Electrical Drives and Control ME36

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
THIRD SEMESTER(TW MAR!S"
#NIT I
$% De&ine Drive and Electric Drive%
Drive : A combination of prime mover, transmission equipment and
mechanical working load is called a drive
Electric drive: An Electric Drive can be defined as an electromechanical device
for converting electrical energy to mechanical energy to impart motion to different
machines and mechanisms for various kinds of process control.
'% List o(t so)e e*a)+les o& +ri)e )overs%
I. Engines, !team engine, "urbine or electric motors.
3% List o(t so)e advanta,es o& electric drives%
i. Availability of electric drives over a wide range of power a few
watts to mega watts.
ii. Ability to provide a wide range of torques over wide range of
speeds.
iii Electric motors are available in a variety of design in order to
make them compatible to any type of load.
-% .ive so)e e*a)+les o& Electric Drives%
i. Driving fans, ventilators, compressors and pumps.
ii. #ifting goods by hoists and cranes.
iii. Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines and
warehouses
iv. $unning e%cavators & escalators, electric locomotives trains,
cars trolley buses, lifts & drum winders etc.
/% W0at are t0e t1+es o& electric drives2
'roup electric drives (!haft drive),
Individual Drives,
*ulti motor electric drives.
6% Classi&1 electric drives 3ased on t0e )eans o& control%
*anual, !emiautomatic, Automatic.
4% W0at is a .ro(+ Electric Drive (S0a&t Drive"2
+ "his drive consists of single motor, which drives one or more
line shafts supported on bearings.
+ "he line shaft may be fitted with either pulleys & belts or gears,
by means of which a group of machines or mechanisms may be
operated.
5% W0at are t0e advanta,es and disadvanta,es o& .ro(+ drive(S0a&t drive"2
Advantages:
+ A single large motor can be used instead of a number of small
motors.
+ "he rating of the single motor may be appropriately reduced
taking into account the diversity factor of loads.
Disadvantages:
+ "here is no fle%ibility, Addition of an e%tra machine to the main
shaft is difficult.
+ "he efficiency of the drive is low, because of the losses occurring
in several transmitting mechanisms.
+ "he complete drive system requires shutdown if the motor,
requires servicing or repair.
+ "he system is not very safe to operate
+ "he noise level at the work spot is very high.
6% W0at is an individ(al electric drive2 .ive so)e e*a)+les%
In this drive, each individual machine is driven by a separate
motor. "his motor also imparts motion to various other parts of the
machine.
!ingle spindle drilling machine, #athe machines etc.
$7% W0at is a )(lti )otor electric drive2 .ive so)e e*a)+les%
In this drive, there are several drives, each of which serves to
activate on of the working parts of the driven mechanisms.
*etal cutting machine tools, paper making machines, rolling
mills, traction drive, "raveling cranes etc.,
$$% Write a3o(t )an(al control8 se)ia(to)atic control 9A(to)atic control2
*anual control: "he electric drives with manual control can be as
simple as a room fan, incorporating on switch and a resistance for
setting the required speed.
!emiautomatic control: "his control consists of a manual device
for giving a certain command (!tarting, braking, reversing, change
of speed etc.,) and an automatic device that in response to
command, operates the drive in accordance with a preset
sequence or order.
Automatic control: "he electric drives with automatic control
have a control gear, without manual devices
$'% W0at is a load dia,ra)2 W0at are its t1+es2 W0at are re:(ired to dra; a load
dia,ra)2
A load diagram is the diagram which shows graphically the variation of torque
acting on the electric drive. "he motor of the electric drive has to overcome the load
torque e%pressed as a function of time.
"ypes:
+ ,ne for the static or steady state process
+ ,ther for the dynamic process, when the dynamic components
of torque are induced by the inertia of the motor & load.
(Instantaneous speed, acceleration, "orque & power) as a function
of time are required to draw
-..
$3% W0at are t0e t1+es Drive s1ste)s2
Electric Drives *echanical Drives Electromechanical Drives .ydraulic drives.
$-% .ive an e*+ression &or t0e losses occ(rrin, in a )ac0ine%
"he losses occurring in a machine is given by
/ 0 /c 1 %2 /v
/here /c 0 onstant losses
/v 0 3ariable losses at full load
4 0 load on the motor e%pressed as a function of rated load.
$/% W0at are t0e ass()+tions )ade ;0ile +er&or)in, 0eatin, 9
coolin, calc(lation o& an electric )otor2
i. "he machine is considered to be a homogeneous body having a uniform
temperature gradient. All the points at which heat generated have the same
temperature. All the points at which heat is dissipated are also at same
temperature.
ii. .eat dissipation taking place is proportional to the difference
of temperature of the body and surrounding medium. 5o heat is radiated.
iii. "he rate of dissipation of heat is constant at all temperatures.
$6% W0at are t0e &actors t0at in&l(ence t0e c0oice o& electrical drives2
6. !haft power & speed 66. !peed range
2. 7ower range 62. Efficiency
8. !tarting torque 68. Influence on the supply network
9. *aintenance 69. !pecial competence
:. "otal purchase cost 6:. ost of energy losses
;. Influence on power supply 6;. Environment
<. Availability 6<. Accessibility
=. 5ature of electric supply 6=. 5ature of load
>. "ypes of drive 6>. Electrical haracteristics
6?.!ervice cost 2?. !ervice capacity & rating
$4% Indicate t0e i)+ortance o& +o;er ratin, 9 0eatin, o& electric drives%
7ower rating: orrect selection of power rating of electric motor is
of economic interest as it is associated with capital cost and running
costof drives.
.eating: @or proper selection of power rating the most important
consideration is the heating effect of load. In this connection various
forms of loading or duty cycles have to be considered.
$5% Ho; 0eatin, occ(rs in )otor drives2
"he heating of motor due to losses occurring inside the motor while
converting the electrical power into mechanical power and these losses
occur in steel core, motor winding & bearing friction.
$6% W0at are t0e classes o& d(ties2
6. ontinuous duty
2. !hort time duty operation of motor *ain classes of duties
8. Intermittent periodic duty
9. Intermittent periodic duty with starting
:. Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
;. ontinuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
<. ontinuous duty with starting & braking
=. ontinuous duty with periodic load changes
'7% Ho; ;ill 1o( classi&1 electric drives 3ased on t0e )et0od o& s+eed control2
6. $eversible &non reversible in controlled constant speed
2. $eversible and non reversible step speed control
8. $eversible and non reversible smooth speed control
9. onstant predetermined position control
:. 3ariable position control
;. omposite control.
26. List o(t so)e a++lications &or ;0ic0 contin(o(s d(t1 is re:(ired%
entrifugal pumps, fans, conveyors & compressors
22% W01 t0e losses at startin, is not a &actor o& consideration in a contin(o(s d(t1
)otor2
/hile selecting a motor for this type of duty it is not necessary to
give importance to the heating caused by losses at starting even though
they are more than the losses at rated load. "his is because the motor
does not require frequent starting it is started only once in its duty cycle
and the losses during starting do not have much influence on heating.
'3% W0at is )eant 31 <s0ort ti)e ratin, o& )otor=2
Any electric motor that is rated for a power rating 7 for continuous
operation can be loaded for a short time duty (7sh) that is much higher
than 7, if the temperature rise is the consideration.
'-% W0at is )eant 31 <load e:(ali>ation=2
In the method of Aload EqualiBationC intentionally the motor inertia
is increased by adding a flywheel on the motor shaft, if the motor is not
to be reversed. @or effectiveness of the flywheel, the motor should have a
prominent drooping characteristic so that on load there is a considerable
speed drop.
'/% Ho; a )otor ratin, is deter)ined in a contin(o(s d(t1 and varia3le load 2
6. *ethod of Average losses
2. *ethod of equivalent power
8. *ethod of equivalent current
9. *ethod of equivalent "orque
'6% De&ine 0eatin, ti)e constant 9 Coolin, ti)e constant2
"he time required to heat the machine parts to ;8.8D of its final
temperature rise is called as heating time constant.
"he time required to cool the machine parts to 8;.;D of its final
temperature fall is called as cooling time constant.
'4% W0at are t0e vario(s &(nction +er&or)ed 31 an electric drive2
6. Driving fans, ventilators, compressors & pumps etc.,
2. #ifting goods by hoists & cranes
8. Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines & warehouses and
9% $unning e%cavators & escalators, electric locomotives, trains,cars, trolley buses
and lifts etc.
'5% Write do;n t0e 0eat 3alance e:(ation%
.eat balance equation is given by
'hd? 1 !? .dt 0 p.dt
#NIT II
$% W01 a sin,le +0ase ind(ction )otor does not sel& start2
/hen a single phase supply is fed to the single phase induction motor. Its stator
winding produces a flu% which only alternates along one space a%is. It is not a
synchronously revolving field, as in the case of a 2 or 8phase stator winding, fed from 2
or 8 phase supply.
'% W0at is )eant 31 +l(,,in,2
"he plugging operation can be achieved by changing the polarity of the motor
there by reversing the direction of rotation of the motor. "his can be achieved in ac
motors by changing the phase sequence and in dc motors by changing the polarity.
3. .ive so)e a++lications o& DC )otor.
S0(nt ? driving constant speed, lathes, centrifugal pumps, machine tools, blowers
And fans, reciprocating pumps
Series ? electric locomotives, rapid transit systems, trolley cars, cranes and hoists,
conveyors
Co)+o(nd ? elevators, air compressors, rolling mills, heavy planners.
-% W0at are t0e di&&erent t1+es o& electric 3ra@in,2
Dynamic or $heostatic braking, ounter current or plugging and $egenerative
braking
/% W0at is t0e e&&ect o& variation o& ar)at(re volta,e on NAT c(rve and 0o; it can
3e ac0ieved2
"he 5E" curve moves towards the right when the voltage is increased. "his can be
achieved by means of additional resistance in the armature circuit or by using thyristor
power converter.
6% Co)+are electrical and )ec0anical 3ra@in,%
Mec0anical Electrical
Frakes require frequent maintenance very little maintenance
5ot smooth smooth an be applied to hold the system at any position cannot produce
holding torque.
4% W0en does an ind(ction )otor 3e0ave to r(n o&& as a ,enerator2
/hen the rotor of an induction motor runs faster than the stator field, the slip
becomes negative. $egenerative braking occurs and the G.E. of the rotating parts is return
back to the supply as electrical energy and thus the machine generates power.
5% De&ine sli+%
! 0 5s H 5r
/here, 5s 0 synchronous speed in rpm.
5r 0 rotor speed in rpm
! 0 !lip
6% De&ine s1nc0rono(s s+eed%
It is given by 5s 0 62?f I p rpm.
/here 5s 0 synchronous speed, p 0 no. of stator poles, f 0 supply frequency in .B
$7% W01 a sin,le +0ase ind(ction )otor does not sel& start2
/hen a single phase supply is fed to the single phase induction motor. Its stator
winding produces a flu% which only alternates along one space a%is. It is not a
synchronously revolving field, as in the case of a 2 or 8phase stator winding, fed from 2
or 8 phase supply.
$$% W0at is )eant 31 re,enerative 3ra@in,2
In the regenerative braking operation, the motor operates as a generator, while it
is still connected to the supply here, the motor speed is grater that the synchronous speed.
*echanical energy is converter into electrical energy, part of which is returned to the
supply and rest as heat in the winding and bearing.
$'% .ive so)e a++lications o& DC )otor%
!hunt : driving constant speed, lathes, centrifugal pumps, machine tools, blowers
and fans, reciprocating pumps
!eries : electric locomotives, rapid transit systems, trolley cars, cranes and hoists,
conveyors
ompound : elevators, air compressors, rolling mills, heavy planners.
$3% Co)+are electrical and )ec0anical 3ra@in,%
Mec0anical Electrical
Frakes require frequent maintenance very little maintenance
5ot smooth smooth
an be applied to hold the system at any position cannot produce holding
torque.
$-% Di&&erentiate c()(lative and di&&erential co)+o(nd )otors%
C()(lative
"he orientation of the series flu% aids the shunt flu%
di&&erential
series flu% opposes shunt flu%
$/% W0at is )eant 31 )ec0anical c0aracteristics2
A curve drawn between the parameters speed and torque.
$6% W0at is )eant 31 electrical c0aracteristics2
A curve drawn between the armature current and armature torque.
$4. W0at is )eant 31 +er&or)ance c0aracteristics2
"he graph drawn between the output power 3s speed , efficiency, current and
torque.
$5% W0at do 1o( )ean 31 R0eostatic 3ra@in,2
In this braking armature is removed and connected across a variable rheostat.
$6% Is Ind(ction )otor r(ns ;it0 s1nc0rono(s s+eed or not%
Induction motor never runs with synchronous speed. It will stop if it tries to
achieve synchronous speed.
'7% W01 t0e ar)at(re core in d%c )ac0ines is constr(cted ;it0 la)inated steel
s0eets instead o& solid steel s0eets2
#amination highly reduces the eddy current loss and steel sheets
provide low reluctance path to magnetic field.
'$% W01 co))(tator is e)+lo1ed in d%c%)ac0ines2
onduct electricity between rotating armature and fi%ed brushes, convert
alternating emf into unidirectional emf (mechanical rectifier).
''% Distin,(is0 3et;een s0(nt and series &ield coil constr(ction2
!hunt field coils are wound with wires of small section and have more
5o of turns. !eries field coils are wound with wires of larger cross section and have less
no of turns.
'3% Ho; does d%c% )otor di&&er &ro) d%c% ,enerator in constr(ction2
'enerators are normally placed in closed room and accessed by skilled
operators only. "herefore on ventilation point of view they may be constructed with large
opening in the frame. *otors have to be installed right in the place of use which may
have dust, dampness, inflammable gases, chemicals-.etc. to protect the motors against
these elements, the motor frames are made either partially closed or totally closed or
flame proof.
'-%Ho; ;ill 1o( c0an,e t0e direction o& rotation o& d%c%)otor2
Either the field direction or direction of current through armature
conductor is reversed.
'/% W0at is 3ac@ e)& in d%c% )otor2
As the motor armature rotates, the system of conductor come across alternate
north and south pole magnetic fields causing an emf induced in the conductors. "he
direction of the emf induced in the conductor is in opposite to current. As this emf always
opposes the flow of current in motor operation it is called as back emf.
#NIT III
$% Mention t0e Starters (sed to start a DC )otor%
"wo point !tarter
"hree point !tarter
@our point !tarter
'% Mention t0e Starters (sed to start an Ind(ction )otor%
D.,.# !tarter (Direct ,nline !tarter)
!tarEDelta !tarter
Auto "ransformer !tarter
$eactance or $esistance starter
!tator $otor !tarter ($otor $esistance !tarter)
3% W0at are t0e +rotective devices in a DCBAC )otor Starter2
,ver load $elease (,.#.$) or 5o volt coil
.old on oil
"hermal $elays
@uses(!tarting I$unning)
,ver load relay
-% Is it +ossi3le to incl(deB E*cl(de e*ternal resistance in t0e rotor o& a
S:(irrel ca,e ind(ction )otor2% C(sti&1
5o it is not possible to includeI E%clude e%ternal resistance in the rotor of a
!quirrel cage induction motor because, the rotors bars are permanently short
circuited by means of circuiting rings (end rings) at both the ends. i.e. no slip
rings to do so.
/% .ive t0e +ri)e +(r+ose o& a starter &or )otors%
when induction motor is switched on to the supply, it takes about : to = times full
load current at starting. "his starting current may be of such a magnitude as to
cause obJectionable voltage drop in the lines. !o !tarters are necessary
6% W01 )otor ta@e 0eav1 c(rrent at startin,2
/hen 8 phase supply is given to the stator of an induction motor, magnetic field
rotating in space at synchronous speed is produced. "his magnetic field is cut by
the rotor conductors, which are short circuited. "his gives to induced current in
them. !ince rotor of an induction motor behaves as a short circuited secondary of a
transformer whose primary is stator winding, heavy rotor current will require
corresponding heavy stator balancing currents. Thus motor draws heavy
current at starting
4% W0at are t0e )et0ods to red(ce t0e )a,nit(de o& rotor c(rrent (rotor
ind(ced c(rrent" at startin,2%
Fy increasing the resistance in the rotor circuit
Fy reducing the magnitude of rotating magnetic field i.e by reducing the applied
voltage to the stator windings.
5% W0at is t0e o3Dective o& rotor resistance starter (stator rotor starter"2
"o include resistance in the rotor circuit there by reducing the induced rotor
current at starting. "his can be implemented only on a slip ring induction motor.
6% W01 s:(irrel ca,e ind(ction )otors are not (sed &or loads re:(irin,
0i,0 startin, tor:(e2
!quirrel cage motors are started only by reduced voltage starting methods
which leads to the development of low starting torque at starting. "his is the
reason /hy squirrel cage induction motors are not used for loads requiring high
starting torque.
$7% Ho; red(ced volta,e startin, o& Ind(ction )otor is ac0ived2.
D.,.# !tarter (Direct ,nline !tarter)
!tarEDelta !tarter
Auto "ransformer !tarter
$eactance or $esistance starter
$$% .ive t0e relation 3et;een line volta,e and +0ase volta,e in a
(i) Delta connected network (ii) !tar connected network
Delta connected net;or@?
3phase 0 3line
Star connected net;or@?
3phase 0 3line I K8
$'% .ive so)e advanta,es and disadvanta,es o& D%%L starter%
Advanta,es?
.ighest starting torque
#ow cost
'reatest simplicity
Disadvanta,es?
"he inrush current of large motors may cause e%cessive voltage drop in the weak
power system "he torque may be limited to protect certain types of loads.
$3% E*+lain do(3le sta,e red(ction o& line c(rrent in an A(to trans&or)er
starter%
@irst stage reduction is due to reduced applied voltage
!econd stage reduction is due to reduced number of turns
$-% W0at is t0e &(nction o& noAvolta,e release coil in d%c% )otor starter2
As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current
through the 53$ coil produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter
handle in ,5 position against spring force. /hen the supply voltage fails or becomes
lower than a prescribed value then electromagnet may not have enough force to retain so
handle will come back to ,@@ position due to spring force automatically.
$/% En()erate t0e &actors on ;0ic0 s+eed o& a d%c%)otor de+ends2
50 (3EIa$a)IL so speed depends on air gap flu%, resistance of armature,
voltage applied to armature.
$6% #nder W0at circ()stances does a dc s0(nt ,enerator &ails to ,enerate2
Absence of residual flu%, initial flu% setup by field may be opposite in
direction to residual flu%, shunt field circuit resistance may be higher than its critical field
resistance, load circuit resistance may be less than its critical load resistance.
$4% De&ine critical &ield resistance o& dc s0(nt ,enerator2
ritical field resistance is defined as the resistance of the field circuit
which will cause the shunt generator Just to build up its emf at a specified field.
$5% W01 is t0e e)& not >ero ;0en t0e &ield c(rrent is red(ced to >ero in dc
,enerator2
Even after the field current is reduced to Bero, the machine is left out
with some flu% as residue so emf is available due to residual flu%.
$6% n ;0at occasion dc ,enerator )a1 not 0ave resid(al &l(*2
"he generator may be put for its operation after its construction, in
previous operation, the generator would have been fully demagnetiBed.
'7% W0at are t0e conditions to 3e &(l&illed 31 &or a dc s0(nt ,enerator to 3(ild 3ac@
e)&2
"he generator should have residual flu%, the field winding should be connected in
such a manner that the flu% setup by field in same direction as residual flu%, the field
resistance should be less than critical field resistance, load circuit resistance should be
above critical resistance.
'$% De&ine ar)at(re reaction in dc )ac0ines2
"he interaction between the main flu% and armature flu% cause disturbance
called as armature reaction.
''% W0at are t;o (n;anted e&&ects o& ar)at(re reactions2
ross magnetiBing effect & demagnetiBing effect.
'3% W0at is t0e &(nction o& car3on 3r(s0 (sed in dc ,enerators2
"he function of the carbon brush is to collect current from
commutator and supply to e%ternal load circuit and to
'-% Na)e an1 t;o starters ;0ic0 can 3e (sed ;it0 onl1 sli+Arin, ind(ction )otor
$otor resistance starter
!olid state rotor resistance starter
#NIT IE
$% .ive t0e e*+ression &or s+eed &or a DC )otor%
!peed 5 0 k (3EIa$a)J
where 3 0 "erminal 3oltage in volts
Ia 0 Armature current in Amps
$a 0 Armature resistance in ohms
J0 flu% per pole.
'% W0at are t0e ;a1s o& s+eed control in dc )otors2
@ield control E by varying the flu% per pole. Efor above rated speed
Armature controlE by varying the terminal voltage Efor below rated speed
3% .ive t0e Li)itation o& &ield control
a. !peed lower than the rated speed cannot be obtained.
b. It can cope with constant k/ drives only.
c. "his control is not suitable to application needing speed reversal.
-% W0at are t0e 3 ;a1s o& &ield control in DC series )otor2
M @ield diverter control
M Armature diverter control
M *otor diverter control
M @ield coil taps control
M !eriesEparallel control
/% W0at are t0e )ain a++lications o& WardALeonard s1ste)2
M It is used for colliery winders.
M Electric e%cavators
M In elevators
M *ain drives in steel mills and blooming and paper mills.
6% W0at are t0e )erits and de)erits o& r0eostatic control )et0od2
M Impossible to keep the speed constant on rapidly changing loads.
M A large amount of power is wasted in the controller resistance.
M #oss of power is directly proportional to the reduction in speed. .ence
efficiency is decreased.
M *a%imum power developed is diminished in the same ratio as speed.
M It needs e%pensive arrangements for dissipation of heat produced in the
controller resistance.
M It gives speed below normal, not above.
4% W0at are t0e advanta,es o& &ield control )et0od2
M *ore economical, more efficient and convenient.
M It can give speeds above normal speed.
5% Co)+are t0e val(es o& s+eed and tor:(e in case o& )otors ;0en in
+arallel and in series%
M "he speed is one fourth the speed of the motor when in parallel.
M "he torque is four times that produced by the motor when in parallel.
6% Mention t0e s+eed control )et0od e)+lo1ed in electric traction%
!eriesEparallel speed control.
$7% W0at is t0e e&&ect o& insertin, resistance in t0e &ield circ(it o& a dc
s0(nt )otor on its s+eed and tor:(e2
@or a constant supply voltage, flu% will decrease, speed will increase and
torque will increase.
$$% W0ile controllin, t0e s+eed o& a dc s0(nt )otor ;0at s0o(ld 3e done
to ac0ieve a constant tor:(e drive2
Applied voltage should be maintained constant so as to maintain field strength
$'%State t0e advanta,es o& dc c0o++er drive%
Dc chopper drive s has the advantages of
.igh efficiency
@le%ibility in control
#ight weight
!mall siBe
Nuick response
$3%W01 c0o++er 3ased DC drives ,ive 3etter +er&or)ance t0an recti&ier controlled
drives%
#ess harmonic
#ow ripple content
.igh efficiency
$-%Na)e t0e solid state controllers (sed &or t0e s+eed control o& DC s0(nt )otor
and series )otor8
7hase controlled rectifier fed D drives
hopper fed D drives
$/%.ive a++lication o& WardALeonard s1ste) o& s+eed control
It is used for elevators,hoist control and for main drive in steel mills where motor
of ratings <:?G/ to 8<:?G/ are required.
$6%W0at is t0e +rinci+le o& t0e &ield control )et0od o& s+eed control o& DC s0(nt
)otors2
"he speed of the D motor can be controlled by varying the field flu%. "his
method of speed control can be used for increasing the speed of motor above its rated
speed, because the speed of the motor is inversely proportional to the field flu%.
$4%W0at is t0e e&&ect o& insertin, resistance in t0e &ield circ(it o& o& DC s0(nt )otor
on its s+eed and tor:(e2
6.!peed increases above base speed.
2."orque decreases.
$5%W0at are t0e t;o )ain )et0ods ado+ted &or s+eed control o& DC )otors2
Armature resistance control
@lu% control
$6%W0at are t0e electrical +ara)eters a&&ectin, t0e s+eed o& t0e DC )otors2
Armature voltage
@ield current
'7%State t0e t1+es o& controlled recti&ier Dc drives
6.!ingle phase controlled rectifier D drives
(a).alf wave controlled rectifier Dc drives
(b).alf controlled rectifier D drives
(c)@ull controlled rectifier D drives
2."hee phase controlled rectifier fed D drives
'$%Ho; can s+eed 3e controlled in a DC s0(nt )otor2
"he D shunt motor speed controlled by
(a)armature voltage control (below rated speed)
(b)@lu% control method(above rated speed)
''%List t0e advanta,es o& DC si* +(lse converter co)+ared ;it0 t0ree +(lse
converter
urrent should be continuous
$equires less filter circuits
It gives two quadrant operation
'3%W0at &actors li)it t0e )a*i)() s+eed o& &ield control Dc )otor2
@ield flu%
Armature voltage
'-%State control strate,ies o& c0o++ers
"ime ratio control
urren limit control
#NIT E
$% W0at is a controlled recti&ier2
A controlled rectifier is a device which is used for converting controlled dc power
from a control voltage ac supply.
'% W0at is &irin, an,le2
"he control of dc voltage is achieved by firing the thyristor at an adJustable angle
with respect to the applied voltage. "his angle is known as firing angle.
3% .ive so)e a++lications o& +0ase control converters%
7hase control converters are used in the speed control of fractional k/ dc motors
as well as in large motors employed in variable speed reversing drives for rolling mills.
/ith motors ratings as large as several */Os.
-% W0at is t0e )ain +(r+ose o& &ree ;0eelin, diode2
@ree wheeling diode is connected across the motor terminal to allow for the
dissipation of energy stored in motor inductance and to provide for continuity of motor
current when the thyristors are blocked.
/% W0at is a &(ll converter2
A full converter is a tow quadrant converter in which the voltage polarity of the
output can reverse, but the current remains unidirectional because of unidirectional
thyristors.
6% W0at is nat(ral or line co))(tation2
"he commutation which occurs without any action of e%ternal force is called
natural or line commutation.
4% W0at is &orced co))(tation2
"he commutation process which takes place by the action of an e%ternal force is
called forced commutation.
5% W0at is a c0o++er2
A chopper is essentially an electronic switch that turns on the fi%edEvoltage dc
source for a short time intervals and applies the source potential to motor terminals in
series of pulses.
6% W0at are t0e t;o )ain di&&ic(lties o& varia3le &re:(enc1 s1ste)2
ontrol of 3a requires variation of chopper frequency over a wide range. @ilter
design for variable frequency operation is difficult.At low voltage, a large value of toff
makes the motor current discontinuous.
$7% Classi&1 co))(tation%
M 3oltage commutation
M urrent commutation.
$$% W0at is volta,e co))(tation2
A charged capacitor momentarily reverseEbias the conducting thyristor to turn it
off. "his is known as voltage commutation.
$'% W0at is c(rrent co))(tation2
A current pulse is forced in the reverse direction through the conducting thyristor.
As the net current becomes Bero, the thyristor is turned ,@@. "his is known as current
commutation.
$3% W0at is load co))(tation2
"he load current flowing through the thyristor either becomes Bero (as in natural
or line commutation employed in converters) or is transferred to another device from the
conducting thyristor. "his is known as load commutation.
$-% W0at are t0e di&&erent )eans o& controllin, ind(ction )otor2
M !tator voltage control.
M @requency control
M 7ole changing control.
M !lip power recovery control.
$/% W0at are t0e t;o ;a1s o& controllin, t0e RMS val(e o& stator volta,e2
M 7hase control
M Integral cycle control
$6% Mention t0e t;o sli+A+o;er recover1 sc0e)es%
M !tatic scherbius scheme
M !tatic Gramer drive scheme.
$4% .ive t0e 3asic di&&erence 3et;een t0e t;o sli+A+o;er recover1 sc0e)es%
"he slip is returned to the supply network in scherbius scheme and in Gramer
scheme, it is used to drive an au%iliary motor which is mechanically coupled to the
induction motor shaft.
$5% Write s0ort notes on inverter recti&ier%
"he dc source could be converted to ac form by an inverter, transformed to a
suitable voltage and then rectified to dc form. Fecause of two stage of conversion, the
setup is bulky, costly and less efficient.
$6% .ive t0e s+ecial &eat(res o& static sc0er3i(s sc0e)e%
M "he scheme has applications in large power fan and pump drives which requires
speed control in anrrow range only.
M If ma%. slip is denoted by !ma%, then power rating of diode, inverter and
transformer can be Just !ma% times motor power rating resulting in a low cost
drive.
M "his drive provides a constant torque control.
'7% W0at are t0e advanta,es o& static !ra)er s1ste)88 over static sc0er3i(s s1ste)2
M !ince a static Gramer system possesses no line commutated inverter, it causes
less reactive power and smaller harmonic contents of current than a static
scherbius.
M /hat is electrical power supply systemP
M "he generation, transmission and distribution system of electrical power is
called electrical power supply system.
'$% W0at are t0e - )ain +arts o& distri3(tion s1ste)2
M @eeders,
M Distributors and
M !ervice mains.
''% W0at are &eeders2
@eeders are conductors which connect the stations (in some cases generating
stations) to the areas to be fed by those stations.
'3% W0at are t0e advanta,es o& 0i,0 volta,e dc s1ste) over 0i,0 volta,e ac s1ste)2
M It requires only tow conductors for transmission and it is also possible to
"ransmit the power through only one conductor by using earth as returning
conductor, hence much copper is saved.
M 5o inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and surge problem.
M "here is no skin effect in dc, cross section of line conductor is fully utiliBed.
'-% W0at do 1o( )ean 31 t0e ter) eart0in,2
"he term AearthingC means connecting the nonEcurrent carrying parts of electrical
equipment to the neutral point of the supply system to the general mass of earth in such a
manner that at all time an immediate discharge of electrical energy takes place without
danger.
'/% W0at are t0e di&&erent )et0ods o& +rovidin, ne(tral eart0in,2
M !olid earthing
M $esistance earthing
M $eactance earthing
M Arc suppression coil or 7eterson coil earthing.
Electrical Drives and Control ME36
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
THIRD SEMESTER
($6 MAR!S"
#NIT I
INTRD#CTIN
6. E%plain the factors governing the selection of motors. (6;)
2. Discuss in detail the determination of power rating of motors. (6;)
8. (i) E%plain the different types of loading of drives. (=)
(ii) E%plain the choice of selection of the motor for different loads. (=)
9. (i) Describe the simplifications based on which the heating and cooling
calculations of an electric motor are made. (8)
(ii) Establish the heating time constant and the heating curves.
(68)
:. (i) ompare the D. and A. drives. (;)
(ii) /rite a brief note on classes of duty for an electric motor. (6?)
;. Draw the typical temperature riseEtime curve and derive the equation for
temperature rise in an electric drive. (6;)
<. E%plain the loading of an electric motor and its duty cycle with a simple
diagram. (6;)
=. E%plain in detail about the various types of electric drives. (6;)
#NIT II
MTR CHARACTERISTICS
6. (i) #ist out the advantages and disadvantages of electrical braking over
mechanical braking. (=)
(ii) Discuss any one method of electrical braking of D *achines. (=)
2. E%plain the !peedE"orque characteristics of three phase induction motor
with neat diagrams. (6;)
8. E%plain about the speedEtorque characteristics of a D !hunt *otor with
suitable graph and equations. (6;)
9. E%plain about the quadrantal diagram of speedEtorque characteristics for
a motor driving hoist load. (6;)
:. E%plain how an induction motor is brought to stop by (i) 7lugging and
(ii) dynamic braking. (6;)
;. E%plain the various methods of braking of induction motors. (6;)
<. Draw and e%plain various load characteristics of D !hunt *otor. (6;)
=. E%plain $heostat braking in D !eries *otor and 7lugging in D !hunt
*otor. (6;)
>. E%plain various methods of braking of D !hunt *otors with neat
diagrams. (6;)
6?. E%plain various methods of braking of D !eries *otors with neat
diagrams. (6;)
66. (i) E%plain the speed H torque curve of single phase induction motors in
detail. (=)
(ii) E%plain the method of regenerative braking employed in D *otors.
(=)
62. E%plain about the speedEtorque characteristics of a D ompound
*otor with suitable graph and equations. (6;)
#NIT III
STARTIN. METHDS
6. Draw a neat schematic diagram of a three point starter and e%plain its
working. (6;)
2. Draw a neat schematic diagram of a four point starter and e%plain its
working. (6;)
8. E%plain with neat circuit diagram, the starEdelta starter method of starting
squirrel cage induction motor. (6;)
9. E%plain the typical control circuits for D !eries and !hunt motors (6;)
:. E%plain the different starting methods of three phase squirrel cage
induction motors with neat sketches. (6;)
;. E%plain different methods of starting of D *otors. (6;)
<. E%plain with neat diagram the starting of three phase slip ring induction
motor. (6;)
=. Draw and e%plain the pushEbutton operated directEon line starter for three
phase induction motor. (6;)
>. Draw and e%plain the manual autoEtransformer starter for three phase
induction motor. (6;)
#NIT IE
CNEENTINAL AND SLID STATE SPEED CNTRL F
D%C DRIEES
6. E%plain with neat sketch the chopper control method of speed control of
D *otors. (6;)
.2. E%plain with neat sketches about the D !hunt *otor speed control by
using single phase fully controlled bridge converter. (6;)
8. Discuss the /ardE#eonard speed control system with a neat circuit
diagram. Also mention its advantages and disadvantages. (6;)
9. E%plain how the speed of a D !hunt *otor can be varied both above
and below the speed at which it runs with full field current. (6;)
:. (i) E%plain with neat sketch the operation of chopper fed D !eries
*otor drive. Also, derive the e%pression for average motor current. (6?)
(ii) E%plain "ime ratio control and urrent limit control. (;)
;. E%plain the speed control schemes of D !eries *otor. (6;)
<. E%plain the different methods of speed control employed in D !hunt
*otor. (6;)
=. E%plain the control of D drives using rectifiers and choppers. (6;)
>. E%plain the single phase half wave converter drive speed control for D
drive with waveforms. (6;)
6?. E%plain in detail the single phase semiEconverter speed control for D
drive for separately e%cited motor. (6;)
#NIT E
CNEENTINAL AND SLID STATE SPEED CNTRL F
A%C DRIEES
6. Draw the power circuit arrangement of three phase variable frequency
inverter for the speed control of three phase induction motor and e%plain its
working. (6;)
2. E%plain the 3If control method of A drive with neat sketches. (6;)
8. Discuss the speed control of A motors by using three phase A
3oltage regulators. (6;)
9. E%plain the speed control schemes of phase wound induction motors.
(6;)
:. E%plain the concatenation operation of three phase induction motors.
.ence derive the speed e%perienced for the cascaded set. (6;)
;. E%plain in detail about !lip power recovery scheme. (6;)
<. E%plain the different methods of speed control used in three phase
induction motors. (6;)
=. E%plain the working of following methods with neat circuit diagram.
i) Gramer system ii) !cherbius system (6;)
>. E%plain in detail rotor resistance method of speed control of a slip ring
induction motor. (6;)
6?. (i) E%plain the operation of 7ole changing method of speed control. (=)
(ii) E%plain the pole amplitude modulation method. (=)
66. E%plain the static Gramer method and static scherbius method of speed
control of three phase induction motor. (6;)
62. E%plain in detail about the various methods of solid state speed control
techniques by using inverters. (6;)
68. E%plain the solid state stator voltage control technique for the speed
control of three phase induction motor. (6;)
69. E%plain the various methods of speed control of a three phase induction
motor when fed through semiconductor devices. (6;)