HIGH STEP UP VOLTAGE GAIN

CONVERTORS FOR SOLAR POWER GRIDS

A Term Paper
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION AND CONTROL

By
G.VENKATA SAI SIVA KUMAR (13501D5310)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRASAD V. POTLURI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY(Autonomous)
Affiliated to JNTU,KAKINADA,Approved by AICTE,New Delhi
Accredited by NBA,ISO,9001:2000 Certified Institute
(Sponsored by Siddhartha Academy of General & Technical Education, VIJAYAWADA)
KANURU,VIJAYAWADA-520007
2014-2015




DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PRASAD V. POTLURI SIDDHARTHA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY(Autonomous)


CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the term paper entitled is HIGH STEP UP VOLTAGE
GAIN CONVERTORS FOR SOLAR POWER GRIDS is a bonafied work done by
G.VENKATA SAI SIVA KUMAR with register number 13501D5310 during the academic year
20142015 for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION AND CONTROL .




Supervisor Head of the Department


ABSTRACT

The paper presents a new technique of transformerless dc-dc converter with high step up
voltage gain. Conventional dcdc boost converters are unable to provide high step-up voltage gains
due to the effect of power switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent series resistance of inductors
and capacitors. This paper proposes transformerless D.CD.C converters to achieve high step-up
voltage gain without an extremely high duty ratio.
Employed dc-dc boost converter has good regulation. It can operate at low duty
cycle, avoids diode reverse recovery problem. In this there are two proposed converters which have
less power stages, low stress on the power devices and they are simple in maintenance and cost.
In the proposed converters, two inductors with the same level of inductance are
charged in parallel during the switch-on period and discharged in series during the switch off
period. The structures of the proposed converters are very simple. Only one power stage is used.

















CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. STEP UP VOLTAGE GAIN
3 TYPES OF CONVERTERS
4. HISTORY OF HIGH STEP UP VOLTAGE TECHNIQUE
5. PROPOSED CONVERTERS
6. CIRCUIT DESIGN IN MATLAB
7. COMPARISION BETWEEN CONVENCTIONAL AND PROPOSED CONVEERTORS
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCES

















1. INTRODUCTION
Power electronics, as defined by Thomas G. Wilson, is:" The technology associated with the
efficient conversion, control and conditioning of electric power by static means from its available
input form into the desired electrical output form." The goal of power electronics is to realize power
conversion from an electrical source to an electrical load in a highly efficient, highly reliable and
cost-effective way.The application of power electronics includes a variety of fields such as energy
storage, transmission and distribution, pollution avoidance, communication, computer systems,
propulsion and transportation .Power electronics modules are key units in power electronics system.
As the integration of power switches, device gating, sensors, controls and actuators, power modules
can be used to perform energy transfer, storage and conditioning.
According to the type of the input and output power, power conversion systems can be classified
into four main categories, namely: AC to DC (rectification) DC to AC (inversion) AC to AC
(cycloconversion) DC to DC (chopping). A DCDC converter with a high step-up voltage gain is
used for many applications, such as high-intensity discharge lamp ballasts for automobile
headlamps, fuel-cell energy conversion systems, solar-cell energy conversion systems, and battery
backup systems for uninterruptible power supplies.
Renewable energy sources including Photovoltaic cells, Fuel cells, and Wind turbines
require Converters with High Voltage Gain in order to interface with Power Transmission and
Distribution Networks. These conversions are conventionally made using bulky, complex, and
costly transformers. Multiple modules of single-switch, single-inductor DC-DC converters can
serve these high-gain applications while eliminating the Transformer
For many applications we need high step up gain
To get high step up Voltage Gain we have,
1) Extremely high duty ratio 2) By using transformer
Problem Statement
Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar radiation into
direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. In distributed
generation (DG) systems, interfacing photovoltaic
(PV) energy-based sources to the grid possess a number of problems. Nowadays, transformerless
converters are preferred for higher efficiency and low size and cost.Such a converter has its own
problems. The output voltage of PV arrays is relatively low, requiring a high step-up converter to
obtain the dc voltage input of the inverter as depicted in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: PV Power Generation Block Diagram
PV CELL DC
BOOST
CONVERTOR
D.C -D.C
INVERTOR
D.C TO A.C
GRID
2. STEP UP VOLTAGE GAIN
To get high step up Voltage Gain we have-
1) Extremely high duty ratio
2) By using transformer
Extremely high duty ratio:
A dcdc boost converter can achieve a high step up voltage gain with an extremely high
duty ratio. Theoretically, a dcdc boost converter can achieve a high step-up voltage gain with an
extremely high duty ratio. However, in practice, the step-up voltage gain is limited due to the effect
of power switches, rectifier diodes, and the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of inductors and
capacitors. Moreover, the extremely high duty-ratio operation will result in a serious reverse-
recovery problem. Many topologies have been presented to provide a high step-up voltage gain
without an extremely high duty ratio
By using transformer:
Many topologies have been presented to provide a high step-up voltage gain without an
extremely high duty ratio.
A dcdc fly back converter is a very simple structure with a high step-up voltage gain
ADVANTAGES
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
HIGH OUTPUT VOLTAGE

DISADVANTAGES
HIGH VOLTAGE STRESS TO THE SWITCHES
MAINTENANCE AND INITIAL COST IS MAXIMUM
The demand for dc/dc converters with high voltage gain has increased. An interleaved-boost
converter magnetically coupled to a voltage-doubler circuit, which provides a voltage gain far
higher than that of the conventional boost topology. Besides, this converter has low-voltage stress
across the switches, natural-voltage balancing between output capacitors, low-input current ripple,
and magnetic components operating with the double of switching frequency. These features make
this converter suitable to applications where a large voltage step-up is demanded, such as grid-
connected systems based on battery storage, renewable energies, and uninterruptible power system
applications.



3 TYPES OF CONVERTERS
Different types of transformer less DC-DC Converters:
Cascade Boost converter
Quadratic Boost converter
Voltage Lift Type Converter
Capacitor Diode Voltage Multiplier Type converter
4. HISTORY OF HIGH STEP UP VOLTAGE TECHNIQUE
Many topologies have been presented to provide a high step-up voltage gain without an
extremely high duty ratio. A dcdc fly back converter is a very simple structure with a high step-up
voltage gain and an electrical isolation, but the active switch of this converter will suffer a high
voltage stress due to the leakage inductance of the transformer. For recycling the energy of the
leakage inductance and minimizing the voltage stress on the active switch, some energy-
regeneration techniques have been proposed to clamp the voltage stress on the active switch and to
recycle the leakage-inductance energy. The coupled-inductor techniques provide solutions to
achieve a high voltage gain, a low voltage stress on the active switch, and a high efficiency without
the penalty of high duty ratio. Literature includes some research of the transformer less dcdc
converters, which include the cascade boost type, the quadratic boost type , the voltage-lift type, the
capacitor-diode voltage multiplier type and the boost type integrating with switched-capacitor
technique. However, these types are all complex and have a higher cost. The modified boost type
with switched-inductor technique is shown in Fig.4.1.

Fig. 4.1 Modified boost convertor with switched inductor technique


5. PROPOSED CONVERTER I
Fig.5.1 shows the circuit configuration of the proposed converter I, which is having voltage-lift
circuit. Thus, two inductors (L1 and L2) with the same level of inductance are also adopted in this
converter. Switches S1 and S2 are controlled simultaneously by one control signal. Fig. 5.1 shows
some typical waveforms of CCM and DCM. Moreover, the operating principles and steady-state
analysis of CCM and DCM are presented as follows.

Fig. 5.1 Proposed Converter I and output waveforms (a) CCM Operation,(b) DCM Operation
A. CCM Operation:
The operating modes can be divided into two modes, defined as modes 1 and 2.
1) Mode 1 [t
0
, t
1
]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are turned on. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig. 5.2(a). L1 and L2 are charged in parallel from the dc source, and the energy stored in
Co is released to the load. Moreover, capacitor C1 is charged from the dc source. Thus, the voltages
across L1, L2, and C1 are given as

Fig. 5.2(a) Switches ON (b) Switches OFF
V
L1
= V
L2
= V
C1
= V
in
(1)
2) Mode 2 [t
1
, t
2
]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are turned off. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig. 5.2(b)the dc source, L1, C1, and L2 are series connected to transfer the energies to Co
and the load. Thus, the voltages across L1 and L2 are derived as
V
L1
= V
L2
=
V
in
+V
c1
V
0
2
=
2V
in
V
0
2
(2)
By using the voltsecond balance principle on L1 and L2, the following can be obtained:
V
in
dt
DT
s
0
+
2V
in
V
o
2
dt = 0
T
s
DT
s
(3)
By simplifying (3), the voltage gain is given by
M
CCM
=
V
o
V
in
=
2
1D
(4)
From Fig. 5.4(a)the voltage stresses on S1, S2, D1, and Do are derived as

V
S1
= V
S2
= V
D1
=
V
0
2
V
D0
= V
0
(5)
B. DCM Operation
The operating modes can be divided into three modes, defined as modes 1, 2, and 3.
1) Mode 1 [t
o,
t
1
]. The operating principle is the same as that for mode 1 of the CCM operation. The
two peak currents of L1 and L2 can be found as
I
L1p
= I
L2p
=
V
in
L
DT
s
(6)
2) Mode 2 [t
1
, t
2
]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are turned off. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig. 5.2(b). The dc source, L1, C1, and L2 are series connected to transfer the energies to
Co and the load. The values for iL1 and iL2 are decreased to zero at t = t2. Another expression for
IL1p and IL2p is given as
I
L1p
= I
L2p
=
V
0
V
in
V
C1
2L
D
2
T
s
=
V
0
2V
in
2L
D
2
T
s
(7)

Fig. 5.2 (c) Switches OFF DCM Operation
3) Mode 3 [t
2
, t
3
]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are still turned off. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig. 5.2(c). The energies stored in L1 and L2 are zero. Thus, only the energy stored in Co
is discharged to the load. From (6) and (7), D2 is derived as follows:
D
2
=
2DV
in
V
0
2V
in
(8)
From Fig. 5.2(b), the average output-capacitor current during each switching period is given by

I
CO
=
1
2
D
2
T
s
I
L1p
I
0
T
s
T
s
=
1
2
D
2
T
s
I
0
(9)
By substituting (6) and (8) into (9), I
co
is derived as
I
co
=
D
2
V
in
2
T
S
L(V
0
2V
in
)

V
0
R
(10)
Thus, the voltage gain is given by
M
DCM
=
V
0
V
in
= 1 +1 +
D
2
T
L
(11)

C. Boundary Operating Condition between CCM and DCM
If the proposed converter I is operated in BCM, the voltage gain of the CCM Operation is equal to
the voltage gain of the DCM operation. From (4) and (12), the boundary normalized inductor time
constant T
LB
can be derived as
T
LB
=
D(1D)
2
4
(12)


Fig. 5.3 Boundary Conditions of the Proposed Converter I

5.2. PROPOSED CONVERTER II
This topology is similar to the first one except for adding one voltage lift circuits. Figure 5.4
shows this improved topology. In fact, this converter uses two inductors of the same inductance
level, and the two switches being simultaneously. Similarly to the other converter circuits, the
operation of such a converter is subdivided into two modes; the CCM and the DCM. Typical
waveforms of these modes are depicted in Figure 5.4. The following subsections address the
performance and steady state analysis of this converter.

Fig.5.4Proposed Converter II and output Waveforms of the Proposed Converter II (a) CCM
Operation, (b) DCM Operation
A.CCM Operation
The operating modes can be divided into two modes, defined as modes 1 and 2.
1) Mode 1 [t
0
, t
1
]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are turned on. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig. 5.5 (a).L1 and L2 are charged in parallel from the dc source, and the energy stored in
Co is released to the load. Moreover, capacitors C1 and C2 are charged from the dc source. Thus,
the voltages across L1, L2, C1, and C2 are given as

Fig. 5.5(a) Switches ON7 (b) Switches OFF
V
L1
= V
L2
= V
c1
= V
c2
= V
in
(13)
2) Mode 2 [t1,t2]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are turned off. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig.5.5 (b).The dc source, L1, C1, C2, and L2 are series connected to transfer the energies
to Co and the load. Thus, the voltages across L1 and L2 are derived as
V
L1
= V
L2
=
V
in
+V
C1
+V
C2
V
o
2
=
3V
in
V
o
2
(14)

By using the voltsecond balance principle on L1 and L2, the following equation can be obtained:
V
in
dt
DT
s
0
+
3V
in
V
o
2
dt = 0
T
s
DT
s
(15)
By simplifying (15), the voltage gain is given by
.
M
CCM
=
V
o
V
in
=
3D
1D
(16)
From Fig. 5.5(a), the voltage stresses on S1, S2, D1, and Do are derived as

V
S1
= V
S2
= V
D1
= V
D2
=
VoV
in
2
V
D0
= V
0
V
in
(17)
B. DCM Operation
The operating modes can be divided into three modes, defined as modes 1, 2, and 3.
1) Mode 1 [t
0
, t
1
]. The operating principle is the same as that for mode 1 of the CCM operation.
The two peak currents of L1 and L2 can be found as
I
L1p
= I
L2p
=
V
in
L
DT
s
(18)
2) Mode 2 [t
1
, t
2
]. During this time interval, S1 and S2 are turned off. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig. 5.5 (b).The dc source, L1, C1, C2, and L2 are series connected to transfer the
energies to Co and the load. The values for iL1 and iL2 are decreased to zero at t = t2. Another
expression for IL1p and IL2p is given as
I
L1p
= I
L2p
=
V
0
V
in
V
C1
V
C2
2L
D
2
T
s
=
V
0
3V
in
2L
D
2
T
s
(19)
3) Mode 3 [t
2
, t
3
]. During this time interval, S1 and S2are still turned off. The equivalent circuit is
shown in Fig. 5.5(c). The energies stored in L1 and L2 are zero. Thus, only the energy stored in Co
is discharged to the load. From (18) and (19), D2 is derived as follows:

Fig. 5.5(c) Switches OFF DCM Operation and Boundary Conditions of the
Proposed Converter II

D
2
=
2DV
in
V
0
3V
in
(20)
From Fig. 5.5 (b), the average output-capacitor current during each switching period is given by
I
CO
=
1
2
D
2
T
s
I
L1p
I
0
T
s
T
s
=
1
2
D
2
I
L1p
I
0
(21)
By substituting (19) and (20) into (21), Icois derived as
I
co
=
D
2
V
in
2
T
S
L(V
0
3V
in
)

V
0
R
(22)
Since Ico is equal to zero under steady state, (22) can be rewritten as follows:

D
2
V
in
2
T
S
LV
0
3V
in

=
V
0
R
(23)
Thus, the voltage gain is given by
M
DCM
=
V
0
V
in
=
3
2
+
9
4
+
D
2
T
L
(24)
C. Boundary Operating Condition between CCM and DCM
If the proposed converter II is operated in BCM, the voltage gain of the CCM Operation is equal to
the voltage gain of the DCM operation. From (16) and (24), the boundary normalized inductor time
constant T
LB
can be derived as
T
LB
=
D(1D)
2
2(3D)
(25)
The curve of T
LB
is shown in Fig. 5.5 .If T
LB
is larger than T
LB
, the proposed converter I is operated
in CCM

6. CIRCUIT DESIGN IN MATLAB
6.1 CONTINUOUS (Proposed Converter I)


Fig. 6.1 Matlab circuit for proposed 1(continuous)
Given V
in
=12v
L
1
, L
2
=100 micro HENRY
R=6 K
C
1
,C
2
=68x10^-10FARAD
Duty cycle=50%
V
o
=46.28 v
M
CCM
=
V
o
V
in
=
2
1D



a) Continuous conduction mode:

Fig. 6.2(a) Simulation results of continuous conduction mode of proposed 1.

Fig. 6.2(b) Simulation results of continuous conduction mode of proposed 1.
6.2 DISCONTINUOUS (Proposed Converter I)
















Fig. 6.3 Matlab circuit for proposed I (discontinuous)
Given V
in
=12v
L
1
, L
2
= 5 milli HENRY
R=15 K
C
1
,C
2
=68x10^-10FARAD
Duty cycle=50%
V
o
= 62.21 v
M
DCM
=
V
0
V
in
= 1 +1 +
D
2
T
L



b) Discontinuous conduction mode:

Fig. 6.4(a) Simulation results of discontinuous conduction mode of proposed 1

Fig. 6.4(b) Simulation results of discontinuous conduction mode of proposed 1
CIRCUITDESIGN IN MATLAB:
CONTINUOUS (Proposed Converter II)

Fig. 6.5 Matlab circuit for proposed II (continuous)
Given V
in
=12v
L
1
, L
2
= 100HENRY
R=6 K
C
1
, C2 =68x10^-10 FARAD
Duty cycle=50%
V
o
= 57.06 v
M
CCM
=
V
o
V
in
=
3D
1D


a) Continuous conduction mode:

Fig. 6.6(a) Simulation results of continuous conduction mode of proposed 2
b) Continuous conduction mode:

Fig. 6.6(b) Simulation results of continuous conduction mode of proposed 2

CIRCUITDESIGN IN MATLAB:
DISCONTINUOUS (Proposed Converter II)


Given V
in
=12v
L
1
, L
2
=100HENRY
R=15 K
C
1
,C
2
=68x10^-10 FARAD
Duty cycle=50%
V
o
=68.98 v
M
DCM
=
V
0
V
in
=
3
2
+
9
4
+
D
2
T
L

a) Discontinuous conduction mode:

Fig. 6.7(a) Simulation results of discontinuous conduction mode of proposed 2
b) Discontinuous conduction mode:

Fig. 6.7(b) Simulation results of discontinuous conduction mode of proposed 2
7. COMPARISION BETWEEN CONVENCTIONAL AND PROPOSED CONVEERTORS

Comparison between the two Proposed Topologies and the simple Boost Topology:
Table 7.1 summarizes comparison between the simple and the two improved boost converter
topologies in terms of voltage gain and active switch voltage stress. Considering the table values, it
is clear that the two improved topologies have a lower switch voltage stress than the simple one.
This add-value gives the possibility of using switches of lower voltage ratings and lower on-state
resistance. In terms of
Voltage gain Voltage stress
Simple convertor
1
1 D

V
o
Proposed 1 convertor
2
1 D

Vo
2

Proposed 2 convertor
3 D
1 D

Vo Vin
2

Table7.1 comparison between the simple and the two improved boost converter
Voltage gain, Figure 7.1 shows the voltage gains of the simple boost converter and the two
improved topologies which have a higher value of voltage gain as seen in the figure.

Figure 7.2: Voltage Gain Comparison of the Simple and the two Improved Topologies


Output Calculation of the first improved Boost converter:
DUTY
CYCLE
V
in
V
o
(continuous)

V
o
(discontinuous)

0.2 12 28.36 34.32
0.3 12 33.29 43.10
0.4 12 38.87 52.28
0.5 12 46.28 62.21
0.6 12 58.33 73.56
0.7 12 77.47 88.88
0.8 12 115.11 119.11
Table7.3Output voltage of the first improved Boost converter
Output Calculation of the second improved Boost converter:
DUTY CYCLE V
in
V
o
(continuous)

V
o
(discontinuous)

0.2 12 39.28 42.85
0.3 12 43.49 50.8
0.4 12 49.14 59.54
0.5 12 57.06 68.98
0.6 12 68.99 79.78
0.7 12 89.26 94.56
0.8 12 121.11 126.2
Table 7.4 Output voltage of the second improved Boost converter

8.CONCLUSION
In this project, a new technique on dc-dc converter with high step-up voltage gain is studied
in the absence of transformer. This proposes transformer less dc-dc converters to achieve high step-
up voltage gain without an extremely high duty ratio. In the proposed converters, two inductors
with the same level of inductance are charged in parallel during the switch-on period and are
discharged in series during the switch-off period.
The structures of this proposed converters is very simple. Only one power stage is
used. Thus, voltage stress on active switch can Reduced by Proposed Converters. The simulation
results confirm that high step-up voltage gain is achieved.
9. REFERENCES
[1] B. Bryant and M. K. Kazimierczuk, Voltage-looppower-stage transfer functions with MOSFET
delay for boost PWM converter operating in CCM, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp.
347353, Feb. 2007.
[2] X. Wu, J. Zhang, X. Ye, and Z. Qian, Analysis and derivations for a family ZVS converter
based on a new active clamp ZVS cell, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 773781,
Feb. 2008.
[3] D. C. Lu, K. W. Cheng, and Y. S. Lee, A single-switch continuousconduction-mode boost
converter with reduced reverse-recovery and switching losses, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 50,
no. 4, pp. 767776, Aug. 2003.
[4] N. P. Papanikolaou and E. C. Tatakis, Active voltage clamp in flyback
converters operating in CCM mode under wide load variation, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 632640, Jun. 2004.
[5] B. R. Lin and F. Y. Hsieh, Soft-switching zetaflyback converter with a buckboost type of
active clamp, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 28132822, Oct. 2007.
[6] C. M. Wang, A novel ZCS-PWM flyback converter with a simple ZCSPWM
commutation cell, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 749757, Feb. 2008.