560 THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE. Book II.

purpose of cu'ting them. 23. The tin saw, used for cutting the sofite lines about one eighth
of ;in inch deep, first by the edg(j of the level on the face of ihe brick, then by the edge of
the square on the bed of the br ck, in order to enter the brick axe, and to keep the brick
from spaltiiig. The saw is also used for cutting tlie sofite through its breadth in thedirec-
tion ot the tapering lines, drawn upon t ;e face and back edge of the brick; but the cutting
is always made deeper on the face and back of the brick than in the middle of its thickness,
for the above-mentioned purpose of entering the axe. The saw is also used fur cutting the
false joints of headers and stretchers. 24. The Innck axe, for axing off the sofites of bricks
X'l the saw cuttings, and the sides to the lines drawn by the tcribes. The bricks being
always rubbed smooth after axing, the more truly they nre axed the less labour will be
rrquisite in rubbing them. 2o. The templet. This is used for taking the length of the
stretcher aud width of the header. 26. The chopping block, for reducing the bricks to their
intended size and form by axing them. It is made of any pie('e of wood that comes to
hand, from 6 to 8 inches square, and generally suppurted upon two 14-inch brirk piers, if only
two men work at it; but if four men, the chopping block must be lengthened aud supported
by three piers, and so ou according to the number empLiyed at it. It is about
'2
ft. 3 in. in
height. 27. TheJIoaf-stoiie, which is used for rubbing curved work to a smooth snrface,
such as the cylindrical backs and spherical heads of niches, to t.ike out the axe marks. It
is, before applicatioia to them, made of a form reversed to the surface whereon it is applied,
BO as to coincide with it as nearly as potsille in finishing.
Boiidii/ff.
1891 . Before advei ting to the hand, as it is technically called, of brick walling, which is
the form of connection of the bricks with each other, it must be observed that in working
walls not more than 4 or 5 feet should be brought up at a time ; for as, in setting, the
inortar shrinks and a general subsidence lakes place, the part first br.night up, if too large
in qu!intity, will have come to its bearing before the adjacent parts are bi-ought up, and thus
fissure-, in the work and unequal settlements will take place. In carrying up any particular
part above another, it should always be regularly sloped back to receive the adjoining parts
to the right and to the left. On no account should any part of a wall be carried higlier
than one scaffold, except for some very urgent object.
1892. Previous to the re^gn of William and Mary
(1689-1702), brick buildings in
England were constructed in what is called English bond; and subsequent to the reign in
qucftioii, when, in building as in many other cases, Dutch fashions W(re introdured,
much to the injury of our houses' strength, the workmen hare become S'i infatuated
with what is called Flemish bond, that it is difficult to drive them out of it. To the intro-
<!uction of the latter has been attributed (in many cases with justice) the splitting of
walls into two thicknesses
;
to prevent which, expedients have been adopted which would
be altogether unnecessary if a return to the general use of English bond could bo estd-
blished.
1893. In chip. i. sect. ix. of this book (1503. ct srq.) we have spoken generally n\
walls; our observations here, therefore, in respect of them, will be confined to brick
walls and their bond.
1891. English bond is that disposition of bricks in a wall in which (expect at the quoins)
the courses are alternately corapo>ed of headers and stretchers. In britk walling, and indeed
in stone walling also, a cour.-e means the horizontal layer of bricks or stones of which the
wall is composed, being contained between two faces parallel to the horizon, and terminated
on each side by the vertical face of the wall. The mass ,,,

,, . ,
,

^_
,^
formed by buck or stones in an arch ai'e also termed courses, but ;
-
!
r ceive the name of concentric courses. The term header \s
,
applied to a bri<-k or stone whose small head or end is seen in
j
the external face of tlie wall; and that of stretchir to a
,
i
brick or stone whose length is parallel to the face of the wall.
-^,^-^^
',.
, ,
,,,.
-
,}-;\
Englis-h bond is to be understood as a continuation either
kikyaiio.v.
of header or stretcher, continued throughout in the same
course or horizontal layer, and hence described as consisting
of alternate layers of headers and stretchers
{fig.
616.), the
former serving to bind the wall together in a transverse direc-
tion or widthwise and thus prevent its splitting, whilst the
latter binds it lengthwise, or in a longitudinal direction. None
but the filnglishboad prevents the former occurrence, as Wurk
executed in this way when so umlermined as to caus^ a fracture,
separates, but rarely breaks tiirough the solid brick, as if the
wall were composed of one entire piece.
1895. The ancient Roman brickwork was executed on this