MATH1110: Mathematics 1

More functions I
1 Trigonometric Functions
Denition 1. The basic trigonometric functions are sin, cos and tan. These functions
are dened in terms of triangles sitting inside the unit circle. The unit circle is a circle
of radius 1 centred at the origin.

(1,0)
(0,1)
(-1,0)
(0,-1)
sin()
cos()
x
y
We usually measure the angle in radians. Radians measure the distance around the unit
circle from (1,0) on the positive x-axis to the point where the triangle touches the circle.
Therefore 2 radians equals 360 degrees, and all other angle conversions are proportional.
sin() := the height of the triangle, multiplied by 1 if the triangle sits below the x-axis.
cos() := the width of the triangle, multiplied by 1 if the triangle sits left of the y-axis.
tan() :=
sin()
cos()
is the ratio between the two.
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
The angle 30

is equal to what angle in radians?

A
1
6
B

6
C
1
3
D

3
The angle
3
4
radians is equal to what angle in degrees?
A
45

B
90

C
135

D
180

Three of the following angles are equivalent to the angle 60 degrees and
one is not. Which one is NOT?
A

3
B
5
3
C

3
D
420

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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
A large range of phenomena can be described using the trigonometric
functions, because they model behaviour which is periodic. Any kind of wave
in nature, the motion of a pendulum, the motion of the planets around the
sun: these can all be described with various combinations of the trigonometric
functions.
We may use the denition of the trigonometric functions to gure out
their graphs. They turn out to look like the following:
f(x) = sin():
Note that:
The domain is R but the range is {y : 1 y 1}.
The function is periodic with period 2, f(x + 2) = f(x).
The function is odd, i.e f(x) = f(x).
f(x) = cos(x)
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
Note that:
The domain is R but the range is {y : 1 y 1}.
The function is periodic with period 2, f(x + 2) = f(x).
The function is even, i.e f(x) = f(x).
cos(x) = sin

x +

2

or cos

x

2

= sin(x).
f(x) = tan(x):
Note that:
The range is R but the domain is

x : x =
(2n + 1)
2
, n Z

The function is periodic with period , f(x + ) = f(x).

The function is odd, i.e f(x) = f(x).
Denition 2. The general sine function is:
f(x) = Asin(bx + c) + d
where A,b,c,d are constants and A = 0, b = 0.
Note that in the above denition
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
The domain is R , the range is {y : d |A| y d + |A|}.
The function is periodic with period 2/b.
The function is not necessarily odd.
Example 1. f(x) = 3 sin

2x +

4

+ 1
In the diagram above, what is the period of the function?
A

2
B

C
2
D
4
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
To conclude this section we give some properties of the trigonometric
functions that will prove useful when it comes to manipulating expressions
and solving equations involving the trigonometric functions.
1.1 Periodicity
The trigonometric functions are periodic. Thus:
Theorem 1.
sin(x + 2) = sin(x)
cos(x + 2) = cos(x)
tan(x + ) = tan(x)
Note: you do not need to blindly remember the above Theorem; you can
work it out from the denitions! Remember the unit circle!
1.2 Symmetry
The sine and tangent functions are symmetric about the origin, while the
cosine function is symmetric about the y-axis. Thus:
Theorem 2 (Symmetry of trig functions).
sin(x) = sin(x)
cos(x) = cos(x)
tan(x) = tan(x)
1.3 Other useful relationships
The geometry of triangles inside circles means that we can derive relation-
ships between sines and cosines of angles and their sums or dierences.
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
Theorem 3 (Addition formulae).
sin(x + y) = sin(x) cos(y) + sin(y) cos(x)
cos(x + y) = cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y)
tan(x + y) =
tan(x) + tan(y)
1 tan(x) tan(y)
We also have the Pythagorean Identity as applied to the trigonometric
functions.
Theorem 4 (Pythagorean identity).
cos
2
(x) + sin
2
(x) = 1
NOTE:
Theorem 2 does not need to be remembered as a separate fact, since
you can see it by looking at the unit circle and the denition of the
functions.
Theorem 4 is a particular case of the Pythagorean Theorem which you
probably already know, about right-angled triangles.
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
2 Hyperbolic Functions
The hyperbolic functions are important in describing natural phenomena such
as a hanging chain or a suspension bridge.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenary
Denition 3. The hyperbolic sine, cosine and tangent functions are de-
ned by:
sinh(x) :=
e
x
e
x
2
cosh(x) :=
e
x
+ e
x
2
tanh x :=
sinh(x)
cosh(x)
We can work out what the graphs of the hyperbolic functions look like
from their denitions in terms of the exponential function. What they look
like is shown overpage.
(You may like to skip ahead to the next section on combining functions,
to see how to work out these pictures from scratch, and some guesses before
looking at the graphs.)
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
f(x) = sinh(x):
f(x) = cosh(x):
f(x) = tanh(x):
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
The hyperbolic functions are not periodic but they do have a lot in com-
mon with the trigonometric functions. The following properties will prove
to be useful when manipulating expressions and solving equations involving
the hyperbolic functions.
The hyperbolic sine function and hyperbolic tangent functions are sym-
metric about the origin and the hyperbolic cosine function is symmetric about
the y-axis. Thus:
Theorem 5.
sinh(x) = sinh(x)
cosh(x) = cosh(x)
tanh(x) = tanh(x)
The addition formula:
Theorem 6.
sinh(x + y) = sinh(x) + cosh(y) + sinh(y) cosh(x)
cosh(x + y) = cosh(x) + cosh(y) + sinh(x) sinh(y)
tanh(x + y) =
tanh(x) + tanh(y)
1 + tanh(x) tanh(y)
Identity:
Theorem 7.
cosh
2
(x) sinh
2
(x) = 1
You should be able to:
Recognise the algebraic form of each of the basic families of
functions.
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
Give qualitative sketches of the graphs of each of the basic
families of functions, except power functions. (For polyno-
mial functions this would apply only to linear, quadratic and
cubic functions.)
Create and interpret models using each of the basic families
of functions. (For polynomial functions, this would apply
only to linear functions.)
Task 1. Classify, where appropriate, the following functions as polynomial,
power, exponential, trigonometric or hyperbolic functions.
f
1
(x) = 6
x
, f
2
(x) = 6x

, f
3
(x) = x
2
+
1
x
, f
4
(x) = 3 cos(2x + 1), f
5
(x) =
x
3
, f
6
(x) = 2 sinh(3x)
Task 2. Give an example of a quartic polynomials that has:
1. Exactly 3 x-intercepts.
2. Exactly 2 x-intercepts.
3. A largest value of 4.
Task 3. Which function becomes larger quicker as x becomes larger,
f
1
(x) = x
3
, f
2
(x) = sinh(x) or f
3
(x) = tanh(x)
Task 4. A car rental company oers one brand of car at a rate of $75 per
day plus 25c per kilometre travelled. Write a formula for the cost of hiring
this car for a day as a function of the distance travelled in the day.
Task 5. Before kerosene can be used as jet fuel it must have some pollutants
in it removed by passing it through clay. Experiments have found that when
the clay is in a pipe, each metre of pipe removes 20% of the pollutants that
enter it. Write a formula for the amount of pollutants left in the fuel as
a function of the number of metres of pipe the fuel has passed through.
Assume that the initial amount of the pollutants in the kerosene is some
value P
0
(parts per million).
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
Task 6. The Bay of Fundy in Canada is reputed to have the largest tides in
the world, with the dierence between low and high water level (12.5 hours
apart) being as much as 15 metres. Suppose at a particular point in the Bay
of Fundy the depth of water, d (in metres), as a function of time, t (in hours)
since midnight of January 1 2004 is given by
d = d
0
+ Acos(Bt)
1. What is the value of A?
2. What the value of B?
3. What is the physical meaning of d
0
3 Combining Functions
We have looked at the basic families of functions of science and engineering.
By combining these functions in various ways we can greatly increase our
repertoire of functions.
Theorem 8. Let f and g be functions that have some common domain.
Then on that domain
1. (f + g)(x) f(x) + g(x) is a function
2. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x) is a function
3. (fg)(x) f(x)g(x) is a function
4. (f/g)(x) f(x)/g(x) is a function for all x s.t. g(x) = 0
Example 2. let f(x) =

1 + x, g(x) =

1 x and h(x) = 2
x
1, Find a
formula for the following functions and state their domains.
1. f + g
2. fg
3. g/h
Firstly, note that dom f = {x : x 1}, dom g = {x : x 1} and
dom h = R.
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
1. (f + g)(x) =

1 + x +

1 x
The domain for this function will be those values that belong to both
the domain of f and the domain of g, i.e.
dom f + g = {x : 1 x 1}.
2. (fg)(x) =

1 + x

1 x =

1 x
2
and the domain is dom fg = {x :
1 x 1}.
3. (g/h)(x) =

1 x
2
x
+ 1
The domain will be those values that are common to the domains of g
and h excluding those values where h(x) = 0, i.e.
dom g/h = {x : x 1, x = 0}.
Which of the following solid lines is the graph of f(x) := sin(x) +cos(x)?
A
B
C
D
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
Another way of combining functions to produce a new function is function
composition. We will make extensive use of this operation on functions.
Denition 4. The composition of g with f, denoted by g f, is dened
by:
(g f)(x) g(f(x))
for those values of x for which the domain of f is within the range of g.
Let f(x) = sin(x) and let g(x) = x
2
. Which of the following is
g f(x) ?
A
sin(x
2
)
B
sin
2
(x)
C
sin(x) + x
2
D

sin(x)
Example 3. Let f(t) = t
2
1 and g(t) = 2t 3. Find:
1. (g f)(1)
2. (f g)(2)
3. (g f)(t)
4. (f g)(t)
1. (g f)(1) = g

f(1)

= g(0) = 3
2. (f g)(2) = f

g(2)

= f(1) = 0
3. (g f)(t) = g

f(t)

= g(t
2
1) = 2(t
2
1) 3 = 2t
2
5
4. (f g)(t) = f

g(t)

= f(2t 3) = (2t 3)
2
1 = 4t
2
12t + 8
Notice that in general f g = g f, i.e. function composition is not
commutative.
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
Example 4. Let f(x) = x
2
1, g(x) = 1 2
x
and h(x) =

x. Find a
formula for the following functions and state their domains:
1. (g h)
2. (h g)
3. (f h)
4. (h f)
Firstly, note that the domain of f and g is R, but for h it is {x : x 0}
1. (g h)(x) = g

h(x)

= g(

x) = 1 2

x
dom g h = {x : x 0}
2. (h g)(x) =

1 2
x
The domain will be those values of x such that g(x) 0 i.e.
dom h g = {x : x 0}
3. (f h)(x) = (

x)
2
1 = x 1
Even though we can evaluate x 1 for all real numbers the domain
here is
dom f h = {x : x 0}
because these are the values for which we can calculate h, the rst step
in the function composition.
4. (h f)(x) = (x
2
1)
2
1 = x
4
2x
2
dom f f = R
Example 5. The following functions can be thought of as composite func-
tions. Find a decomposition of these functions into basic functions.
1. f(x) = (x 2)
2
2. f(t) = sinh(

t)
1. f(x) = (g h)(x) where g(x) = x
2
and h(x) = x 2
2. f(t) = (g h)(t) where g(t) = sinh(t) and h(t) =

t
Example 6. Decompose h(x) = e
4x
2
1
in two dierent ways. h(x) can be
written in the form (f g)(x) by letting
f(x) = e
x
and g(x) = 4x
2
1
or by letting
f(x) = e
x2
and g(x) = 4x
2
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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
Let f(x) =
1
x
. Which of the following is the domain of
f f(x)?
A
R
B
R\ {0}
C
R\ {1}
D

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MATH1110: Mathematics 1
You should be able to:
Given functions in the form of formulas, produce new func-
tions (including their ain) by adding, subtracting, multiply-
ing and dividing the given functions.
Understand and use the operation of function composition.
Task 7. Let f(x) = 2x
2
+1 and g(x) = 1/

x. Find a formula for, and state

ain of, the function:
1. f g
2. f g
Task 8. Write the function g(t) = sin(2t + 1) as the composition of two
functions in two dierent ways.
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