Option 2: Write a one page response that explains your reasoning on how you grou

ped the chapter 3 terms.

1 Persuasion: The use of appeals to reasons, values, beliefs, and emotions to co
nvince a listener or reader to think or act in a particular way
Persuasive writing, also known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason
to show that one idea is more legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persu
ade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a particular action. Th
e argument must always use sound reasoning and solid evidence by stating facts,
giving logical reasons, using examples, and quoting experts.A kind of writing in
tended to convince a reader to think or act in a certain way.
22 Emotional Appeal
Writing that appeals to a persons emotions rather than their brain.
2Logos
Definition
In many situations, logical appeals using analysis and reasoning persuade the au
diences. Cause and effect statements or lists of facts make effective logical ap
peals. Academic discussions are mostly logos-driven because academic audiences r
espect logic and evidence. Authors using logos rely on evidence and proof, wheth
er the proof is hard data of careful reasoning. When authors create a series of
evidence to persuade their audience they are using logos. Logos appeals usually
are quantitative and the language corresponds with the topic.
3Pathos
Definition
Pathos invokes the audience's emotion to gain acceptance and approval for the id
eas expressed. Pathos rhetoricians tap into the audience's sympathy and compassi
on, anger and disappointment, desire for love or sadness to convince the audienc
e of the their argument.
4Ethos
Definition
Ethos uses the author's own credibility and character to make a case and gain ap
proval. "It names the persuasive appeal of one's character, especially how this
character is established by means of the speech or discourse." Author's use them
selves and their position as the expert, an authority or a right person to give
their arguments. "Cicero said that in classical oratory the initial portion of a
speech was the place to establish one's credibility with the audience."
5argument writing definition
The function of an argumentative is to show that your assertion (opinion, theor
y, hypothesis) about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful th
an others'
Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing
conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of infer
ring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known
, admitted, or proved to be true. It clearly explains the process of your reason
ing from the known or assumed to the unknown
6Induction: A process of reasoning (arguing) which infers a general conclusion b
ased
on individual cases, examples, specific bits of evidence, and other specific
types of premises.
Example: In Chicago last month, a nine-year-old boy died of an asthma attack wh
ile
waiting for emergency aid. After their ambulance was pelted by rocks in
an earlier incident, city paramedics wouldnt risk entering the Dearborn
Homes Project (where the boy lived) without a police escort.
Thus, based on this example, one could inductively reason that the nine-
year-old boy died as a result of having to wait for emergency treatment.
7Deduction: A process of reasoning that starts with a general truth, applies tha
t truth to
a specific case (resulting in a second piece of evidence), and from those
two pieces of evidence (premises), draws a specific conclusion about the
specific case.
Example: Free access to public education is a key factor in the success of indu
strialized
nations like the United States. (major premise)
India is working to become a successful, industrialized nation. (specific case)

Therefore, India should provide free access to public education for its citizen
s.
(conclusion)
Thus, deduction is an argument in which the conclusion is said to follow
necessarily from the premise.
8ostensive
clearly or manifestly demonstrative.
9stipulative definitions
a declaration of a meaning that is intended to be attached by the speaker to a w
ord, expression, or symbol and that usually does not already have an established
use in the sense intended

A stipulative definition is one in which a new symbol or term is introduced to w
hich some meaning is arbitrarily assigned.
A stipulative definition is neither true nor false, accurate nor inaccurate.
10nonrational appeals definition
nonrational - obtained through intuition rather than from reasoning or observati
on
A writer's attitude toward subject, audience, and self.
11tone:
Tone is primarily conveyed in writing through diction, point of view, syntax, an
d level of formality
dispute:
To argue about; debate.
12topic:
A subdivision of a theme, thesis, or outline.
13sufficient and necessary
Being as much as is needed; adequate; enough
Definition: A necessary condition for some state of affairs S is a condition tha
t must be satisfied in order for S to obtain.
For example, a necessary condition for getting an A in 341 is that a student han
d in a term paper. This means that if a student does not hand in a term paper, t
hen a student will not get an A, or, equivalently, if a student gets an A, then
a student hands in a term paper.
Definition: A sufficient condition for some state of affairs S is a condition th
at, if satisfied, guarantees that S obtains.
For example, a sufficient condition for getting an A in 341 is getting an A on e
very piece of graded work in the course. This means that if a student gets an A
on every piece of graded work in the course, then the student gets an A.
14assumption:
The act of taking to or upon oneself.taking for granted
premise
A proposition upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is draw
n.
One of the propositions in a deductive argument
15syllogism:
A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, an
d a conclusion; for example, All humans are mortal, the major premise, I am a hu
man, the minor premise, therefore, I am mortal, the conclusion.
16fallacies:
a deceptive, misleading, or false notion, belief, etc.:
That the world is flat was at one time a popular fallacy.
2.
a misleading or unsound argument.
3.
deceptive, misleading, or false nature; erroneousness.
4.
17Logic. any of various types of erroneous reasoning that render arguments logic
ally unsound.
A statement or an argument based on a false or invalid inference.
Incorrectness of reasoning or belief; erroneousness
Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments. By learning to look for them in you
r own and others writing, you can strengthen your ability to evaluate the argumen
ts you make, read, and hear. It is important to realize two things about fallaci
es: first, fallacious arguments are very, very common and can be quite persuasiv
e, at least to the casual reader or listener. You can find dozens of examples of
fallacious reasoning in newspapers, advertisements, and other sources. Second,
it is sometimes hard to evaluate whether an argument is fallacious. An argument
might be very weak, somewhat weak, somewhat strong, or very strong. An argument
that has several stages or parts might have some strong sections and some weak o
nes. The goal of this handout, then, is not to teach you how to label arguments
as fallacious or fallacy-free, but to help you look critically at your own argum
ents and move them away from the weak and toward the strong end of the continuum

18generalize:
To reduce to a general form, class, or law.
To render indefinite or unspecific.
To infer from many particulars.
a proposition asserting something to be true either of all members of a certain
class or of an indefinite part of that class.
the process of obtaining such propositions
19counterexamples:
An example that refutes or disproves a hypothesis, proposition, or theorem.
20evidence:
A thing or set of things helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment.
The broken window was evidence that a burglary had taken place. Scientists weigh
ed the evidence for and against the hypothesis.
Something indicative; an indication or set of indications.
saw no evidence of grief on the mourner's face.
The means by which an allegation may be proven, such as oral testimony, document
s, or physical objects.
21dispute
To argue about; debate.
an issue that was disputed at the national convention.
To argue or debate with (someone).
To question the truth or validity of; doubt.