Iodine Clock Reaction Report

CHM 215 BO1

TA: James Pander
Mohamed Shalan
Due: May 3rd, 2014

Purpose: The goal of this experiment is to measure the rate of reaction of persulfate (S
2
O
8
2-
) with
iodide (I-), using a delayed indicator that turns blue after a certain concentration of I
2
is
produced. By measuring the time it takes for the indicator to activate, we can measure the rate
and its dependence on varying concentrations and temperatures.

Procedure: The procedures used in this lab experiment were derived from A General Chemistry
Lab Manual: The Rediscovery Book. No deviations from the instructions occurred. See official
citation below:

Pickering, Miles. The Rediscovery Book: A General Chemistry Lab Manual. Glenview, IL: Scott,
Foresman/Little, Brown Higher Education, 1990. Print.
Results:
Run 1:
34.44 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution
after Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 20.00 mL 0.4 M
()()

KI .239 M 20.00 mL 0.0956 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 10.00 mL 0.00115 M
Varying the S
2
O
3
2-
concentration: K
2
SO
4
as the ionic filer
Run 2:
64.69 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution
after Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 10.00 mL 0.2 M
()()

8.89 x 10
-6
M/s
KI .239 M 20.00 mL 0.0956 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 10.00 mL 0.00115 M

Run 3:
175.47 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution
after Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 6.00 mL 0.012 M 3.28 x 10
-6
M/s
KI .239 M 20.00 mL 0.0956 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 10.00 mL 0.00115 M
Varying the I
-
concentration: KCl as the ionic filler
Run 4:
67.45 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution
after Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 20.00 mL 0.04 M 8.52 x 10
-6
M/s
KI .239 M 10.00 mL 0.0478 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 10.00 mL 0.00115 M

Run 5:
114.25 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution
after Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 20.00 mL 0.04 M 5.03 x 10
-6
M/s
KI .239 M 6.00 mL 0.0287 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 10.00 mL 0.00115 M





Run 5a (with
water as ionic
filler): 121.16 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution
after Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 20.00 mL 0.04 M 4.75 x 10
-6
M/s
KI .239 M 6.00 mL 0.0287 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 10.00 mL 0.00115 M

Rate Dependence on Temperature
Run 6: 48
o
C
8.06 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution after
Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 10.00 mL 0.04 M
()()


7.14 x 10
-5
M/s
KI .239 M 20.00 mL 0.0956 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 20.00 mL 0.00115 M

Run 7: 39
o
C
9.31 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution after
Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 10.00 mL 0.04 M 6.18 x 10
-5
M/s
KI .239 M 20.00 mL 0.0956 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 20.00 mL 0.00115 M

Run 8: 25
o
C
27.62 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution after
Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 10.00 mL 0.04 M 2.08 x 10
-6
M/s
KI .239 M 20.00 mL 0.0956 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.00575 M 20.00 mL 0.00115 M

Run 9: 6
o
C
102.12 s
Concentration
before Mixing
Volume Added Concentration
of Solution after
Mixing
Rate
S
2
O
8
2-
0.1 M 10.00 mL 0.04 M 1.36 x 10
-6
M/s
KI .239 M 20.00 mL 0.0956 M
S
2
O
3
2-
0.000575 M 20.00 mL 0.00115 M

Log rate Log[I
-
]
Run 1 Log (1.67 x 10
-5
) = -4.777 Log (0.0956)=-1.020
Run 4 Log (8.52 x 10
-6
) = -5.070 Log (0.0478)=-1.321
Run 5 Log (5.03 x 10
-6
) = -5.298 Log (0.0287)= -1.542


Log rate Log[S
2
O
8
2-
]
Run 1 Log (1.67 x 10
-5
) = -4.777 Log (0.04)= -1.398
Run 2 Log (8.89 x 10
-6
)= -5.051 Log (0.02)= -1.699
Run 3 Log (3.28 x 10
-6
)= -5.484 Log (0.012)= -1.921


y = 1.0031x + 3.7697
R = 0.9997
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
-5.4 -5.3 -5.2 -5.1 -5 -4.9 -4.8 -4.7
l
o
g

r
a
t
e

log[iodide]
log rate vs log[iodide]
Series1
Linear (Series1)
y = 0.7192x + 1.9984
R = 0.954
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
-5.6 -5.4 -5.2 -5 -4.8 -4.6
l
o
g

r
a
t
e

log persulfate
log rate vs log[persulfate]
Series1
Linear (Series1)
Since both graphs indicate linear relationships between the rate and the ion concentration, the
order of each ion in the rate law is 1 (m=n=1). Rate = k[I
-
][S
2
O
8
2-
]
Run Rate [KI] after
mixing
(M)
[S
2
O
8
2-
]
after
mixing
(M)
[KI]
m

after
mixing
(M)
[S
2
O
8
2-
]
n

after
mixing
(M)
Rate Constant
1 1.67 x 10
-5

M/s
0.0956 0.04 0.0956 0.04

()()

00437
2 8.89 x 10
-6

M/s
0.0956 0.02 0.0956 0.02 0.00465
3 3.28 x 10
-6

M/s
0.0956 0.0112 0.0956 0.0112 0.00406
4 8.52 x 10
-6

M/s
0.0478 0.04 0.0478 0.04 0.00446
5 5.03 x 10
-6

M/s
0.0287 0.04 0.0287 0.04 0.00438

Run Rate (M/s) Rate Constant ln rate
constant
T (C) 1/T (1/K)
6
7.14 x 10
-5

M/s

( )( )

-3.981 48C

0.00311
7
6.18 x 10
-5

M/s
0.01616 -4.125 39 C .00320
8
2.08 x 10
-6
M/s
0.000544 -7.156 25C .00335
9
1.36 x 10
-6

M/s
0.0003556 -7.942 6C .00358

-E
a
/R is the slope of the line where R= 8.314 J/mol*K.
E
a
= (6032.7)(8.314) = 50155 J or approximately 50.2 kJ.
DISCUSSION:
The objective of this experiment was to, through experimentation, interpret a rate law for
this reaction as well as measure the effects of varying either the persulfate ion or the iodide ion
or the temperature. After determining the rate law, which was a second order reaction, we were
able to find out the k proportionality constant and subsequently, the activation energy for the
reaction by plotting the k with the temperature. The reason for the addition of the thiosulfate was
to aid in the indication of the blue reaction time. Test 1 was the standard reaction to be
compared to. Tests two and three took place with varying persulfate ions while four and five
took place with varying iodide concentrations. This is done to determine the order of each of the
species. In test 5a, however, we substituted water for a salt solution in order to measure the
kinetic salt effect. Experimentally, it was observed that the reaction rate was slightly slower,
indicating that the species reacting at the rate-determining step have the same charge. As stated
in the manual, the masking effect of added charges also lowers the repulsion between like-
charged reacting ions. (35). Tests 6- 9 was done to determine the effect of temperature of the
reaction rate. As predicted, the rate was higher at higher temperature. This is because a decreased
amount of time for a reaction is an indicator for a higher rate of reaction. This also indicates that
the activation energy for the reaction decreases as temperature increases.
As with any lab, there will be systematic errors. An indication of these is the gap between
the data points and the best fit line. Assuming that all the volumes were exact, this is an
indication of wrong concentrations of ions. The prepared solution couldve had a different actual
concentration. Also, the thiosulfate solution has been in a bottle in a dark drawer for a couple of
weeks, which means that its ion concentration could have changed with the experimentally
determined one when that lab was preformed. However, the results are agreeable with the
chemical principles within the uncertainties.
y = -6032.7x + 25.067
R = 0.87791
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0.003 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037
l
o
g

r
a
t
e

1/T (in Kelvin)
Log rate vs (1/T)
Series1
Linear (Series1)