10.

identify that for each physical feature, a gene is inherited from each
parent

A gene is inherited from each parent for each physical feature displayed
by offspring
A gene is located on a chromosome.
23 chromosomes are inherited from each parent (46 total).
30,000-40,000 genes in human body

11. describe the use of simple punnet diagrams to explain the possible
variation combinations that can occur from
different parents

punnet square diagrams are used to predict
the outcome of cross or breeding
experiments
to find dominant and recessive genes

12. identify the Watson crick model of DNA,
explaining DNA molecules within the cells of an
organism are a molecular code which encodes all the information required
to make that particular organism

double helix (looks like twisted ladder)
genetic information encoded as a sequence of nucleotides (GATC)
dna is used for biological information storage as the double-stranded
structure lets the molecule have a built-in duplicate of the encoded
information.

13. recognize that DNA is a double helix mad up of 4 bases (ATCG)
phosphate and sugar backbone

Adenine, Thymine, Cystosine, Guanine
Adenine joins with Thymine
Cystosine joins with Guanine
Nitrogenous bases (ATCG) connect to sugar backbone (deoxyribose)
Phosphates connect nucleosides (base+sugar)
When phosphate and nucleosides connect they are called nucleotides

14. explain the advantage of DNA replicating correctly

When dna replicates correctly, all new cells behave correctly
Dna carries information to replicate proteins in cells: self replicating
Faithful replication so mutations (insertions, deletions or substitutions of
bases) are avoided
Helps prevent autoimmune attacks
If incorrect base is initially incorporated, dna polymerase has
conformation so wrong pairs wont easily pass through.
Dna polymerase acts as newly formed double helix back up and re-
processing to make sure correct bases are inserted.

15. identify that a change in bases can cause a mutation

The ultimate source of variation is when some bases change. This
happens bevause the proofreading mechanisms arent 100% accurate
This allows for mutation
Usually these mutations are either deleterious (harmful) or neutral (make
no impact
Sometimes mutation can leaf to a new phenotype which then can explain
natural selection.
16. explain advantages and disadvantage of DNA mutations

Advantages: make up and evolution of people/animals/plants such as
being able to camouflage (chameleons) and behaviour changes such as
longer arms. Having blonde hair or blue eyes is also a mutation. (Lada is a
mutant btw (Xmen is awesome)), reducing the number of properly
working genes can be beneficial to a species-this can render it immune to
a certain pathogen (an infectious agent that causes disease or illness to its
host.), these mutations are the basis for evolution.
Disadvantages: can cause cancer or downsydnrome. Introduces defective
genes, Almost always results in effective loss of genetic information,
causing biological systems to become less complex. (would make science
easier tho), can cause malfunctioning organ system or abnormality or
spicies (missing limbs, birth defects)

17. identify that mutations are a source of variation and are therefore often
beneficial

Mutations are changes made to nucleotide sequences of the genetic
material of an organism. They can be caused by copying errors in genetic
material during cell division (by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing
radioation, chemical mutagens (compounds that increase the frequency of
some types of mutations), or viruses, or can be produced by the organism
by cellular processes like hypermutation ( a state in which genetic
mutation is abnormally frequent).
In multicellular organisms (humans/animals/plants), with reproductive
cells, mutations can be sibdivided into germ line mutations meaning they
can be passed on to descendants.
18. describe one example of biotechnology involving genetic engineering

Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living
organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology and medicine.
In vitro fertilization (IVF): a process where an egg is fertilised by sperm
outside the body.
major treatment for infertility when other methods of assisted
reproductive technology have failed.
process monitors ovulatory process, removing eggs from the woman's
ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a fluid medium in a laboratory.
Embryo transfer: refers to assisted reproduction in which embryos are
placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy
This technique can be used in humans or animals

19. give an example of one different ethical question which is brought up
by the development of biotechnology.

cloned animals: an animal is genetically engineered to produce a gene
product that it would not normally produce, or would produce at lower
quantities, without the recombinant DNA. much of today's insulin is
produced from dairy cows in their milk, which is then separated before
given to consumers. Some argue this is safe and effective, while others
argue the practice could have unintended health effects for both
humans and animals.
genetic screening for disease: Eg. a couple decides to have genetic
testing done before they have children, to see if they could be carriers of a
disease and pass it on to their children. not ALL diseases can be tested
and they may miss a disease possibility and could have affected
children, which is what they were attempting to avoid in the first
place. many genetic diseases are the result of random mutation, the
genetic tests could come back clear, and yet they could still have an
affected child.
Ivf: Multiple births (twins or triplets) or many embryos can be created
and most may not survive, "Designer babies"- not actually choosing
eye/hair colour but testing to rile out abnormal embryos so a child
will not be born with genetic conditions that are past on. General
society believes choosing look/sex of baby and that is why they have
a problem. Religious organisations (Christianity mostly) consider the
embryo or the insemination of the egg and sperm to be considered a
living being. Some embryos are thrown away or frozen and this is the
issue that the Catholic Church believes is going against the ten
commandments (thou shalt not kill) and they believe it is gods
responsibility to create life. Other questions are is it morally correct,
do unfertile parents have the right to have children and when is a
human alive (embryo, sperm, birth)
(I bolded the questions if that helps)