'e appointee
e. !iscretion of Appointin# Aut'orit*
Pimentel v. Ermita
f. )pecial Constitutional Limitations on t'e
President@s appointment power
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Ma* not appoint spouse and 4dra&c as
ConComm member+ OM;+ 5sec+
;ureau&Office c'air&'eads+ includin#
9OCCs
Appointments b* actin# President
ineffective unless revo3ed b* President-
elect wit'in BI da*s from assumption of
office
2 mont's before ne0t presidential election+
President s'all not appoint+ e0cept
temporar* appointments to e0ecutive
positions w'ere continued vacancies will
pre2udice public service or endan#er
safet*
&e (ama v. C#
+n (e Mateo -alen7uela
#. Power of (emoval
ii. C)C members appointed b* President ma* be
directl* disciplined b* 'im
iii. Cabinet members ma* be replaced an* time+
term e0pired
!. Power of Control
a. Control
i. Malaria Employees v. (omulo
b. Alter-e#o principle
i. La,son-Magallanes v. Pano
ii. &E'( v. &E'( (egion 09
iii. *loria v. C#
c. Appeal
d. Power e0ercised over acts+ not actors
e. );MA under OP
f. Control of .ustice )ecretar* over prosecutors
#. 9eneral supervision over L95s
3udge &adole v. CO#
&rilon v. Lim
Pimentel v. #guirre
$. Militar* Powers
a. Commander-in-c'ief clause
i. *udani v. enga
ii. Call out armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless
violence+ invasion or rebellion
iii. Or#ani?e courts martial for t'e discipline of A1P
members+ create militar* commissions for t'e
punis'ment of war criminals
Olaguer v. Military Commission
'avales v. *eneral #baya
*udani v. enga
b. )uspension of privile#e of writ of 'abeas corpus
i. 9rounds
ii. !uration
iii. !ut* of President
iv. Con#ress ma* revo3e or e0tend effectivit* of
proclamation b* ma2orit* vote+ votin# 2ointl*
v. )upreme Court ma* review
vi. 8ot impair ri#'t to bail
vii. Applies onl* to persons 2udiciall* c'ar#ed for
rebellion or offenses in'erent or directl* connected
wit' invasion
viii. !urin# suspension of writ+ an* person t'us
arrested&detained s'all be 2udiciall* c'ar#ed wit'in 3
da*s+ ot'erwise+ 'e s'all be released
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c. Martial Law
Constitutional limitations same as suspension
of P/FC
5. Pardonin# Power
a. !efinitions
i. Pardon
ii. Commutation
iii. (eprieve
iv. Parole
v. Amnest*
b. 0ercise b* t'e President
c. Limitations on e0ercise
i. Cannot be #ranted in cases of
impeac'ment
ii. Cannot be #ranted in cases of violation of
election laws wit'out favorable
recommendation of t'e COMLC
iii. Can be #ranted onl* after conviction b*
final 2ud#ment
iv. Cannot be #ranted in cases of le#islative
contempt or civil contempt
v. Cannot absolve t'e convict of civil liabilit*
vi. Cannot restore public offices forfeited
d. Pardon+ classified
i. Plenar* or partial
ii. Absolute or conditional
Conditional pardon is a contract
between t'e C'ief 0ecutive and
t'e convicted criminal
e. Amnest*
i. People v. Patriar,a
ii. -era v. People
iii. People v. Casido
$. ;orrowin# Power
<. !iplomatic Power
a. Commissioner o2 Customs v. Eastern ea Trading
b. Bayan v. Exe,utive e,retary
=. ;ud#etar* Power
B. %nformin# Power
1I. Ot'er Powers
a. Call Con#ress to a special session
b. Power to approve or veto bills
c. Consent to deputation of #overnment personnel b*
t'e COMLC
d. !iscipline suc' deputies
e. ;* dele#ation from Con#ress+ emer#enc* powers
f. 9eneral supervision over L95s and autonomous
re#ional #overnments
X. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
A. he 'udicial Power
1. !efined
a. Political 4uestion outside t'e territor* of courts
b. To,ao v. C#
,. &e Leon v. C#
2. /'ere >ested
3. .urisdiction
a. Con#ress 'as t'e power to define+ prescribe+ and
apportion t'e 2urisdiction of various courts+ but
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ma* not deprive t'e )C of its .! over cases
enumerated in Art. =+ )ec. 5
b. 8o law s'all be passed increasin# t'e appellated
2! of t'e )C as provided in t'e Constitution
wit'out its advice and concurrence
B. Constitutional Safe/uards to )nsure )ndependence of the
'udiciary
0. )C is a constitutional bod*G it ma* not be abolis'ed b* t'e
le#islature
9. )C members removable onl* b* impeac'ment
!. )C ma* not be deprived of its minimum ori#inal and
appellate .!G appellate .! ma* not be increased wit'out
advice and concurrence
$. )C 'as administrative supervision over all inferior courts
and personnel
:. )C 'as e0clusive power to discipline 2ud#es and 2ustices of
inferior courts
;. .udiciar* members 'ave securit* of tenure
4. Members of t'e .udiciar* ma* not be desi#nated to an*
a#enc* performin# 4uasi-2udicial or administrative
functions
<. )alaries of 2ud#es ma* not be reducedG t'e .udiciar*
en2o*s fiscal autonom*
1iscal autonom* contemplates a #uarantee of
fle0ibilit* to allocate and utili?e t'eir resources. !;M
cannot down#rade t'e positions and salar* #rades of
two positions in t'e P'il.A.
5. Onl* t'e )C ma* initiate and promul#ate t'e (OC
0=.Onl* t'e )C ma* order temporar* detail of 2ud#es
00. 7'e )C can appoint all officials and emplo*ees of t'e
.udiciar*
C. he Power of 'udicial (eview/)n3uiry
D. Appoint%ent to the 'udiciary
1. "ualifications
a. )upreme Court
b. Lower Colle#iate Courts
c. Lower Courts
2. Procedure for Appointment
a. Appointed b* t'e President from a list of at least 3
nominees prepared b* t'e .;C for ever* vacanc*G
appointment does not need confirmation
b. >acanc* in t'e )C to be filled wit'in BI da*s from
occurence t'ereof
c. 1or lower courts+ President s'all issue appointment
wit'in BI da*s from submission b* t'e .;C from
suc' list.
Midni#'t appointment pro'ibition applies.
3. 7'e .udicial and ;ar Council
a. Composition
i. 0-officio members6 C. as C'air+ .ustice
)ecretar*+ representative from Con#ress
ii. (e#ular members6 %;P representative+ Law
professor+ retired )C 2ustice+ private sector
representative
iii. )ecretar* e0-officio6 )C cler3
b. Appointment6 (e#ular members appointed b* t'e
President for a term of 4 *ears+ wit' CoApp consent.
)C determines emoluments.
c. Powers&1unctions6 (ecommend appointees to t'e
.udiciar*. 7'ose assi#ned b* t'e )C
&. he Supre%e Court
1. Composition
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2. n ;anc&!ivision Cases
a. n banc
b. !ivision
3. Powers
a. Ori#inal 2urisdiction
b. Appellate 2urisdiction
c. 7emporar* assi#nment of 2ud#es
d. Order c'an#e of venue
e. (ule-ma3in# power
f. Power of Appointment
#. Power of Administrative )upervision
'. Annual (eport
4. Consultations&)C !ecisions
a. Conclusions submitted for decision s'all be
reac'ed in consultation before t'e case is assi#ned
to a member for writin# t'e opinion. Certification to
t'is effect issued b* C.. (e4t applicable to lower
colle#iate courts.
b. !ecision s'all state clearl* and distinctl* t'e facts
and t'e law on w'ic' it is based
c. 8o petition for review or M( s'all be refused due
course or denied wit'out statin# t'e le#al basis
t'erefor
.. enure of 'ud/es/'ustices
1. )upreme Court
2. Lower Courts
*. Salaries
H. Periods for Decision
1. All cases filed after t'e effectivit* of t'e Constitution must
be decided or resolved+ from date of submission+ wit'in6
)C C 24 mont's
Lower colle#iate courts C 12 mont's
Lower courts C 3 mont's
%n t'e last 2+ )C ma* reduce M certification
statin# reason for dela*
2. !espite e0piration of t'e mandator* period+ t'e court+
wit'out pre2udice to suc' responsibilit* as ma* 'ave been
incurred in conse4uence t'ereof+ s'all decide or resolve
t'e case or matter submitted to it wit'out furt'er dela*
3. Period merel* director*+ bein# procedural in nature
XI. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS
A. *eneral Provisions
1. 7'e independent constitutional commissions are t'e C)C+
COMLC and COA
2. )afe#uards insurin# t'e independence of t'e Commissions
a. 7'e* are constitutionall* createsG ma* not be
abolis'ed b* statute
b. %ndependent
c. Conferred certain powers and functions w'ic'
cannot be reduced b* statute
d. C'airmen and members cannot be removed+
e0cept b* impeac'ment
e. C'airmen and members #iven < *ear-terms
f. C'airmen and members ma* not be reappointed or
appointed in an actin# capacit*
i. /'en an ad interim appointment is not
confirmed+ anot'er ad interim appointment
ma* be e0tended to t'e appointee wit'out
violatin# t'e Constitution
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#. )alaries of t'e c'air and members are relativel*
'i#' and ma* not be decreased durin# office
'. Commissions en2o* fiscal autonom*
i. Con#ress is not pro'ibited from reducin# t'e
appropriations of t'e ConComs below t'e amount
appropriated for t'em for t'e previous *ear
2. Ma* promul#ate own procedural rules+ provided+
t'e* do not diminis'+ increase or modif*
substantive ri#'ts
3. C'air and members sub2ect to certain
dis4ualifications calculated to stren#t'en t'eir
inte#rit*
l. Ma* appoint t'eir own officials and emplo*ees in
accordance wit' Civil )ervice Law
3. %n'ibitions&!is4ualifications
a. 8ot 'old an* ot'er office or emplo*ment durin#
tenure
b. 8ot en#a#e in t'e practice of an* profession
c. 8ot en#a#e in t'e active mana#ement or control of
an* business w'ic' in an* wa* ma* be affected b*
t'e functions of 'is office
d. 8ot be financiall* interested in an* contract wit' or
in an* franc'ise or privile#e #ranted b* t'e
9overnment+ an* of its subdivisions+ a#encies or
instrumentalities+ includin# 9OCCs or t'eir
subsidiaries
4. (otational )c'eme of Appointments
1irst appointees to serve <+5+3 *ears resp. to prevent t'e
possibilit* of one President appointin# all t'e
Commissioners.
7wo conditions6
i. 7erms if t'e first Commissioners s'ould
start on a common date
ii. An* vacanc* due to deat'+ disabilit* or
reco#nition before t'e e0piration of t'e
term s'ould be filled onl* for t'e une0pired
balance of t'e term
5. !ecisions
a. Ma2orit* vote+ wit'in $I da*s from t'e date of
submission for decision or resolution
i. All members+ not limited to t'ose w'o
participated in t'e deliberations and voted
t'erein
ii. /'en Commissioners w'o participated in
t'e deliberations retired before
promul#ation+ t'eir votes s'all be
considered wit'drawn.
iii. $I-da* periodG framers did not intend
overl* strict ad'erence
b. An* decision+ order or rulin# of eac' Commission
ma* be brou#'t to t'e )C on certiorari wit'in 3I
da*s from receipt of cop*
i. /'en )C reviews Comelec decision N
e0traordinar* .!G proceedin# limited to
#rave abuseG (ule $5 is t'e proper remed*
ii. Onl* w'en COA acts wit'out or in e0cess
of .!+ or wit' #rave abuse of discretion
amountin# to lac3 or e0cess of .!O ma*
t'e court entertain a petition for certiorari
under (ule $5
iii. 1inal resolutions of t'e C)C s'all be
appealable b* certiorari to t'e CA wit'in 15
22
Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline
For Portians Only
NOTES:
da*s from t'e receipt of a cop* t'ereof.
1rom t'e CA+ 45 to )C.
$. nforcement of !ecision
1inal decisions of t'e C)C are enforceable b* a writ of
e0ecution t'at t'e C)C ma* itself issue.
B. he Civil Service Co%%ission
1. Composition
C'air M 2 Commissioners
- natural-born
- 35 *o at time of appointment
- proven capacit* for pubad
- not a candidate for an* elective position in t'e
immediatel* precedin# election
Appointed wit' t'e consent of t'e CoApp for < *ears
wit'out reappointment.
2. Constitutional Ob2ectives&1unctions
- Central personnel a#enc*
- Power to 'ear and decide admin cases instituted before it
directl* or on appeal+ includin# contested appointments
- C)C 'as ori#inal .! to 'ear and decide a complaint for
c'eatin# in t'e C) e0ams it #ave
- decisions of lower level officials appealed to a#enc* 'ead+
t'en to C)C. (7C 8O .! over personnel actions
3. )cope C all ;%)A of t'e 9ovt+ inc. 9OCCs wit' ori#inal
c'arters Jc'artered b* special lawK
4. Classes of )ervice
a. Career )ervice C entrance based on merit+ or on
'i#'l* tec'inical 4ualificationsG opportunit* for
advancement to 'i#'er positionsG securit* of tenure
Open career positions C 4ualification from e0am
Closed career positions C scientific or 'i#'l* tec'inical
Career 0ecutive )ervice C 5sec+ ;ureau directors
Career Officers appointed b* t'e President
A1P
Personnel of 9OCCs wit' ori#inal c'arters
Permanent laborers
i. Career 0ecutive )ervice
ii. )ecurit* of 7enure in C)+ re4uisites6
1. C) eli#ibilit*
2. Appointment to t'e appropriate
ran3
P A C) officer ma* be transferred
or reassi#ned from one position to
anot'er wit'out losin# 'is ran3
w'ic' follows 'im
b. 8on-Career )ervice C based on ot'er t'an usual
testsG tenure limited to period specified b* law+ or
coterminus
lective officials+ t'eir personal and confidential staff
!epartment 'eads+ cabinet ran3 and t'eir personal and
confidential staff
C'air and members of Commissions wit' fi0ed term of
office and t'eir personal and confidential staff
Contractual personnel
mer#enc* and seasonal personnel
C)C empowered to declare positions in t'e Civil )ervice as
primaril* confidential
5. Appointments in t'e Civil )ervice C merit M competitive
e0ams J0c. Polic* determinin#+ primaril* confidential
QDpro0imit* ruleEG close intimate relations'ip w'ic' ensures
23
Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline
For Portians Only
NOTES:
freedom of discussionR+ or 'i#'l* tec'nical positions as
determined b* t'e nature of t'e positionK
9(6 A permanent appointment can issue onl* to a
person w'o possesses all t'e re4uirements
AC6 /'ere appointed merel* in a temporar*
capacit* for a period of 12 mont's to prevent a 'iatus
$. !is4ualifications
- Loser+ 1 *ear after elections
- lective official
- Cit* Ma*or cannot be appointed Administrator of );MA
- Appointive officials+ an* ot'er office in t'e 9ovt...
<. )ecurit* of 7enure
9(6 8o officer or emplo*ee of t'e civil service s'all be
removed or suspended e0cept for cause provided b* law
a. 8on-compliance wit' t'e Civil )ervice Law
constitutes denial of t'e ri#'t to securit* of tenure
i. Presidential appointee under direct
disciplinar* of t'e President
ii. 5ncontested transfer resultin# in demotion
in ran3 or salar* is a violation of t'e
securit* of tenure
iii. %lle#all* dismissed emplo*ee ordered
reinstated considered not 'avin# left 'is
office entitled to bac3wa#es
1. AC w'ere reinstatement was not a
result of e0oneration but of
liberalit*
2. Pa*ment of bac3wa#es durin#
suspension of a civil servant w'o
is subse4uentl* reinstated onl*
awarded w'en 'e is found
innocent and t'e suspension is
un2ustified
iv. )ecurit* of tenure in Career 0ecutive
)ervice pertains onl* to ran3+ not to
position
b. >alid abolition of office does not violate securit* of
tenure
i. (eor#ani?ation does not necessaril* result
in abolition of t'e office+ and does not
2ustif* t'e replacement of permanent
officers and emplo*ees
c. A career service officer unlawfull* ousted from
office onl* 'as 1 *ear to file an action in court to
recover 'is office Jot'erwise+ ri#'t prescribesK
d. )ummar* dismissal under Civil )ervice Law6
- repealed
e. Appellate .! of C)C
- Merit )*stem Protection ;oards@s decision in
administrative disciplinar* cases involvin#
imposition of suspension+ fine+ demotion+ transfer+
removal or dismissal --- 8O7 over M)P; decisions
e0oneratin# t'e respondent
- can be made onl* b* t'e part* affected b* t'e
M)P; decision
f. 9(6 Fe w'o+ w'ile occup*in# one office+ accepts
an incompatible office+ ipso fact vacates t'e firt
office and 'is title is terminated wit'out an* ot'er
act of proceedin#
i. Canoni7ado v. #guirre8 (emoval b* virtue
of a constitutionall* infirm act ne#ates a
findin# of voluntar* relin4uis'ment
24
Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline
For Portians Only
NOTES:
=. Partisan Political Activit*
a. Applies also to militar*
b. 0empt6 Cabinet members+ public officers and
emplo*ees 'oldin# political offices
B. (i#'t to )elf-Or#ani?ation
a. 9overnment emplo*ees not allowed to stri3e
1I. Protection to 7emporar* mplo*ees
11. )tandardi?ation of Compensation fi0ed b* Con#ress
12. !ouble Compensation
13. Oat' of Alle#iance
C. he C14&L&C
1. Composition
a. Composition
b. n banc and division cases
i. Cases 'eard and decided indivision6
ii. 0ceptions
iii. %n election cases+ Comelec division s'ould
'ear first+ provided e0ercises its
ad2udicator* or 4uasi-2udicial functions
iv. Comelec decisions reviewable b* )C
c. Comelec en banc promul#ates rules concernin#
pleadin#s and practice before it or an* of its
offices+ but ma* not diminis'+ increase or modif*
substantive ri#'ts
2. Constitutional powers and functions
a. nforce and administer all laws and re#ulations
relative tot 'e conduct of an election+ plebescite+
initiative+ referendum or recall
i. !efinitions
1. D%nitiativeE
2. D(eferendumE
3. D(ecallE
4. DPlebesciteE
ii. ;road powers
iii. (e#ulator* power
iv. 8o pardon+ amnest*+ parole for violation of
election laws #ranted b* President wit'out
Comelec recommendation
v. Comelec cannot e0ercise power of
apportionment
vi. Power to declare failure of elections
vii. Petition to declare failure of elections+
re4ts6
1. 8o votin# ta3en place in t'e
precinct on t'e date fi0ed b* law+
or even if t'ere was votin#+
election resulted in failure to elect+
and
2. >otes cast would not affect t'e
results of t'e election
viii. Comelec unaut'ori?ed to ma3e an
unofficial 4uic3 count of presidential
election results
b. 0clusive ori#inal .! over all contests relatin# to
t'e election+ returns+ 4ualifications of all elective
re#ional+ provincial+ cit* officials. 0clusive
appellate .! over all contests involvin# elective
municipal officials decided b* t'e (7C+ or involvin#
br#*. Officials decided b* t'e M7C+ and decisions
t'erein s'all be final+ e0ecutor* and unappealable.
i. 0clusive .! over pre-proclamation cases.
.! of t'e lectoral 7ribunal is e0ercised
25
Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline
For Portians Only
NOTES:
over members of Fouse or )enate+ and a
part* to t'e election controvers* is a
member of t'e Fouse or )enate onl* after
'e 'as been proclaimed+ 'as ta3en 'is
oat' and assumed t'e functions of t'e
office.
ii. Comelec is wit'out t'e power to partiall* or
totall* annul a proclamation or to suspend
t'e effects of a proclamation wit'out notice
and 'earin#
iii. Comelec 'as power to issue writs of
pro'ibition+ mandamus and certiorari in t'e
e0ercise of its e0clusive appellate .!
iv. (7Cs and M7Cs cannot 'ave .! over
electoral cases involvin# elective br#*.
Officials
1. Appeal to Comelec from (7C must
be filed wit'in 5 da*s from receipt
of decision. M( of (7C pro'ibited.
2. 1ilin# 8otice of Appeal not enou#'+
appeal fee must be paid to t'e
Comelec. %f fee not paid+ Comelec
can dismiss outri#'t or wait for fee
to be paid and #ive petition due
course
3. Comelec 'as aut'orit* to suspend
re#lementar* periods provided b*
its rules
v. Comelec cannot deprive (7C of its
competence to order e0ecution of
2ud#ment pendin# appeal
1. (7C ma* #rant motion for
e0ecution pendin# appeal w'en
t'ere are valid and special reasons
li3e6
- public
intere
st&will
of
electo
rate
- s'ortness of t'e remainin#
term
- len#t' of time t'at election
contest 'as been pendin#
2. Fowever+ provision t'at allows
e0ecution pendin# appeal must be
strictl* construed a#ainst t'e
movant.
3. Motion s'ould be filed before
e0piration of t'e period for appeal
vi. Comelec 'as power to cite for contempt+
but t'e power ma* be e0ercised onl* w'ile
it is en#a#ed in t'e performance of 4uasi-
2udicial functions
vii. )C 'as power to review appellate final Jnot
interlocutor*K decisions of t'e Comelec
c. !ecide+ save t'ose involvin# t'e ri#'t to vote+ all
4uestions affectin# elections+ includin#
determination of t'e number and location of pollin#
places+ appointment of election officials and
inspectors+ and re#istration of voters
26
Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline
For Portians Only
NOTES:
i. C'an#es in t'e location of pollin# places
ma* be initiated b* written petition of
ma2orit* of t'e voters or b* a#reement of
political parties+ but Comelec 'as final sa*
ii. Comelec ma* decide a 4uestion involvin#
t'e ri#'t to vote+ but its decision s'all be
sub2ect to 2udicial review
iii. !ecisions&determinations made b*
Comelec in t'e e0ercise of its
administrative power ma* be 4uestioned in
ordinar* civil action before trial courts
d. !eputi?e+ wit' t'e concurrence of t'e President+
law enforcement a#encies and instrumentalities for
t'e e0clusive purpose of ensurin# free+ orderl*+
'onest+ peaceful and credible elections
- Ma* recommend to t'e President t'e removal of
an* officer it 'as deputi?ed+ or t'e imposition of
an* ot'er sanction+ for disobedience+ violation or
disre#ard of its orders
e. (e#ister+ after sufficient publication+ political
parties+ or#ani?ations or coalitions w'ic' must
present t'eir platform or pro#ram of #overnment+
accredit citi?ens@ arms
i. !efinitions
1. Political Part* C or#ani?ed #roup of
citi?ens advocatin# an ideolo#* or
platform+ principles and policies for
t'e #eneral conduct of #overnment
a. 8ational part*
b. (e#ional part*
c. )ectoral part*
2. )ectoral or#ani?ation C #roup of
citi?ens w'o s'are similar p'*sical
attributes or c'aracteristics+
emplo*ment+ interests or concerns
3. Coalition C a##rupation of dul*-
re#istered national+ re#ional+
sectoral parties or or#ani?ations
for political and or election purpose
ii. 9roups w'ic' cannot be re#istered
1. (eli#ious denominations or sects
2. 7'ose w'o see3 to ac'ieve t'eir
#oals t'rou#' violent or unlawful
means
3. 7'ose w'o refuse to up'old and
ad'ere to t'e Constitution
4. 7'ose supported b* forei#n
#overnments
iii. 9rounds for cancellation of re#istration
1. J1K to J4K above
2. %t is a forei#n part* or or#ani?ation
3. %t violates or fails to compl* wit'
laws+ rules and re#ulations relatin#
to elections
4. !eclares untrut'ful statements in
its petition
5. Fas ceased to e0ist for at least
one *ear
$. 1ails to participate in t'e last 2
precedin# elections+ or fails to
obtain at least 2S of votes cast
27
Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline
For Portians Only
NOTES:
under t'e part*-list s*stem in t'e 2
precedin# elections
iv. #ng Bagong Bayani #uidelines for
re#istration
1. 7'e part* must represent a
mar#inali?ed or underrepresented
sector or #roup identified in )ec. 5
of (A <B41
2. Ma2or political parties must compl*
wit' t'e declared statutor* polic*
of enablin# 1ilipino citi?ens
belon#in# to mar#inali?ed and
underrepresented sectors to be
elected to t'e Fouse
3. (eli#ious sector ma* not be
represented
4. Part* not dis4ualified under )ec. $
of (A <B41
5. Part* must not be an ad2unct of+ or
a pro2ect or#ani?ed+ or entit*
funded b* t'e 9overnment
$. Part* and its nominees must
compl* wit' t'e re4uirements of
t'e law
<. 8ominees must represent
mar#inali?ed and
underrepresented
=. 8ominee must be able to
contribute to t'e formulation and
enactment of appropriate
le#islation w'ic' will benefit t'e
nation
f. 1ile+ upon a verified complaint+ or on its own
initiative+ petitions in court for t'e inclusion or
e0clusion of votersG investi#ate and+ w'ere
appropriate+ prosecute cases of violations of
election laws
i. Comelec ma* dele#ate to Provincial 1iscal
t'e investi#ation and prosecution of
violations f election laws
ii. Power includes aut'orit* to decide w'et'er
or not to appeal t'e dismissal of a criminal
case b* t'e trial court
#. (ecommend to Con#ress effective measures to
minimi?e election spendin#+ includin# limitation of
places w'ere propa#anda materials s'all be
posted+ and to prevent and penali?e all forms of
election frauds+ offenses+ malpractice and nuisance
candidates
'. )ubmit to t'e President and Con#ress a
compre'ensive report on t'e conduct of election+
plebiscite+ initiative+ referendum or recall
3. )tatutor* powers
a. 0ercise supervision and control over officials
re4uired to perform duties relative to t'e conduct of
elections
b. Promul#ate rules and re#ulations
c. Punis' contempt
d. %n4uire into financial records of candidates+ #roups
e. Prescribe forms to be used in elections
f. Procure supplies and materials needed fo rt'e
elections
28
Outline of Nachuras ConstiLaw Outline
For Portians Only
NOTES:
#. nlist non-partisan #roups to assist it
'. 1i0 periods for pre-election re4uirements
i. !eclare failure of electionG call for special elections
i. )ittin# en banc+ ma2orit* vote
ii. Motu propio or upon verified petition
iii. )ummar* 'earin#
4. Part* )*stem
5. lection Period C commences BI da*s before t'e election
and ends 3I da*s t'ereafter+ unless ot'erwise fi0ed b* t'e
Comelec in special cases
$. .udicial (eview of Comelec decisions C to )C via $5+ 3I
da*s from receipt of final order+ rulin# or decision of
Comelec en banc
D. he C1A
1. Composition&Appointment
a. C'air M 2 Commissioners. 8atural-born. 35 *o.
CPAs wit' not less t'an 1I *ears of auditin#
e0perience of members of t'e P'ilippine bar wit' at
least 1I *ears practice of law. 8ot candidates in
t'e election precedin#.
b. Appointed b* t'e President wit' consent of t'e
CoApp
c. 7erm of < *ears wit'out reappointment
2. Powers and !uties
a. 0amine+ audit and settle all accounts pertainin# to
t'e revenue and receipts of+ and e0penditures or
uses of funds and propert* owed and 'eld in trust
or pertainin# to t'e 9overnment
b. :eep #eneral accounts of t'e 9overnment+ and
preserve vouc'ers and supportin# papers for suc'
period provided b* law
c. Aut'orit* to define t'e scope of its audit and
e0amination+ establis' tec'ni4ues and met'ods
re4uired t'ereof
d. Promul#ate accountin# and auditin# rules and
re#ulations+ includin# t'ose for t'e prevention and
disallowance of irre#ular+ unnecessar*+ e0pensive+
e0trava#ant or unconscionable e0penditures or
uses of #overnment funds or propert*
3. .urisdiction C #overnment entit* or investment of public
funds
29