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CENTRAL ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION

NEW DELHI
6
th
January, 2014
NOTIFICATION

No.L-1/18/2010-CERC:In exercise of powers conferred under clause (h) of sub-
section (1) of Section 79 read with clause (g) of sub-section (2) of Section 178 of the
Electricity Act, 2003 (36 of 2003), and all other powers enabling it in this behalf, the
Central Electricity Regulatory Commission hereby makes the following regulations to
amend the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Indian Electricity Grid Code)
Regulations, 2010 including the first amendment thereof (hereinafter referred to as
the Principal Regulations).

1. Short title and commencement
(1) These Regulations may be called the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Indian Electricity Grid Code) (Second Amendment) Regulations,
2014.

(2) These Regulations shall come into force with effect from 17.2.2014.



2. Amendment in Regulation 2 of Principal Regulations.-Following new clauses
shall be added after clause (gggg) of sub-Regulation (1) of Regulation 2 of
Principal Regulations as under, namely:

(hhhh) Deviation Settlement Mechanism Regulations meansCentral
Electricity Regulatory Commission (Deviation Settlement Mechanism and
related matters) Regulations, 2014 including any subsequent amendments
thereof;

(iiii) Pooling Station means the sub-station where pooling of generation of
individual wind generators or solar generators is done for interfacing with the
next higher voltage level:

Provided that where there is no separate pooling station for a wind / solar
generator and the generating station is connected through common feeder
and terminated at a sub-station of distribution company/STU/ CTU, the sub-
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station of distribution company/STU/CTU shall be considered as the pooling
station for such wind/solar generator, as the case may be.


3. Amendment in Regulation 5 of the Principal Regulations:

(1) Sub-regulation (f) (ii)(a) of Regulation 5.2 of the Principal Regulations shall
stand modified as under:

There should not be any reduction in generation in case of improvement in
grid frequency below 50.05 Hz (for example, if grid frequency changes from
49.9 to 49.95 Hz, there shall not be any reduction in generation). For any fall
in grid frequency, generation from the unit should increase by 5% limited to
105 % of the MCR of the unit subject to machine capability.

(2) In sub-regulation (i) of Regulation 5.2 of the Principal Regulations, the
following sentence shall stand deleted:

"However, if frequency falls below 49.8 Hz, all partly loaded generating
shall pick up additional load at a faster rate, according to their
capability".

(3) In sub-regulation (j) of Regulation 5.2 of the Principal Regulations, the words
"particularly when frequency is falling or is below 49.7 Hz" shall stand
deleted.

(4) In sub-regulation (m) of Regulation 5.2 of the Principal Regulations, the
words and figures "49.7-50.2 Hz" shall be substituted with the words and
figures "49.90-50.05 Hz".

(5) In sub-regulation (a) of Regulation 5.4.2 of the Principal Regulations, the
following phrase "whenever the system frequency falls to 49.8 Hz" shall stand
deleted.

(6) In sub-regulation (b) of Regulation 5.4.2 of the Principal Regulations, the
following phrase "when frequency is 49.7 Hz or below" shall stand deleted.


(7) Sub-regulation (g) of Regulation 5.4.2 of the Principal Regulations shall be
substituted with the following:

"(g) RLDCs shall devise standard instantaneous message formats in order to
give directions in case of contingencies and/or threat to the system security to
reduce deviation from schedule by the bulk consumer, SLDC/StateUtility/
ISGS/Regional Entity/Injecting Utility at different overdrawal/under-
drawal/over-injection/under-injectionconditions depending upon the severity.
The concerned SLDC/other regional entity shall ensure immediate compliance
with these directions of RLDC and send a compliance report to the concerned
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RLDC."


4. Amendment in Regulation 6 of the Principal Regulations:

(1) Regulation 6.4.6 of Principal Regulations shall be substituted with the
following:

"The system of each regional entity shall be treated and operated as notional
control area. The algebraic summation of scheduled drawal from ISGS and
from contracts through longterm access, medium-term and shortterm open
access arrangements shall provide the drawal schedule of each regional
entity, and this shall be determined in advance on day-ahead basis.
Theregional entities shall regulate their generation and/or consumers load so
as to maintain their actual drawal from the regional grid close to the
aboveschedule. Maximum inadvertent deviation allowed during a time block
shall not exceed the limits specified in the Deviation Settlement Mechanism
Regulations.Such deviations should not cause system parameters to
deteriorate beyond permissible limits and should not lead to unacceptable line
loadings. Inadvertent deviations, if any, from net drawal schedule shall be
priced through theDeviation Settlement mechanism as specified by the
Central Commission from time to time. Every regional entity shall ensure
reversal of sign of deviation from schedule at least once after everytwelvetime
blocks."

(2) Regulation 6.4.7 of Principal Regulations shall be substituted with the
following:
"7. The SLDC, SEB / distribution licensee shall always restrict the net drawal
of the state from the grid within the drawal scheduleskeepingthe deviations
from the schedule within the limits specified in the Deviation Settlement
Mechanism Regulations. The concerned SEB/distribution licensee/User,
SLDC shall ensure that their automatic demand management scheme
mentioned in clause 5.4.2 acts to ensure that there is no over-drawal. If the
automatic demand management scheme has not yet been commissioned,
then action shall be taken as per manual demand management scheme to
restrict the net drawal from grid to within schedulesand all actions for early
commissioning of Automatic Demand Management Scheme (ADMS)shall be
initiated

(3) Regulation 6.4.10 of Principal Regulations shall be substituted with the
following:
"10. The ISGS is normally expected to generate power according to the daily
schedules advised to them barring any inadvertent deviations. Maximum
deviation allowed during a time block shall not exceed the limits specified in
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the Deviation Settlement Mechanism Regulations. Such deviations should not
cause system parameters to deteriorate beyond permissible limits and should
not lead tounacceptable line loadings. Inadvertent deviations, if any, from the
ex-power plant generation schedules shall be appropriately priced in
accordance with Deviation Settlement Mechanism Regulations. In addition,
deviations from schedules causing congestion, shall also be priced in
accordance with the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Measure to
relieve congestion in real time operation) Regulations, 2009."
(4) Regulation 6.4.11 of Principal Regulations shall stand deleted.
(5) Regulation 6.4.12 of Principal Regulations shall be substituted with the
following:
"12. Notwithstanding the above,the RLDC may direct the SLDCs/ISGS/
other regional entities to increase/decrease their drawal/generation in case of
contingencies e.g. overloading of lines/transformers, abnormal voltages,
threat to system security. Such directions shall immediately be acted upon. In
case the situation does not call for very urgent action, and RLDC has some
time for analysis, it shall be checked whether the situation has arisen due to
deviations from schedules. These shall be got terminated first, through
appropriate measure like opening of feeders , if considered necessary by
SLDC/RLDC, before an action, which would affect the scheduled supplies to
the long term, medium term customers or short term customers is initiated in
accordance with Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Grant of
Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term Open Access in InterState
Transmission and Related matters) Regulations, 2009 and Central Electricity
Regulatory Commission (Open Access in Inter-State Transmission)
Regulations, 2008.
In case Short Term/Medium Term Open Access or Long Term Access are
curtailed, RLDC(s) shall submit a report regarding the reasons due to which it
was not able to curtail deviations from Schedule and agencies which had not
taken necessary actions."
(6) Regulation 6.4.15 of the Principal Regulations shall stand deleted.
(7) Regulation 6.4.24 of Principal Regulations shall be substituted with the following:
"24.Hydro generating stations are expected to respond to grid frequency
changes and inflow fluctuations. Maximum deviation allowed during a time block
shall be as per the CERC Deviation Settlement Mechanism Regulations."
(8)Regulation 6.5.9 of Principal Regulations shall stand deleted.

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(9) Regulation 6.5.13 of the Principal Regulations shall be substituted with the
following:
"13.The schedule finalized by the concerned load despatchcentre for hydro
generating station, shall normally be such that the scheduled energy for a day
equals the total energy (ex-bus) expected to be available on that day, as
declared by the generating station, based on foreseen/planned water
availability/release. It is also expected that the total net energy actually supplied
by the generating station on that day would equal the declared total energy, in
order that the water release requirement is met."
(10) Regulation 6.5.17 of Principal Regulations shall be substituted with the
following:
17.In case of any grid disturbance, scheduled generation of all the ISGSs
supplying power under long term / medium term/short term shall be deemed to
have been revised to be equal to their actual generation and the scheduled
drawals of the beneficiaries/buyers shall be deemed to have been revised
accordingly for all the time blocks affected by the grid disturbance. Certification
of grid disturbance and its duration shall be done by the RLDC.


The declaration of disturbance shall be done by the concerned RLDC at the
earliest. A notice to this effect shall be posted at its website by the RLDC of the
region in which the disturbance occurred. Issue of the notice at RLDC web site
shall be considered as declaration of the disturbance by RLDC. All regional
entities shall take note of the disturbance and take appropriate action their end.

For Bilateral short term and collective transactions, the methodology of
settlement of accounts for the period of Grid Disturbance shall be formulated by
National Power Committee(NPC) and same shall be put up to the Commission
for approval. The methodology shall cover all possible scenarios with illustrative
examples to cover the instances where the Grid disturbance is either partial or it
affects only one region.

(11) The Regulation 6.5.18 of the Principal Regulations shall be substituted with the
following:

18. Revision of declared capability by the ISGS(s) having two part tariff with
capacity charge and energy charge (except hydro stations) and requisition by
beneficiary(ies) for the remaining period of the day shall also be permitted
with advance notice. Revised schedules/declared capability in such cases
shall become effective from the 4th time block, counting the time block in
which the request for revision has been received in the RLDC to be the first
one.
(12) Regulation 6.5.23 of the Principal Regulations shall be substituted as under:
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23.With effect from 15.7.2013, Scheduling of wind power generation plants
would have to be done where the sum of generation capacity of such plants
connected at the connection points (called Pooling stations) to the transmission
or distribution system is 10 MW and above and connection point is 33 kV and
above, for pooling stations commissioned after 3.05.2010. For capacity and
voltage level below this, as well as for old wind farms (A wind farm is collection
of wind turbine generators that are connected to a common connection point), it
could be mutually decided between the Wind Generator and the transmission or
distribution utility, as the case may be, if there is no existing contractual
agreement to the contrary. The schedule by wind power generating stations
(excluding collective transactions) may be revised by giving advance notice to
SLDC/RLDC, as the case may be. Such revisions by wind power generating
stations shall be effective from 6th time block, the first being the time-block in
which notice was given. There may be one revision for each time slot of 3 hours
starting from 00:00 hours of a particular day subject to maximum of 8 revisions
during the day.

(13)Regulation 6.5.34 of the Principal Regulations shall be substituted as under:
"34. While availability declaration by ISGS shall have a resolution of one decimal
(0.1) MWand one decimal (0.1) MWh, all entitlements, requisitions and
schedules shall be rounded off to the nearest two decimals at each control area
boundary for each of the transaction, and shall have a resolution of 0.01 MW.

(14) Para 5 of Annexure-1 to the Grid Code (Complimentary Commercial
Mechanism) shall be substituted as under:
5. The wind generators shall be responsible for forecasting their generation upto
an accuracy of 70%. Therefore, if the actual generation is beyond +/- 30% of the
schedule, wind generator would have to bear the UI charges. For actual
generation within +/- 30% of the schedule, no deviation would be
payable/receivable by Generator, The host state , shall bear the deviation
charges for this variation, i.e within +/- 30%. However, the deviationcharges
borne by the host State due to the wind generation, shall be shared among all
the States of the country in the ratio of their peak demands in the previous month
based on the data published by CEA, in the form of a regulatory charge known
as the Renewable Regulatory Charge operated through the Renewable
Regulatory Fund (RRF). This provision shall be applicable with effect from such
date as may be notified by the Commission.


(A.K.Saxena)
Chief (Engg.)

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Note: Principal Regulations were published in Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-
III, Section 4 at Serial No. 115 on 28.4.2010 and the first amendment to the Principal
Regulations were published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-III, Section 4
at Serial No. 60 on 6th March, 2012.
1 5



mcr inoa inir=m srr
ic==r



c on=r, ,u(=

si=r=r

=.q=(.(s.,u(umininsr mcr inoa inir=m srr, inoa si=ri=,
,uus (,uus mr sc) mr =rr=r (s mr s=rr=r (,) m =rz (e) m =r=r ica
=rr=r e mr s=rr=r (() m =rz (o) m saa c=r vrinar a=rr = ii=a
=r==mr=r =+rr vrinar mr r m=a q mcr inoa inir=m srr
(+rr=ar inoa iz = iar) ini=, ,u(u, io== s=mr =r =vrr=r +rr
(io= =m vra == ini= mr r ) mr =vrr=r m= m i=q
i=i=i=ra ini= nrar , s=rra

(. =ira r= a=rr r=+r

(() ini=r mr =ira r= mcr inoa inir=m srr (+rr=ar
inoa iz =iar) (i=rr =vrr=r) ini=, ,u(= (

(,) ini= =ro (.,.,u(= = na r(

,. = = ini= m ini= , = = vrr=r == ini= m ini= , m
sini= (() m =rz (eeee) m vra i=i=i=ra qm r =rz orzr
orqr, s=rra

(oooo) in= n==rr a ini= = mcr inoa inir=m
srr (in= n==rr a ini= sr= =n =r==) ini=, ,u(=
io== s=m mr vranar =vrr=r +rr , si+ra ,

() i= mc = q =r smc si+ra or ninam n
s-rcmr r =r= s-rcmr m s-rc mr i= s= s nr=cr o =a= =
c=i= m= m i=q mr orar

=a im or n.=r= s-rcm m i=q mr s= i= m c r
sr= s-rc mc =r=r rz= m =r== = orzr r sr= ina=r
mr.q=cr.=rcr m s mc = ni=a imr r , nr ina=r
mr.q=cr.=rcr m smc mr, =rri==ria, q= n r =r= s-rcm m
i=q i= mc m = = ==r orqr("

s. = = ini= m ini= = =vrr =r

(() == ini= m ini= ., m si= () (ii)(m) mr i=r=r=
=vrri=ra imr orqr

u. qoz = r iz imnn=r = ==rr= m =r== = s-rc =
mr m=r r rr riq (scr=r m i=q ic iz imnn=r =e.e =
=e.e qoz = i=niaa rar ar s-rc = mr m=r r rr)(
iz imnn=r = im=r i=rnrc m i=q mr = s-rc =vrr r=ar
m s=rr =a q mr m q==rsr= m (u% m i=q =ri=a %
mr ni rr riq("

2 5

(,) == ini= m ini= ., m sini= (i) = i=i=i=ra nrn mr
cr icr orqr

a=rri ic imnn=r =e.s qoz = m= rar , =+rr srivrm = =
+rri=a s-rc ic sr r=ar m s=r= arn c= = siai=na +rr=
mr scrqr("

(s) == ini= m ini= ., m sini= () =, invrrrm= on
imnn=r m= r =r r r =e. qoz = m= rar " vr-cr mr cr
icr orqr(

(=) == ini= m ini= ., m sini= (z) = =e.u.,
qoz" vr-cr a=rr smr m ==rr =, =e.euu.u qoz" vr-c a=rr
sm ==r orq(

() == ini= m ini= .=., m sini= (m) = , on m+rr rr=r
mr imnn=r =e.s qoz = m= r" nrn mr cr icr orqr(

(c) == ini= m ini= .=., m sini= (=r) =, on m+rr
imnn=r =e. qoz r i= r" rrn mr cr icr orqr(

() == ini= m ini= .=., m sini= (e) m ==rr =
i=i=i=ra ==rr orqr

(e) sr=q=zr=r =rm ar-mri=m ==o r=c ar= m=r arim
i=vrar = i+r= m=a q ini+r si=rm imr=r.m= imr=r.si=rm
sarr.m= sarr i=i==riar = =rrm s+rrnar q=q=zr=r.=r=
sriar.srq=orq=.rr mr. sar r sriar, r=r s =r
= in= mr m= m= m i=q ==rr rr=r mr =ra= sr=.r
srmi==marsr mr cvrr = icvr icq or =m( =ni=ra q=q=zr=r.s
rr mr sr=q=zr=r m icvrr mr a-mr= sr= =iiva
m= sr= =ni=ra sr=q=zr=r mr sr= i=rc +ro("

=. == ini= m ini= c = =vrr=r

(() == ini=r m ini= c.=.c m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra ==rr
orqr

-m rr mr mr rr=r mr nri=m ir r m = =
==r a=rr ri=a imr orqr( srq=orq= = sr= crrrmri=m
, ==mri=m sr= s=mri=m inr=r n==rrsr m =r== =
mrcnc = s=ia imr=r mr nro irar orz - m rr mr
mr imr=r s=r s=-=r m=nrqr sr= = srr=r icn= m sr=rr=
= si= = sn=rri=a imr orqr( rr mrr s s-rc
sr=.r s+rrnarsr m +rr= mr inii=a m=r arim sna s=r m
imc rr iz = smr nr=ainm imr=r mr nrq ==rr or =m(
==-=rm m cr=r sra si=rma= si+ra in= n==rr a
ini=r = iniicrc =r=rsr = si=rm r rr( = a= m in=
r=r rr=r m =r=rc= s=rica =r=r m sr inga r r riq
a=rr r=rrr =rr = s=nrmr +rr= mr mr=r r n riq(
a=rri, m= imr=r s=r = in=r mr mr=a, ==== =
mcr srr r=r iniicrc in= n==rr a m ini=r r=r
i=rri=a mr orqr( -m rr mr - m (, ==-=rmr m nrc
m= = m= qm nr= s=r = in= m =rr m -rna mr
=iiva m=r("


3 5

(,) == ini= m ini= c.=. m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra ==rr orqr

.q=q=zr=r,q=nr.ina=r sia=rr=r in= ==rr a ini=r
= iniicrc =r=rsr m sc= s=r = in=r mr =r = ==ra
q, imr=r s=ir m +rra= iz = =r= mr m= imr=r mr
=vrr iia m=( =ni=ra q=nr.ina=r sia=rr=r.rnar,
q=q=zr=r =iiva m= im =rz .=., = si==i=ra =nri=a
=r n=r =mr= =iiva m= m i=q mr m= im r mr
si=rm imr=r r ( ic =nri=a =r n=r =mr= s+rr sr=+r
r mr ar s=ir m saa iz = m= imr=r mr
iia m= m i=q =s= =r n=r ror m s=r= mr=nr
mr orqr sr= =nri=a =r n=r ror(qzrq=q=) m vrrrr sr=+r
r m i=q =+rr mr=nrr sr=+r mr orqr(

(s) == ini= m ini= c.=.(u m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra
==rr orqr

(u srq=orq= =, im=r si+ra in=r mr erzm=, smr
icivra cim s=ir m s=r= inoa s-rc m= mr =r=ra,
srr mr orar ( ==-=rm m cr=r s si=rma= in= mr
in= n==rr a ini=r = iniicrc =r=rsr = si=rm mr
s=ia r rr( q = in=r mr s =r=rsr m sr r= m
i=q rr=r =r=rc= r rr riq sr= == s=nrmr =r =riz
r rr riq( n inoa = s-rc s=ir = si+ra
in=r mr, ic mr , in= n==rr a ini=r m s=r=
==ia = = a imr orqr( =m s=rnr, =m mr mr=r n
nr= in=r mr mcr inoa inir=m srr (nr=ainm ==
r= = =m= sn=ina m sr) ini=, ,uue m s=r= a
imr orqr("

(=) == ini= m ini= c.=.(( mr cr icr orqr(

() == ini= m ini= c.=.(, m ==rr = i=i=i=ra ==rr orqr

(,. s=rna = im=r nra m r a q +rr, =ni=ra sr=q=zr=r
srmi==marsr, s=rra =rr.cr=r===r mr si=rm =riz, s=r=r
nr=car, rr=r ==rr mr =ra= mr cvrr = smr imr=r.s-rc mr
nar.m= m= m i=q q=q=zr=r.srq=orq=.s rr mrr
mr icvr c =mr( q= icvrr = a-mr= mr=nr mr orqr( ic
= i==ria = a-mr= mr=nr imq or mr srnvmar r sr=
sr=q=zr=r m r= inv=rrr m= mr me == ar n = nra mr
or m=r im nr i==ria s=ir = in= m mr=r s-
sr= rz=r mr =rr= o= ==ia sr m =r== =
mr=nr m= = n ic q=q=zr=r.sr=q=zr=r r=r srnvm ==r
orq, ==ra imr orqr, io== mcr inoa inir=m srr
(sa==ri=m r=rrr = =romar, crrr mri=m sr= ==mri=m
inr=r cr m=r a=rr =n =r== ) ini=, ,uue a=rr
mcr inoa inir=m srr (sa==ri=m r=rrr = inr=r )
ini=, ,uus m s=r= sr=+r mr crrr mri=m, ==mri=m
rmr r ==mri=m rmr mr s=ia sria +rrina rr(


ic s=mri=m.==mri=m inr=r r crrrmri=m mr m=
imr orar ar sr=q=zr=r s mr=rr m =n=r = i=rc =aa m=r
io=m mr=r na =r s=ir qn qoi=r = in=r mr m= m=
= ===r r =rr io== srnvm mr=nr r mr or =mr("


4 5

(c) == ini= m ini= c.=.( mr cr icr orqr(


() == ini= m ini= c.=.,= m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra
==rr orqr

,=. rzr s-rc m cr = srvrr mr orar im n iz imnn=r
i=nar sr= sanr sar=arn mr -=r= c( ==-=rm m cr=r
s si=rma= in= mininsr in= n==rr a ini=r m
s=r= r("

(s) == ini= m ini= c..e cr icr orqr(


(e) == ini= m ini= c..(s m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra
==rr orqr

(s rzr s-rc m c m i=q =ni=ra +rr= rrr mc r=r s ia=
= = cr s=r =r=ra q=r rr im im=r ic = s=ia
=or nr=ria.irioa o= s=-=rar.imr=r = sr=rri=a s-rc
mc r=r =rrrrr irra s= ic mr s=-=r r m i=q -rivra m=
=or (qn= n=) m ==a= rr( +rr srvrr mr orqr im s=
ic s-rc mc r=r nr=ainm = = sria mr m = =or =
szv = rrrirra m= =or m n=rn= rr im o= imr=r mr srr
mr ia m= =r ("

((u) == ini= m ini= c..( m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra ==rr
orqr

(. im=r iz nr=rr mr i==ria =, crrrmri=m.==mri=m.s=mri=m
m saa inoa mr sria m= nr= =+rr srq=orq= m s=ia
s-rc mr sm nr=ainm s-rc m ==a= m= m i=q = vrri=ra
=rr orqr sr= iari=rmri=r.uarsr mr s=ia imri=r mr iz
nr=rrsr r=r +rrina =+rr ==-=rmr m i=q =vrri=ra =rr orqr(
iz nr=rrsr sr= =mr sni=r mr =rr sr=q=zr=r r=r imr
orqr(

=ni=ra sr=q=zr=r r=r nr=rrsr mr rrrrrrr =rrvrrrr mr orqr( =
srvr mr =r s= r m sr=q=zr=r r=r smr nn=rc = zr=r
orqr io== nr=rr rrica ( nn=rc = =r mr icr orr
sr=q=zr=r r=r nr=rr mr rrrrrrr m = = ==r orqr( =+rr r r
mrr nr=rr = =r cr sr= s =a= = ==ia mr=nr m=r(

irr s=mri=m sr= =r=im =nr=r m i=q, iz nr=rrsr mr
sni=r m i=q ==rr m n==rr mr rr=r =rrcr inoa =i=ia r=r
ar= mr orqr sr= s= s=rc m i=q srr mr =aa imr
orqr( = rr=r = s crcrar mr =i==i=a m= m i=q crcra
scr=rr =ia =+rr =+rn i=cvr mr =i==i=a imr orqr or iz
nr=rr r ar srivrm r == mn= qm r +rrina sr ("

((() == ini= c..(s m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra ==rr orqr

(s. r=ar +rr= sr = =or +rr= =ia cra=r ci= (rzr mcr
mr erzm=) nr= srq=orq= r=r rrrirra r=ar mr =rrr sr= ic
mr vrrr sni=r m i=q iari=rmr=r (iari=rmri=r) r=r =r m si=
ric= =ia s=ia cr orqr( q = =r==r = =vrri=ra
s=ir.rrrirra r=ar ==-=rm mr =rr m=a q r=r ==-=rm
= +rrnr r orqr io== =rira m i=q s=r=r =r= r nr=
sr=q=zr=r = ra imr r r("
5 5


((,) == ini= = c..,s m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra ==rr orqr

,s. (..,u(s = n =or s-rc =r mr s=r mr orqr
or r=rrr r ina=r rr=r m i=q mnvr nrc (io= i= mc
mr orar ) = =n = mr= m =r mr m= s-rc r=ar (u
=rnrc sr= s== si=rm sr= mnvr nrc s..,u(u m nrc
sr=+r imq q i= mcr m i=q ss mnr sr= s== si=rm (
== m= =a= mr r=ar sr= nr=car =a= m i=q a=rr =r n
r=r m i=q (qm n r= n cnr s-rcmr mr =r or
=r=r mnvr nr c = =n ), =rri==ria, n s-rcm a=rr
r=rrr r ina=r mr m nr r==i=m = = iniiva imr or
=m, ic =m iam = =incr-=m m=r= ino=r r ( n =or
s-rc mcr r=r s=r (=r=im =nr=r mr erzm=) mr
=rri==ria, q=q=zr=r.sr=q=zr=r mr, si= ric= ca q =vrri=ra
imr or =mr( n =or s-rc mcr r=r q=r =vrr=r =
==-=rm = vr= r m= s= ec -=rm = +rrnr rr io== ric=
icr r =rr( ic m cr=r si=rma= s =rrrr m s=rr =a q,
invrrr ic m uu.uu rrc = sr=+r r nr= s rrcr m -m
==-=rm m i=q qm =rrr imr or =mr(

((s) == ini= m ini= c..s= m ==rr =, i=i=i=ra ==rr
orqr

s=. srq=orq= r=r s=-=rar rrrrrrr m=a ==, ( z=r== (u.()
=rnrc mr =arn imr orqr a=rr ( z=r== (u.() =rnrc rrc =+rr
mcri=r, s=rrsr qn s=ir mr u.u( =rnrc m =arn a
= qm =nr= m i=q -m ir r =r=r = imca= ,
z=r==r = rrim a imr orqr("

((=) iz =iar (ia=m nriri=m a) m sn=r( m =r m ==rr
= i=i=i=ra ==rr orqr

. n s-rcm u% mr i=vrar am s s-rc m nr=r
=r m i=q s=r=crr r( = mr=, ic nr=ainm s-rc s=r
m +.su% = si=rm ar n s-rcm mr in= +rr=r mr n
m=r rr( s=r m +.su% m +rra= nr=ainm s-rc m i=q
s-rcm r=r mr sr =c.r r rr( =onr =r= =
ini+rar, s=rra +.su% m sc= m i=q in= +rr=r mr n
m=r( a=rri, n s-rcm m mr=r =onr =r= r=r n imq q
in= +rr=r mr nrm=rr inir=m ii=r m =r== = ri=a
nrm=rr ini= +rr= m = = si+rra inir=m +rr= m =
= =rq r=r mrivra zrcr = sr=rri=a nnar =r = =aa= =rr
m sra = c vr m =+rr =r=r = in+rrioa imr orqr( sn=r
q=r ar=r=r = =r rr or srr r=r si=r=ia imr orq("





(so m=r= =n=r)
==r (orii=)


icr == ini=, +rr=a m =ro, s=r=rr=r +rr s, =r z =, u=
==r (( ar=r=r ,s.=.,u(u mr mrivra imq q =r, a=rr == ini=r m
=r= =vrr=r mr +rr=a m =ro, s=r=rr=r, +rr s, =rz = u= ==r cu,
ar=r=r c =r, ,u(, mr mrivra imr r =rr(