(Chapter 6) Differentiation

QQM1023 Managerial Mathematics
dy δy
,
dx δx
7.1 THE CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIATION
If f defined as the function of x and can be written as f (x ) .

dy
Then the derivative of f ( x ) denoted as f ′( x ) or is read as
dx
‘derivative value of function f at x ’. The f ′( x ) known as the FIRST
DIFFERENTIATION/ FIRST DERIVATIVE of f at x.
7.2 DIFFERENTIATION USING FIRST PRINCIPLE

(The concept of limit)
Consider a function of f and assume that 2 points were at the curve
of a function f , i.e A = ( x, f ( x )) and B = ( x + h, f ( x ) + h )
y / f ( x) Chord (AB)
((x+h), f(x+h)) = B
f(x+h)
Q
(x , f(x)) = A
f(x) Tangent (PQ)
P
0 x x+h x
Chapter 7: Differentiation 170

From the diagram above,
• The straight line PQ is called a tangent to function f at the
point x .
• The slope / gradient of tangent PQ is an approximation of

chord AB at that curve, i.e:
f (x + h) − f (x)
Slope / Gradient of AB = ⇒ (1)
h
When h → 0 , equation (1) can be written as
f (x + h ) − f (x )
lim ⇒ (2 )
h→0 h
• Since the gradient of function f at x equals to the gradient of
a tangent PQ (equation (2 )), then equation (2 ) named as the

first principle differentiation or derivative :
dy f (x + h ) − f (x )
= f ( x ) = lim
′
dx h →0 h
Example 1:
If f ( x ) = 6 x + 2 , find f ′( x ) by using the first principle

differentiation method.
Solution:
By using:
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
f ′( x) = lim ⇒ (a)
h→0 h

Step 1:
Given f ( x ) = 6 x + 2 , then f ( x + h ) = 6( x + h ) + 2
Step 2:
Substitute f ( x + h ) = 6( x + h ) + 2 in (a )
6( x + h) + 2 − f ( x)
f ′(x) = lim
h→0 h
6(x + h) + 2 − [6x + 2]
f ′(x) = lim
h→0 h
6 x + 6h + 2 − 6 x − 2
f ′( x ) = lim
h →0 h
6h
f ′( x ) = lim = lim 6
h→0 h h→0
Using the concept of limits, had 6 = 6 , therefore ;

h →0
f ′( x ) = 6
Exercise:
dy
Find the first derivative ( f ′( x ) or ) of the following functions by
dx
using the first principle method:
a) f ( x ) = 3x − 1
b) y = x2 − 1

7.3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES

7.3.1 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #1 : CONSTANT FUNCTION
Constant function denoted by:
y = f (x ) = c
where c is a constant.
Thus the derivative of a constant function at x:
dy
= f ′( x ) = 0
dx
Example 2:
dy
Find f ′( x ) or for the functions below:
dx
a) f (x) = 2
f ′( x ) = 0
b) y = −5
dy
=0
dx
7.3.2 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #2 : POWER RULES
y = f ( x ) = ax n
Let y = f ( x ) = ax n , where a is a constant. Therefore;
dy
= f ′ ( x ) = nax n −1
dx

Example 3:
dy
Find f ′( x )@ of the following functions:
dx
dy
y = x2 answer⇒ = 2x2−1
a)
dx
= 2x
f (x) = 3x 2 [
answer⇒ f ′( x) = 3 2x 2−1 ]
b)
= 3[2x]
= 6x
y=
1 4
2
x answer ⇒
dy 1
dx 2
[
= 4 x 4 −1 ]
c)
1
= 4x3
2
[ ]
= 2x3
y=x answer⇒ y = x1
dy
= 1x1−1 = 1x0
d) dx
= 1(1) = 1
f (x) = 9x [ ] [ ]
answer⇒ f ′(x) = 91x1−1 = 91x0
e)
= 9(1) = 9

7.3.3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #3 :

ADDITION/SUBSRACTION OF TWO FUNCTIONS
If y = f ( x ) = P[x ] ± Q[x ], hence the derivative:

dy d d
= f ′( x ) = P[x ] ± Q[x ]
dx dx dx
Example 4:
dy
Find f ′( x )@ of the following functions:
dx
a) f (x ) = x 2 + 5
Ans: f ′( x ) = 2 x 2 −1 + 0
= 2x
b) f (x ) = 3 x 2 − 4 x
Ans: [ ] [
f ′( x ) = 3 2 x 2 −1 − 4 1 x1 −1 ]
= 6x − 4
1 5
c) y = x − 2 x 3 + x − 11
5
Ans:
dy
dx
=
1
5
[ ] [ ]
5 x 5 −1 − 2 3 x 3 −1 + 1 x1−1 − 0
= x4 − 6x2 + 1

7.3.4 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #4 : CHAIN RULES
If (
y = f ( x ) = ax n ± b )k where a, b, n and k are constants,
then its derivative:

(CHAIN RULE)
⇒
dy
dx
(
= f ′( x ) = k ax n ± b
k −1 d
×
dx
)
ax n ± b ( )
Example 5:
dy
Find f ′( x )@ for the following functions:
dx
a) f ( x ) = ( x + 1)3
d
Ans: f ′( x ) = 3( x + 1)3−1 × ( x + 1)
dx
f ′( x ) = 3( x + 1)2 × (1 + 0 )
= 3( x + 1)2

b) (
f (x) = x2 + 7 4 )
Ans: f ′( x ) = 4 x + 7 ( 2 ) 4 −1
×
d 2
dx
(
x +7 )
( )3
f ′( x ) = 4 x 2 + 7 × (2 x + 0 )
= 4(2 x ) x + 7 ( 2 )
3
= 8x x2 + 7 (
3
)
c) (
y = x2 + x )3
Ans:
dy
dx
(
= 3 x2 + x
3−1 d 2
×
dx
x +x ) ( )
dy
dx
( 2
)
= 3 x 2 + x × (2 x + 1)
= 3(2 x + 1)(x + x )
2 2
= (6 x + 3)(x 2 + x )
2

7.3.5 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #5 : PRODUCT OF TWO FUNCTIONS
If y = f ( x ) = P[x ] × Q[x ], the derivative:
Let u = P[x ] and v = Q[x ]

dy dv du
⇒ = f ′( x ) = u + v
dx dx dx
Example 6:
dy
dx
a) f ( x ) = ( x + 1)(3 x − 1)
Solution:
let
u = ( x + 1) , v = (3 x − 1)
du dv
=1+ 0 =1 , = 3 − 0 = 3
dx dx
du dv
Substitute u , v, , in the formula;
dx dx

dv du
f ′( x ) = u +v
dx dx
= ( x + 1)(3) + (3 x − 1)(1)
= 3x + 3 + 3x − 1
= 6x + 2
b) ( )
y = x3 − 1 ( x + 5)
Solution:
(
u = x3 − 1 ) , v = ( x + 5)
du dv
= 3x 2 − 0 = 3x 2 , = 1 + 0 = 1
dx dx
du dv
dx dx
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx
( ) ( )
= x3 − 1 (1) + ( x + 5) 3 x 2
= x3 − 1 + 3 x3 + 15 x 2
= 4 x3 + 15 x 2 − 1
c) y = ( x 2 + 3)( x − 2) 4

7.3.6 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #6 :

QUOTIENT OF TWO FUNCTIONS (RATIONAL FUNCTION)
P[ x ]
If y = f (x ) = , then the derivative:
Q[ x ]
Let u = P[x ] and v = Q[x ]

du  dv 
v − u
⇒
dy
= f ′( x ) =
dx  dx 
dx v2
Example 7:
dy
dx
a) y=
(2 x − 1)
( x + 1)
Solution:
u = 2x − 1 ,v = x +1
du dv
= 2−0= 2 , =1+ 0 =1
dx dx
du dv
dx dx

du  dv 
v − u
dy dx  dx 
=
dx v2
=
( x + 1)(2) − [(2 x − 1)](1) =
2x + 2 − 2x + 1
( x + 1)2 ( x + 1)2
3
=
( x + 1)2
x
b) f (x) =
x2 + 7
Solution:
Let,
u=x , v = x2 + 7
du dv
=1 = 2x + 0 = 2x
,
dx dx
du dv
dx dx
du  dv 
v − u
f ′( x ) =
dx  dx 
v2
=
(x 2 + 7 )(1 ) − [x (2 x )] x 2 + 7 − 2 x 2
=
(x + 7 )
2 2
(x 2 + 7 )2
7 − x2
=
(x 2 + 7 )2

x3
c) y=
( x + 1) 2
x+2
d) f (x) =
x
7.3.7 DIFFRERENTIATION RULES #7 : EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

Exponential function can be divided into two:
i. If y = a f ( x ) where a ≠ 0 . Then the derivative:

⇒ Let u = f ( x ) then y = a u ; therefore
dy du
= f ′( x ) = .au ln a
dx dx
Example 8:
dy
dx
a) y = 25 x
x2
b) f (x) = 3

ii. If y = e f ( x ) where e is the base to the natural log, then the

derivative:
⇒ Let u = f ( x ) then y = eu ; therefore

dy du
= f ′ (x )= .e u
dx dx
Example 9:
dy
dx
a) f ( x ) = e2 x
b) y = 7e − 4 x
7.3.8 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #8 : LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

The logarithmic function can be divided into two:
i. If y = log a f ( x ) , then the derivative:

⇒ Let u = f ( x ) then y = log a u
dy 1  du 
= f ′( x ) = . . log a e
dx u  dx 

Example 10:
dy
dx
a) f ( x ) = log 2 3 x
b) y = log5 x
ii. If y = ln f ( x ) , then the derivative:

⇒ Let u = f ( x ) then y = ln u
dy 1  du 
= f ( x ) = . 
′
dx u  dx 
Example 11:
dy
dx
a) y = ln 5 x
b) y = ln(9 x + 4 )
c) f ( x ) = ln x 2

7.4 HIGHER ORDER OF DIFFERENTIATION
dy
The derivative of a function f ( x ) written as f ′( x )@ .
dx
Furthermore, if f ′( x ) is derived one more time and written as
d2y
f ′′( x )@ , called the second derivative of f (x ) .
2
dx
therefore:
d2y d
⇒
2
= f ′′( x ) = [ f ′( x )] (Second derivative)
dx dx
d3y d
⇒
3
= f ′′′( x ) = [ f ′′( x )] (Third Derivative)
dx dx
.
.
.
⇒
dny
dx n
= f n (x ) =
d n −1
dx
f (x) [ ] (nth derivative)
Example 12:
a) Find f ′′( x ) if f ( x ) = x5 :
Solution:
f ′( x ) = 5 x5−1 = 5 x 4
f ′′ ( x )= d
dx
5 x[ 4
]
(
= 5 4 x 4 −1 )
= 20 x 3

b) Find f ′′′( x ) if f ( x ) = 4 x3 − 10 x 2
Solution:
f ′( x ) = 12 x 2 − 20 x
f ′′( x ) =
d
dx
[
12 x 2 − 20 x ]
= 12(2 x ) − 20(1)
= 24 x − 20
d
f ′′′( x ) = [24 x − 20 ]
dx
= 24 (1) − 0
= 24 ( Answer )

7.5 CRITICAL POINT
Given y = f ( x ) = ax n + bx n −1 + ... + c , and the critical

point for this function can be obtained by:
Step 1
dy
Find f ′( x )@ from the equation given then let:
dx
f ′( x ) = 0
Step 2:
When f ′( x ) = 0, find the value of x . Let x = k , by substituting

the value of x in the equation of
y = f ( x ) = ax n + bx n −1 + ... + c , we will get the of y . Let

say, y = m ;
Therefore, the critical point is (x, y) = (k, m) .
Example 13:
Find the critical point of the following functions:
a) f (x) = x2 + 2 x + 1
Solution:
Step 1:
Find f ′( x ) = 2 x + 2 and let f ′ ( x ) = 0

Then f ′( x ) = 0 = 2 x + 2

Step 2:
When f ′(x) =0, find the value of x
2x + 2 = 0 When x = −1,
f (x) = y = x2 + 2x +1 = (−1) + 2(−1) +1
2
2 x = −2
=0
∴ x = −1
Then, the critical point (x, y ) = (− 1,0)
b) f ( x ) = 32 x − x 4
Solution:
Step 1:
f ′( x ) = 32 − 4 x3 then let f ′(x) = 0

f ′(x ) = 32 − 4 x 3 = 0
Step 2:
When f ′( x ) = 0 , find x .
32 − 4 x3 = 0
3 When x = 2,
32 = 4 x
f (x ) = y = 32(2) − (2)
4
8 = x3 = 64 − 16
81 / 3 = x = 48
∴x = 2
Therefore, the critical point (x, y ) = (2,48)

7.5.1 TEST/PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE CRITICAL POINT: MINIMUM/

MAXIMUM/ INFLECTION
Step 1:
Let the critical point (x , y ) = (k , m )
Step 2:
Find f ′′( x ) . If :
i) f ′′( x ) > 0( positive) at x = k , then the critical point
is ⇒ (MINIMUM )
ii) f ′′(x ) < 0(negative) at x = k , then the critical point

is ⇒ (MAXIMUM)
Example 14:
a) From example 13(a); determine weather the critical point is

minimum or maximum.
Solution:
Step 1:
Find the critical point, ie:
Critical point (x, y ) = (− 1,0 )
Step 2:
Find f ′′( x )
d
f ′′ ( x ) = [2 x + 2 ] = 2
dx

Since f ′′(x) = 2 > 0( positive) at x = −1, then the critical point

(x , y ) = (− 1, 0 ) is minimum.
b) From example 13(b); determine weather the critical point is

minimum or maximum.
Solution:
Step 1:
Find the critical point, ie :
Critical point (x , y ) = (2 , 48 )
Step 2:
Find f ′′( x )
f ′′( x ) =
d
dx
[ ]
32 − 4 x 3 = − 12 x 2
x = 2, f ′′( x ) = −12(2) = −48 < 0(negative) then the critical

2
At
point ( x , y ) = (2 , 48 ) is maximum.

Notes:
If at x = k , we have f ′′( x ) = 0 or f ′′( x ) = ∞

(undefined), then probably the inflection point occur at that
critical point where f ′′( x ) must vary in terms of sign:

a) for x < k , f ′′( x ) < 0 ( negative ) ⇒ (− )
to
for x > k , f ′′( x ) > 0 ( positive ) ⇒ (+ )
f ′′( x ) vary from positive (+ ) to negative (− ) for the neighboring

points
Example 15:
Determine weather the curve f ( x ) = ( x − 1)3 has
MINIMUM/MAXIMUM/inflection point.
Solution:
Step 1:
Find the critical point, ie :
f ′( x ) = 3( x − 1)2 when f ′( x ) = 0 , then;
3( x − 1)2 = 0 If x = 1,
f ( x ) = ( x − 1)
3
( x − 1)2 = 0 = 0
f (1) = (1 − 1)
3
3
( x − 1) = ± 0 = 0 =0
∴x =1
Critical point (x , y ) = (1, 0 )

Step 2:
Find f ′′( x ) .
f ′′ ( x ) =
d
dx
[ ]
3 (x − 1 ) = 6 (x − 1 )
2
at x = 1, f ′′ ( x ) = 6 (1 − 1 )
= 0
probably inflection point occur at critical point (1,0)

Test:
i) as x < 1, let x = 0 in f ′′( x )

f ′′(0) = 6(0 − 1) = −6 < 0(negative) ⇒ (− )
ii) as x > 1 , let x = 2 in f ′′( x )
f ′′(2 ) = 6 (2 − 1) = 6 > 0 ( positive ) ⇒ (+ )
Since f ′′( x ) vary from negative (− ) to positive (+ ) for the

neighboring points, then the critical point (1,0) is said to be an
inflection point.

7.6 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION IN ECONOMY AND BUSINESS

Remember these function??:
• Total cost function, TC

• Total revenue function, TR and
• Profit function, ∏
The functions above will be used again in this chapter. Besides
that, several new functions will be introduced such as:
a) If TC is a total cost function, then
TC = VCx + FC
• Total cost function,
@ VCq + FC
TC TC
• Average cost function, C = @
x q
dC dC
• Marginal average cost function, C′ = @
dx dq
• Marginal cost function, (TC )′ = d (TC ) @ d (TC )

dx dq
Example 16:
Given total cost function, TC = 0.2 x 2 − 60 x + 20000 where

x is quantity unit been produced. Find,
i) Average cost function, C
ii) Marginal average cost function, C′

iii) Marginal cost function, (TC )′
iv) Quantity that will minimized the total cost function.
v) What is the minimum value for this total cost function?
vi) Verify the answer in (d) and (e) by using the vertex formula.
b) If TR is the total revenue function, then
• Total revenue function, TR = px @ pq

where p =demand function (price)
TR TR
• Average revenue function, R= @
x q
dR dR
• Marginal average revenue function, R′ = @
dx dq
• Marginal revenue function, (TR )′ = d (TR ) @ d (TR )

dx dq

Example 17:
Assuming the demand function of a product given by,
p = 200 − 2q
where q is the number of unit of the product. Find,
i) Total revenue function, TR
iii) Quantity that will maximized the total revenue function.
iv) What is the maximum value for this total revenue function?
iv) Price that will maximized the total revenue.
c) If ∏ is the profit function, then
• Profit function, ∏ = TR − TC
∏ ∏
• Average profit function, ∏= @
x q
• Marginal average profit function,
d∏ d∏
∏′ = @
dx dq
d∏ d∏
• Marginal profit function, ∏′ = @
dx dq

Example 18:
The demand equation for the company of AXL is p = 42 − 4q

80
and the average cost function given by C =2+ . Find,
q
i) Total revenue function, TR
ii) Total cost function, TC
iii) Total profit function, ∏
iv) Quantity that will maximized the profit.
v) What is the maximum value for this total profit function?
vi) Price that will maximized the profit?

(Chapter 6) Differentiation

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QQM1023 Managerial Mathematics

7.1 THE CONCEPT OF DIFFERENTIATION

If f defined as the function of x and can be written as f (x ) .

7.2 DIFFERENTIATION USING FIRST PRINCIPLE

Consider a function of f and assume that 2 points were at the curve

of a function f , i.e A = ( x, f ( x )) and B = ( x + h, f ( x ) + h )

Chapter 7: Differentiation 170

From the diagram above,

• The straight line PQ is called a tangent to function f at the

• The slope / gradient of tangent PQ is an approximation of

a tangent PQ (equation (2 )), then equation (2 ) named as the

If f ( x ) = 6 x + 2 , find f ′( x ) by using the first principle

Chapter 7: Differentiation 171

Using the concept of limits, had 6 = 6 , therefore ;

Chapter 7: Differentiation 172

7.3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES

7.3.2 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #2 : POWER RULES

Let y = f ( x ) = ax n , where a is a constant. Therefore;

Chapter 7: Differentiation 173

Chapter 7: Differentiation 174

7.3.3 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #3 :

If y = f ( x ) = P[x ] ± Q[x ], hence the derivative:

Chapter 7: Differentiation 175

7.3.4 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #4 : CHAIN RULES

then its derivative:

Chapter 7: Differentiation 176

Chapter 7: Differentiation 177

7.3.5 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #5 : PRODUCT OF TWO FUNCTIONS

If y = f ( x ) = P[x ] × Q[x ], the derivative:

Let u = P[x ] and v = Q[x ]

Chapter 7: Differentiation 178

Chapter 7: Differentiation 179

7.3.6 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #6 :

Let u = P[x ] and v = Q[x ]

Chapter 7: Differentiation 180

Chapter 7: Differentiation 181

7.3.7 DIFFRERENTIATION RULES #7 : EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

i. If y = a f ( x ) where a ≠ 0 . Then the derivative:

Chapter 7: Differentiation 182

ii. If y = e f ( x ) where e is the base to the natural log, then the

⇒ Let u = f ( x ) then y = eu ; therefore

7.3.8 DIFFERENTIATION RULES #8 : LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION

i. If y = log a f ( x ) , then the derivative:

Chapter 7: Differentiation 183

ii. If y = ln f ( x ) , then the derivative:

Chapter 7: Differentiation 184

7.4 HIGHER ORDER OF DIFFERENTIATION

Chapter 7: Differentiation 185

Chapter 7: Differentiation 186

7.5 CRITICAL POINT

Given y = f ( x ) = ax n + bx n −1 + ... + c , and the critical

When f ′( x ) = 0, find the value of x . Let x = k , by substituting

y = f ( x ) = ax n + bx n −1 + ... + c , we will get the of y . Let

Therefore, the critical point is (x, y) = (k, m) .

Find the critical point of the following functions:

Find f ′( x ) = 2 x + 2 and let f ′ ( x ) = 0

Chapter 7: Differentiation 187

When f ′(x) =0, find the value of x

f ′( x ) = 32 − 4 x3 then let f ′(x) = 0

Chapter 7: Differentiation 188

7.5.1 TEST/PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE CRITICAL POINT: MINIMUM/

ii) f ′′(x ) < 0(negative) at x = k , then the critical point

a) From example 13(a); determine weather the critical point is