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Peoples Democratic Republic of Algeria
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
University MHamed BOUGARA Boumerdes

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Department of Electronics
Lab Report of the Degree of
MASTER 02
In Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Telecommunication Option
Title:
APERTURE ANTENNAS

Presented By:
- Gassab Oussama

- Gacem BelQassim
Supervisor:
Dr. CHALLAL Mouloud

5/05/2014
Abstract

In this small work our purpose is to analysis the aperture antenna
and its parameters under the concept of dimensions and the wavelength
ratio . and see how the radiation behave when this ratio is changed from
lower to higher values .
After that we will explain this results physically by using the
concepts of diffraction and scattering phenomena at the wall edges of the
aperture antenna.

By using MATLAB we simulate the results and we see if they
matches the theoretical concept or not .


1

introduction:

this world contains very amazing fundamental concepts , which
occur under highly organized manner can be formulated mathematically.
Every physical concept that happens in this world can be understand it by
using mathematical formulas . the electromagnetic theory is very
important concepts in the field of physics and it is fundamental reality in
the field of communication ( antennas transmission , radar , ) .

the electromagnetic theory describes how the electric and magnetic
fields interact with itselfs and how they interact with time and space ; the
interaction with time and space contains the concept of the wave
propagation , and the concept of the relativistic between time , space , and
energy contains the concept of relativistic theory (( Einstein's relativistic
theory )) and all concepts of electromagnetic theory are described by
Maxwell equations.
the communication antennas are devices that transmit and receive
electromagnetic waves , the purpose of building antennas is to make the
theory of electromagnetic under human control in order to enhance
science and technologies and make our life easy in all different fields. To
do all this we have to build antennas with some specified parameters and
with high performance.








2

1
Theoretical Concepts
The Rectangular aperture antennas.
The circular aperture antennas.













3

1.1 The Rectangular aperture antennas.
the electric field of the rectangular aperture on
ground plane is given by ( at far field region)

= 0

=

0

=

0




And the magnetic field is given by

= 0


where
=

2
sin
=

2
sin



The electric field of rectangular in free-space is given by

= 0

=

0

4
1 +

=

0


4
(1 +)





Because the fields containing non-fundamental function which they
haven't anti-derivatives so the integrals are determined by using some
special methods sometimes numerical methods
1- the directivity is given by
0
=
4

2
=
4

2

2-half power beamwidth is given by

50.6


50.6


fig(1.1.2) : the Rectangular
aperture antenna located in the x,y
plane .
4


1.2 Circular apertures antenna:
A widely used microwave antenna is the
circular aperture. One of the attractive
features of this conguration is its
simplicity in construction. In addition,
closed form expressions for the fields of
all the modes that can exist over the
aperture can be obtained.
To demonstrate the methods, the field
radiated by a circular aperture mounted on
an innite ground plane will be formulated.
The electric field is given by:

r = 0

= j

sin

1
sin
sin

= j

cos cos

1
sin
sin




The directivity can be given by (the field distribution over the aperture is
constant):
D
0
=
4

2
A
em
=
4

2
A
p
=
4

2
(
2
) = (
2

)
2
= (

)
2





fig(1.2.1) : the circular aperture
antenna located in the x,y plane .
5




2
MATLAB Program
Simulation of antenna parameters by using MATLAB
software is performed











6

Part 1:
This Matlab code will execute 2-D radiation pattern rectangular and
circular apertures antennas.


clc ;
antennatype=input('enter the antenna type:Rectangular(1) or
Circular(2)= ');
lamda=input('enter the value of wavelength= ');
theta=pi/100:2*pi;
B=2*pi /lamda; u=B.*(sin(theta)); v=B.*(sin(theta));
%1st choice: Rectangular Aperture
ifantennatype==1
a=input('Enter the large rectangular length a= ');
b=input('Enter the small rectangular length b= ');
E1=sinc((b.*v)./2); % E-plane phi=90
E2=sinc((a.*u)./2); %H-plane phi=0
figure(1)
subplot(1,2,1)
polar(theta,E1) , title('E-plane')
subplot(1,2,2)
polar(theta,E2), title('H-plane')
%2nd choice:Circular Aperture
elseifantennatype==2
a=input('Enter raduis of circular aperture= ');
f1=B*a;
f=f1.*(sin(theta));
E=(besselj(1,f))./f; %E-plane or H-plane
figure(2)
polar(theta,E)
end

7

The output :
For rectangular with the parameters = = 5 we have gotten
the following graph











at the case when = = we have gotten the following graph









fig(2.1.1) : rectangular aperture
radiation pattern in the E and H
plane = = 5.
fig(2.1.2) : rectangular aperature
radiation pattern in the E and H
plane = = .
8


With circular with parameters =
We have gotten the following the graph











With circular with parameters = 8
We have gotten the following the graph








fig(2.1.3) : circular aperture
radiation pattern in the E and H
plane = .
fig(2.1.4) : circular
aperture radiation
pattern in the E and
H plane = 8.
9

Part 2:
3-D radiation pattern of a rectangular aperture as a function of the
independent variables Vx ,Vy for aperture dimensions a = 8 and b = 4.























clc;
b=4*lamda;
a=8*lamda;
B=2*pi /lamda; u=B.*(sin(theta)); v=B.*(sin(theta));
theta=0:0.01:pi/2;
phi=0:0.01:2*pi;
[theta,phi]=meshgrid(theta,phi);
vx=(a/lamda)*sin(theta).*cos(phi);
vy=(b/lamda)*sin(theta).*sin(phi);
E1=sinc((b.*v)./2); % E-plane phi=90
E2=sinc((a.*u)./2); %H-plane phi=0
E=((1+cos(theta)./2).*abs(E1.*E2));
figure(4)
surfl(vx,vy,E);
shadinginterp;
colormap(gray);
fig(2.2.1) :
rectangular aperture
radiation pattern in3-
D plane =
8 = 3.
10

Part 3:
3-D radiation pattern of a circular aperture as a function of the
independent variables Vx ,Vy for an aperture radius a = 3.

























clc;
a= 3;
theta=0:0.01:pi/2;
phi=0:0.01:2*pi;
[theta,phi]=meshgrid(theta,phi);
vx=(a/lamda)*sin(theta).*cos(phi);
vy=(a/lamda)*sin(theta).*sin(phi);
u=(a/lamda)*sin(theta);
E=ones(size(u));
i=find(u);
E(i)=abs(2*besselj(1,2*pi*u(i))./(2*pi*u(i)));
figure(4)
surfl(vx,vy,E);
shading interp;
colormap(gray);
fig(2.3.1) : circular
aperture radiation
pattern in3-D plane
= 3 .
11




3
Explaining the results
The concept of sinc and dirac impulse function
Simulation results











12

3.1 the concept of sinc and dirac impulse

From the concept of fourier transoform we have

= lim

= lim



1 = lim

lim

=
When 1
1 = 0
0


In our aperture antenna we have this term
sin (

2
sin ())

2
sin ()
=
sin (

sin ())

sin ()
=

sin() so we have the following


amazing result

When

1
1 = 0
0



This results means that when the dimension of the aperature is larger than
the wave length the radiation pattern will concentrate only at the origin
and is neglected (zero) elsewhere.

To perform that lets do some simulation by using circular aperture.





13

3.2 simulation results

For a=100 we have the following result











So we have gotten a results that matches the theoretical concepts










fig(3.2.1) : circular
aperture radiation
pattern in3-D plane
= 100 all the
radiation is
concentrated at the
origin and zero else
where.
14


Conclusion

The radiation pattern of any antenna source it depend on the
antenna geometry and the length of the wavelength that is radiated by this
antenna, because the electromagnetic wave is always effected by the
obstacles under the concept of reflection, refraction, diffraction and
scattering phenomena. And this for main phenomena are related to the
concept of the wavelength and the dimension of the obstacles.

When the electromagnetic waves is radiated by an aperature
antenna a diffraction and scattering phenomena at the edges is occurred ,
this diffraction and scattering will be high when and in this case
the wave will spread everywhere and side lobes will be high in large
distance, at the case when the diffraction will not occur at the
edges so radiation will keep traveling at straight line so it will remain
concentrated at the origin no spreading

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