Birla Institute of Technology

Deoghar
Tutorial 8051 Micro Controller
Made By - RAPIER07

Processor used – Atmel 89S52 (based on the 8051

micro controller)

1st topic  Ports and Pins

From the figure given below it is apparent that the 89S52 has 4
ports each port having 8 pins (I/O Lines). Hence there are total
32 pins for I/O.
Total no. of pins = 40(for a standard 8051)
40 = 4x8 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2
4x8 for the I/O lines
2 for the ground and Vcc (pin no. 20 and 40 respectively)
2 for the external oscillator circuit for regulating or generating
the clock of the processor (you can skip this since the AVR
unlike the 8051 has the oscillator inbuilt) these are pins 18, 19.
1 for reset (pin no. 9)
1+2 (these 3 pins are meant for use of external memory and
not the inbuilt EEPROM or RAM). These are pins 29, 30, 31.
Just remember that 31 must be set at +5V to tell the controller
that internal memory is to be used.

Diagram for the port structure and the pin structure.

2nd Topic  Memory Management
1. RAM Used to store the variables is a program during the
runtime of the program. Only those variables that have
been declared as global are there is the RAM
permanently. Other local variables are destroyed when
they go out of scope. (you must be knowing local and
global variables from C). Due to the limited nature of RAM
judicious declaration of global and local variables must be
done.

2. EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read

Only Memory.) Where the program code is stored
permanently. Can be compared to the Hard Disk Drive in
a PC. Or better to a pen drive.

Memory is in the form of registers. Each register has 8 bits of

memory in the 8051. The register is divided in 8 bits from D0
to D7 where D0 denotes the first bit and D7 the last.
Each bit can either have 0 or 1 value. The register can have
values from 0 - 255(i.e. 2^8 values because it’s an 8bit
register). Each bit has a specific address but as we will be
programming in a high level language C we do not need to
go into the details of addresses and stuff since it will be
handled by the compiler itself. If a bigger value than 255 is to
be stored more than 1 register is used.
(NOTE: A pin on a micro processor I/O pin can have either 0
or 1 value and hence act like a bit. A port has 8 pins and so
is like a register. This is my personal observation and I don’t
know whether it has anything to do with actual bits or
registers.)

Embedded C

Variables:
Data Type Bits Bytes Value Range
bit 1 -- 0 to1
unsigned char 8 1 0-255
signed char 8 1 -128 to 127
unsigned int 16 2 0-65535
signed int 16 2 -32768-32767
unsigned long 32 4 0-(2^32-1)
signed long 32 4 Figure the
math out
yourself
Float 32 4 Basically
decimals

Easy way to remember the range for unsigned types is 0 to

(2^N)-1 where N is the bits occupied by the data type. Hence
the range is 2^N. For unsigned divide the range by 2.Equal
no. of negative and positive (positive including 0) numbers.
Each byte will fit in a register.
Hence data types with size equal to the byte will be
processed the fastest by the controller. Larger data types are
processed slower.

Constants: