J uly 14-17, 2014 Transmission Line Grounding Power Frequency
2 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Grounding on Transmission Lines The grounding system consists of: Overhead groundwire Shieldwire Staticwire Grounding leads Connections Grounding electrode Vertical rod Horizontal trench (counterpoise) Foundations 3 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Double OHGW Overhead Ground Wires Shield phase conductors from direct lightning Carry fault current Single OHGW Double OHGW 4 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Basic types of Ground electrode To establish low impedance path to Earth (terra firma) Butt wrap Rod Foundation Counterpoise Horizontal Radial Ring Electrode 5 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Ground leads and connections Bond together different parts of the grounding system
Bolted with lugs Bolted with clamp Bolted with clamp
Crimped Exothermal weld Soldered
6 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Reasons for Grounding Conduction of fault current
Limit voltage gradients
Limit electromagnetic interference to other infrastructure
Lightning protection 7 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Conduction of Fault Current (1) No overhead groundwires No parallel paths High fault impedance Lower fault current May be difficult to detect No current sharing Higher GPR One tower affected
8 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Conduction of Fault Current (2) Overhead groundwires Towers in parallel Low fault impedance Higher fault current Easy to detect Current sharing Lower GPR More towers affected
9 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Distribution of Fault Current L is approx 1H/m at 50 Hz = 0,1 ohm (Mutual coupling reduces this value) R range between 1-500 ohm Substation Transmission Line 10 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Current Division in Structure Overhead ground wire I PH_L I PH_R I fault I GW_L I GW_R I TW_F I TW_U I TW_F Overhead ground wire I PH_L I PH_R I fault I GW_L I GW_R I TW_F I TW_U I TW_F 11 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Series Current in Ground Wire Phase to ground fault
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 2 4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8 4 0 Span number C u r r e n t
i n
t h e
o v e r h e a d
g r o u n d
w i r e
( k V ) Faulted tower 12 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Tower Voltage and Shunt current in Towers Phase to ground fault
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Transmission line structure number T o w e r
C u r r e n t
( k A )
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Transmission line structure number V o l t a g e
w i t h
R e s p e c t
t o
F a r
E a r t h
( k V ) Current Voltage R tower 13 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Test Case 275 kV Line Single Wolf Phase conductor 3/8 HS Ground wire 100 spans 30 ohm footing resistance (all Structures) 300 m span length
14 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. TLW Gen 2 15 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Consider a single fault at Structure #40 16 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C o n d u c t o r
V o l t a g e
[ V ] Span # Phase A Phase B Phase C Shieldwire #1 Shieldwire #2 Fault at Structure #40: Voltages Faulted phase Ground wires Other phases 17 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C o n d u c t o r
C u r r e n t
[ A ] Span # Phase A Phase B Phase C Shieldwire #1 Shieldwire #2 Fault at Structure #40: Current in Conductors Faulted phase Ground wires Other phases 18 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 0 20 40 60 80 100 S t r u c t u r e
C u r r e n t
[ A ] S t r u c t u r e
V o l t a g e
[ V ] Span # Structure Voltage Structure Current Fault at Structure #40: Structure Current and Voltages Structure Voltage Structure Current Current in substation earthmat 19 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Maximum Values for a fault at any Structure 20 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Fault current along the line 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 048 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 5 6 6 0 6 4 6 8 7 2 7 6 8 0 8 4 8 8 9 2 9 6 1 0 0 F a u l t
C u r r e n t
[ A ] Span # Maximum Maximum 21 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C o n d u c t o r
V o l t a g e
[ V ] Span # Phase A Phase B Phase C Shieldwire #1 Shieldwire #2 Fault at Any Structure: Maximum Voltages Faulted phase Ground wires Other phases 22 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C o n d u c t o r
C u r r e n t
[ A ] Span # Phase A Phase B Phase C Shieldwire #1 Shieldwire #2 Fault at Any Structure: Max Current in Cond. Faulted phase Ground wires Other phases 23 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 0 20 40 60 80 100 S t r u c t u r e
C u r r e n t
[ A ] S t r u c t u r e
V o l t a g e
[ V ] Span # Structure Voltage Structure Current Fault at Any Structure: Max Structure Currents and Voltages Structure Voltage Structure Current Current in substation earthmat 24 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Vary structure Resistance 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 S t r u c t u r e
F o o t i n g
R e s i s t a n c e
[ o h m ] Structure number 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Number of structures S t r u c t u r e
F o o t i n g
R e s i s t a n c e
[ o h m ] 25 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Consider a single fault at Structure #40 26 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C o n d u c t o r
V o l t a g e
[ V ] Span # Phase A Phase B Phase C Shieldwire #1 Shieldwire #2 Fault at Structure #40: Voltages Faulted phase Ground wires Other phases 27 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C o n d u c t o r
C u r r e n t
[ A ] Span # Phase A Phase B Phase C Shieldwire #1 Shieldwire #2 Fault at Structure #40: Current in Conductors Faulted phase Ground wires Other phases 28 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 0 20 40 60 80 100 S t r u c t u r e
C u r r e n t
[ A ] S t r u c t u r e
V o l t a g e
[ V ] Span # Structure Voltage Structure Current Fault at Structure #40: Structure Current and Voltages Structure Voltage Structure Current Current in substation earthmat 29 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Maximum Values for a fault at any Structure 30 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 048 1 2 1 6 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 2 3 6 4 0 4 4 4 8 5 2 5 6 6 0 6 4 6 8 7 2 7 6 8 0 8 4 8 8 9 2 9 6 1 0 0 F a u l t
C u r r e n t
[ A ] Span # Maximum Maximum Fault current along the line 31 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C o n d u c t o r
V o l t a g e
[ V ] Span # Phase A Phase B Phase C Shieldwire #1 Shieldwire #2 Fault at Any Structure: Maximum Voltages Faulted phase Ground wires Other phases 32 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C o n d u c t o r
C u r r e n t
[ A ] Span # Phase A Phase B Phase C Shieldwire #1 Shieldwire #2 Fault at Any Structure: Max Current in Cond. Faulted phase Ground wires Other phases 33 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 0 20 40 60 80 100 S t r u c t u r e
C u r r e n t
[ A ] S t r u c t u r e
V o l t a g e
[ V ] Span # Structure Voltage Structure Current Fault at Any Structure: Max Structure Currents and Voltages Structure Voltage Structure Current Current in substation earthmat 34 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Potential Profiles Around Transmission Line Structures Ground potential rise (tower voltage) Parallel connection of all towers Low resistance High current High resistance Low current Not affected as much by tower footing resistance
35 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction EPRI Lightning & Grounding Reference Book:
EPRI Grounding Guide Software (EGGS) 11 Applets Tutorial and Design Calculations 36 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Grounding guide applets GG -1 Maps of ground flash density and earth resistivity GG -2 Estimate of soil parameters GG -3 Ground electrode dimensions to from a target resistance GG -4 Calculation of ground electrode resistance GG -5 Voltage on ancillary circuits during ground faults GG -6 Potential and step potential near a ground electrode GG -7 Influence of ground electrode on lightning performance GG -8 Propagation model for structure and ground plane GG -9 Ionization model for rod electrodes GG -10 Ionization and propagation model for counterpoise GG -11 Estimate of footing resistance with a three-terminal setup 37 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Voltage Gradients Ground Potential Rise (GPR) Total voltage rise of the ground electrode
Step Voltage (A) Voltage between feet
Touch Voltage (B) Voltage between hand and feet
Rod electrode Surface potential with rod electrode Touch voltage (V T ) Step voltage (V s ) B A Ground potential rise V E
I F 38 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Potential Profiles Around Transmission Line Structures Surface potential with mesh electrode With rod electrode With mesh electrode Surface potential with rod electrode V T V T V T V T V s D B C E A Ground Potential Rise V E Surface potential with mesh electrode With rod electrode With mesh electrode Surface potential with rod electrode V T V T V T V T V s D B C E A Ground Potential Rise V E Limits determined by company policy and/or standards 39 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Applet GG-6 Load Demo Select potential Automatic contour line Voltage at 1 m distance 90% of GPR Touch voltage 10% of GPR GPR =24 kV Touch voltage 2.4 kV 40 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Fault Current Mitigation Lower fault impedance More current paths Continuous counterpoise Additional overhead ground wires Lower average tower footing resistance
Grade potential around tower bases Ring electrodes
41 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Normal Day to Day Operation (1) Capacitive coupling C GW-ph Overhead ground wire Phase conductors at high voltage C S-ph I C C GW-ph Overhead ground wire Phase conductors at high voltage C S-ph I C Range = Micro- to Milli-ampere 42 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Normal Day to Day Operation (2) Inductive Coupling Overhead ground wire Phase conductors carry current Induced current circulate In the grounding system Unequal current in loops result in net structure current I M Overhead ground wire Phase conductors carry current Induced current circulate In the grounding system Unequal current in loops result in net structure current Overhead ground wire Phase conductors carry current Induced current circulate In the grounding system Unequal current in loops result in net structure current I M Range = mA to Ampere 43 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Insulation or Segmentation of Ground Wires Segmented Reduction of line losses
Insulated Avoid stray current Bonded Insulated End of segment Insulators Bonded Insulated End of segment Insulators Insulated End of insulated section Insulated End of insulated section 44 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. Electromagnetic Interference Coupling of voltage and current into nearby conducting structures
Inductive coupling Current in Line Capacitive coupling Voltage of phase conductors Conduction current Stray currents in soil 45 2014 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. TogetherShaping the Future of Electricity