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Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 1

Jenny Burridge
Head of Structural Engineering
MPA The Concrete Centre
Practical Design to Eurocode 2
Course Outline
17
th
April 2013
Basics
EC0, EC1, Materials, Cover
24
th
April 2013
Beams
Bending, Shear, Detailing
1
st
May 2013
Columns
Axial load, Column Moments, Buckling
8
th
May 2013
Slabs
Serviceability, Punching Shear
15
th
May 2013
Foundations
Pads, Piles, Retaining Walls
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 2
Bending
Beams
Section Design: Bending
In principle flexural design is generally the same
as BS8110
EC2 presents the principles only
Design manuals will provide the standard
solutions for basic design cases.
There are modifications for high strength
concrete
Basics
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 3
As
d
fcd
Fs
x
s
x
cu3
Fc
Ac
= 1,0 for f
ck
50 MPa
= 1,0 (f
ck
50)/200 for 50 < f
ck
90 MPa
400
) 50
8 , 0
ck

=
(f
for 50 < f
ck
90 MPa
= 0,8 for f
ck
50 MPa
Rectangular Concrete Stress
Block (3.1.7, figure 3.5)
Remember
this from last
week?
Singly Reinforced Beams
EN 1992-1-1Cl 3.1.7
Design equations can be derived as follows:
For grades of concrete up to C50/60,

s
= 500/(1.15 200000) = 0.0022
cu
= 0.0035,
= 1 and = 0.8.
f
yd
= f
yk
/1.15 fcd= 0.85f
ck
/1.5,
F
st
= 0.87A
s
f
yk
F
c
= (0.85 f
ck
/ 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 f
ck
b x
M
b
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 4
Take moments about the centre of the tension force
M = 0.453 f
ck
b x z (1)
Now z = d - 0.4 x
x = 2.5(d - z)
& M = 0.453 f
ck
b 2.5(d - z) z
= 1.1333 (f
ck
b z d - f
ck
b z
2
)
Let K = M / (f
ck
b d
2
)
(K may be considered as the normalised bending resistance)
0 = 1.1333 [(z/d)
2
(z/d)] + K
0 = (z/d)
2
(z/d) + 0.88235K
Section analysis
|
|

\
|
= =
2
2
2 2
- 1.1333
bd f
bz f
bd f
bdz f
bd f
M
K
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
M
0 = (z/d)
2
(z/d) + 0.88235K
Solving the quadratic equation:
z/d = [1 + (1 - 3.529K)
0.5
]/2
z = d [ 1 + (1 - 3.529K)
0.5
]/2
Rearranging
z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 1.134)
0.5
]
This compares to BS 8110
z = d [ 0.5 + (0.25 K / 0.9)
0.5
]
The lever arm for an applied moment is now known
M
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 5
Take moments about the centre of the compression force
M = 0.87A
s
f
yk
z
Rearranging
A
s
= M /(0.87 f
yk
z)
The required area of reinforcement can now be:
calculated using these expressions
obtained from Tables of z/d (eg Table 5 of How to
beams or Concise Table 15.5 )
obtained from graphs (eg from the Green Book)
Tension steel, A
s
Design aids for flexure
Concise: Table 15.5
Besides limits on
x/d, traditionally
z/d was limited to
0.95 max to avoid
issues with the
quality of
covercrete.
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 6
Beams with Compression
Reinforcement, A
s2
According to Cl 5.5(4) the depth of the neutral axis is limited, viz:
k
1
+ k
2
x
u
/d
where
k
1
= 0.4
k
2
= 0.6 + 0.0014/
cu2
= 0.6 + 0.0014/0.0035 = 1
x
u
= depth to NA after redistribution
= Redistribution ratio
x
u
= d ( - 0.4)
Therefore there are limits on K.
The limiting value for K (denoted K) can be calculated as follows:
As before M = 0.453 f
ck
b x z (1)
leading to K = M / (f
ck
b d
2
)
Substituting x
ud
for x in eqn (1) and rearranging:
M = b d
2
f
ck
(0.6 0.18
2
- 0.21)
K = M /(b d
2
f
ck
) = (0.6 0.18
2
- 0.21)
c.f. from BS 8110 rearranged K = (0.55 0.18
2
0.19)
Some engineers advocate taking x/d < 0.45, and K < 0.168. It is often
considered good practice to limit the depth of the neutral axis to avoid
over-reinforcement to ensure a ductile failure. This is not an EC2
requirement and is not accepted by all engineers (but is by TCC).
K
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 7
A
s
for beams with Compression Reinforcement,
The concrete in compression is at its design
capacity and is reinforced with compression
reinforcement. So now there is an extra force:
F
sc
= 0.87A
s2
f
yk
The area of tension reinforcement can now be considered in two
parts.
The first part balances the compressive force in the concrete
(with the neutral axis at x
u
).
The second part is balances the force in the compression steel.
The area of reinforcement required is therefore:
A
s
= K f
ck
b d
2
/(0.87 f
yk
z) + A
s2
where z is calculated using K instead of K
A
s2
can be calculated by taking moments about the centre of the
tension force:
M = K f
ck
b d
2
+ 0.87 f
yk
A
s2
(d - d
2
)
Rearranging
A
s2
= (K - K) f
ck
b d
2
/ (0.87 f
yk
(d - d
2
))
A
s2
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 8
The following flowchart outlines the design procedure for rectangular
beams with concrete classes up to C50/60 and grade 500 reinforcement
Determine K and K from:
Note: =1.0 means no redistribution and = 0.8 means 20% moment redistribution.
Compression steel needed -
doubly reinforced
Is K K ?
No compression steel
needed singly reinforced
Yes
No
ck
2
f d b
M
K = == = 21 . 0 18 . 0 6 . 0 ' &
2
= == = K
Carry out analysis to determine design moments (M)
It is often recommended in the UK that K is limited to 0.168 to ensure ductile failure
K
1.00 0.208
0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
0.85 0.168
0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
0.70 0.120
Design Flowchart
Calculate lever arm z from:
* A limit of 0.95d is considered good practice, it is not a requirement of Eurocode 2.
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] * 95 . 0 53 . 3 1 1
2
d K
d
z + ++ + = == =
Check minimum reinforcement requirements:
d b
f
d b f
A
t
yk
t ctm
min ,
s
0013 . 0
26 . 0

Check max reinforcement provided A
s,max
0.04A
c
(Cl. 9.2.1.1)
Check min spacing between bars >
bar
> 20 > A
gg
+ 5
Check max spacing between bars
Calculate tension steel required from:
z f
M
A
yd
s
= == =
Singly-reinforced Beam
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 9
Doubly-reinforced Beam
Calculate lever arm z from:
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] ' 53 . 3 1 1
2
K
d
z + ++ + = == =
Calculate excess moment from:
( (( ( ) )) ) ' '
2
K K f bd M
ck
= == =
Calculate compression steel required from:
( (( ( ) )) )
2 yd
2 s
'
d d f
M
A

= == =
Calculate tension steel required from:
Check max reinforcement provided A
s,max
0.04A
c
(Cl. 9.2.1.1)
Check min spacing between bars >
bar
> 20 > A
gg
+ 5
2 s
yd
2
s
'
A
z f
bd f K
A
ck
+ ++ + = == =
Flexure Worked Example
(Doubly reinforced)
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 10
Worked Example 1
Design the section below to resist a sagging moment of 370 kNm
assuming 15% moment redistribution (i.e. = 0.85).
Take f
ck
= 30 MPa and f
yk
= 500 MPa.
d
Initially assume 32 mm for tension reinforcement with 30 mm
nominal cover to the link (allow 10 mm for link) and 20mm for
compression reinforcement with 25 mm nominal cover to link.
Nominal side cover is 35 mm.
d = h c
nom
-
link
- 0.5
= 500 30 - 10 16
= 444 mm
d
2
= c
nom
+
link
+ 0.5
= 25 + 10 + 10
= 45 mm
444
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 11
provide compression steel
[ ]
[ ]
mm 363
168 . 0 53 . 3 1 1
2
444
' 53 . 3 1 1
2
=
+ =
+ = K
d
z
' . K
f bd
M
K
> =

=
=
209 0
30 444 300
10 370
2
6
ck
2
168 0. ' = K
K
1.00 0.208
0.95 0.195
0.90 0.182
0.85 0.168
0.80 0.153
0.75 0.137
0.70 0.120
( )
kNm 7 . 72
10 ) 168 . 0 209 . 0 ( 30 444 300
' '
6 2
2
=
=
=

K K f bd M
ck
( )
2
6
2 yd
2 s
mm 419
45) (444 435
10 x 72.7
'
=

=
d d f
M
A
2
6
2 s
yd
s
mm 2302
419
363 435
10 ) 7 . 72 370 (
'
=
+


=
+

= A
z f
M M
A
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 12
Provide 2 H20 for compression steel = 628mm
2
(419 mm
2
reqd)
and 3 H32 tension steel = 2412mm
2
(2302 mm
2
reqd)
By inspection does not exceed maximum area or maximum spacing of
reinforcement rules
Check minimum spacing, assuming H10 links
Space between bars = (300 35 x 2 - 10 x 2 - 32 x 3)/2
= 57 mm > 32 mm OK
Flexure
High strength concrete
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 13
As
d
fcd
Fs
x
s
x
cu3
Fc
Ac
f
ck
50 MPa 50 < f
ck
90 MPa
0.8 = 0.8 (f
ck
50)/400
1.0 = 1.0 (f
ck
50)/200
f
cd
=
cc
f
ck
/
c
= 0.85 f
ck
/1.5
Higher Concrete Strengths
Rectangular Concrete Stress Block (3.1.7, Figure 3.5)
f
ck

50 0.8 1
55 0.79 0.98
60 0.78 0.95
70 0.75 0.9
80 0.73 0.85
90 0.7 0.8
Higher Concrete Strengths
f
ck
50MPa
)]/2 3,529K (1 d[1 z + =
)]/2 3,715K (1 d[1 z + =
f
ck
= 60MPa
f
ck
= 70MPa
f
ck
= 80MPa
f
ck
= 90MPa
)]/2 3,922K (1 d[1 z + =
)]/2 4,152K (1 d[1 z + =
)]/2 4,412K (1 d[1 z + =
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 14
Design aids for flexure
Concise: Table 15.5
Besides limits on
x/d, traditionally
z/d was limited to
0.95 max to avoid
issues with the
quality of
covercrete.
Valid up to
C50/60
Factors for NA depth (x) and lever arm (z) for concrete grade 50 MPa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
M/bd
2
f
ck
F
a
c
t
o
r
n 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.46
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.82
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
lever arm
NA depth
Simplified Factors for Flexure (1)
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 15
Factors for NA depth (x) and lever arm (z) for concrete grade 70 MPa
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
M/bd
2
f
ck
F
a
c
t
o
r
n 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
z 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17
lever arm
NA depth
Simplified Factors for Flexure (2)
Shear
Beams
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 16
Shear in Beams
Shear design is different from BS8110
Shear strength should be limited to the value for C50/60
Definitions:
V
Rd,c
Resistance of member without shear reinforcement
V
Rd,s
- Resistance of member governed by the yielding of shear
reinforcement
V
Rd,max
- Resistance of member governed by the crushing of
compression struts
V
Ed
- Applied shear force
For predominately UD, shear may be checked at d from face of support
Strut inclination method
cot
sw
s Rd, ywd
f z
s
A
V = == =
32
21.8 < < 45
Eurocode 2 Beam shear
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 17
Members Requiring Shear
Reinforcement (6.2.3.(1))

s
d
V(cot - cot )
V
N
M

z
z
V
z = 0.9d
F
cd
F
td
compression chord compression chord
tension chord
shear reinforcement
angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis
angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis
z inner lever arm. In the shear analysis of reinforced concrete
without axial force, the approximate value z = 0,9d may
normally be used.
Shear Design: Links
Variable strut method allows a shallower strut angle hence
activating more links.
Strut angle increases as shear stress increases
Angle = 45(=max)
V carried on 3 links
Angle = 21.8(=min)
V carried on 6 links
d
V
high
z
x
d
x
V
low

z
s
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 18
35
Shear
reinforcement
density
A
s
f
yd
/s
Shear Strength, V
R
BS8110: V
R
= V
C
+ V
S
Test results V
R
Eurocode 2:
V
Rmax
Minimum links
Fewer links
(but more critical)
Safer
Eurocode 2 vs BS8110:
Shear
shear reinforcement control
V
Rd,s
= A
sw
z f
ywd
cot /s Exp (6.8)
concrete strut control
V
Rd,max
= z b
w

1
f
cd
/(cot + tan) = 0.5 z b
w

1
f
cd
sin 2 Exp (6.9)
where
1
= = 0.6(1-f
ck
/250) Exp (6.6N)
1 cot 2,5
Basic equations
d
V
z
x
d
x
V

z
s
Shear Resistance of Sections with
Shear Reinforcement
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 19
37
We can manipulate the
Expressions for concrete
struts so that when
v
Ed
< v
Rd,cot =2.5
,
then
cot = 2.5 ( = 21.8)
and
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(2.5f
ywd
)
Shear
Eurocode 2 Beam shear links
f
ck
v
Rd, cot = 2.5
v
Rd, cot = 1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.50
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
EC2 Shear Flow Chart
for vertical links
Yes (cot = 2.5)
Determine the concrete strut capacity v
Rd
when cot = 2.5
v
Rdcot = 2.5
= 0.138f
ck
(1-f
ck
/250)
Calculate area of shear
reinforcement:
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot )
Determine v
Ed
where:
v
Ed
= design shear stress [v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
z) = V
Ed
/(b
w
0.9d)]
Is v
Rdcot = 2.5
> v
Ed
?
No
Check maximum spacing of shear
reinforcement :
s
( (( (,max
= 0.75 d
Determine from:
= 0.5 sin
-1
[(v
Ed
/(0.20f
ck
(1-f
ck
/250))]
Is v
Rdcot = 1.0
> v
Ed
?
Yes (cot > 1.0)
No
Re-size
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 20
Beam Example 1
Cover = 40mm to each face
f
ck
= 30
Determine the flexural and shear
reinforcement required (try 10mm
links and 32mm main steel)
G
k
= 75 kN/m, Q
k
= 50 kN/m , assume no redistribution and use
equation 6.10 to calculate ULS loads.
8 m
450
1000
Beam Example 1 Bending
ULS load per m = (75 x 1.35 + 50 x 1.5) = 176.25
M
ult
= 176.25 x 8
2
/8
= 1410 kNm
d = 1000 - 40 - 10 32/2
= 934
120 . 0
30 934 450
10 1410
2
6
ck
2
= == =


= == = = == =
f bd
M
K
K = 0.168 (c.f.0.208)
K < K No compression reinforcement required
[ [[ [ ] ]] ] [ [[ [ ] ]] ] d K
d
z 95 . 0 822 120 . 0 x 53 . 3 1 1
2
934
53 . 3 1 1
2
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
2
6
yd
s
mm 3943
822 x 435
10 x 1410
= == = = == = = == =
z f
M
A
Provide 5 H32 (4021) mm
2
)
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 21
Beam Example 1 Shear
Shear force, V
Ed
= 176.25 x 8/2 = 705 kN say (could take 505 kN @ d from face)
Shear stress:
v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
0.9d) = 705 x 10
3
/(450 x 0.9 x 934)
= 1.68 MPa
v
Rdcot = 2.5
= 3.64 MPa
v
Rdcot = 2.5
> v
Ed
cot = 2.5
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot )
A
sw
/s = 1.68 x 450 /(435 x 2.5)
A
sw
/s = 0.70 mm
Try H8 links with 3 legs.
A
sw
= 151 mm
2
s < 151 /0.70 = 215 mm
provide H8 links at 200 mm spacing
f
ck
v
Rd, cot =
2.5
v
Rd, cot =
1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.50
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Beam Example 1
Provide 5 H32 (4021) mm
2
)
with
H8 links at 200 mm spacing
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 22
Beam Example 2 High shear
Find the minimum area of
shear reinforcement
required to resist the
design shear force using
EC2.
Assume that:
fck = 30 MPa and
fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
UDL not dominant
Find the minimum area of shear reinforcement required to resist
the design shear force using EC2.
Assume that:
fck = 30 MPa and
fyd = 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
Shear stress:
v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
0.9d)
= 312.5 x 10
3
/(140 x 0.9 x 500)
= 4.96 MPa
v
Rdcot = 2.5
= 3.64 MPa
v
Rdcot = 1.0
= 5.28 MPa
v
Rdcot = 2.5
< v
Ed
< v
Rdcot = 1.0
2.5 > cot > 1.0 Calculate
f
ck
v
Rd, cot =
2.5
v
Rd, cot =
1.0
20 2.54 3.68
25 3.10 4.50
28 3.43 4.97
30 3.64 5.28
32 3.84 5.58
35 4.15 6.02
40 4.63 6.72
45 5.08 7.38
50 5.51 8.00
Beam Example 2 High shear
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 23
Calculate
( (( ( ) )) )
= == =
( (( (

( (( (



= == =
( (( (

( (( (




= == =


0 . 35
250 / 30 - 1 30 x 20 . 0
96 . 4
sin 5 . 0
) 250 / 1 ( 20 . 0
sin 5 . 0
1
ck ck
Ed 1


f f
v
43 . 1 cot = == =
A
sw
/s = v
Ed
b
w
/(f
ywd
cot )
A
sw
/s = 4.96 x 140 /(435 x 1.43)
A
sw
/s = 1.12 mm
Try H10 links with 2 legs.
A
sw
= 157 mm2
s < 157 /1.12 = 140 mm
provide H10 links at 125 mm spacing
Beam Example 2 High shear
Where a
v
2d the applied shear force, V
Ed
, for a point load
(eg, corbel, pile cap etc) may be reduced by a factor a
v
/2d
where 0.5 a
v
2d provided:
d
d
a
v
a
v
The longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support.
Only that shear reinforcement provided within the central 0.75a
v
is
included in the resistance.
Short Shear Spans with Direct
Strut Action (6.2.3)
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 24
Summary
Flexural principles similar
Shear approach different should result in less shear
reinforcement
SLS and detailing rules later
Workshop Problem
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 25
Workshop Problem
Cover = 35 mm to each face
f
ck
= 30MPa
Design the beam in flexure and shear
G
k
= 10 kN/m, Q
k
= 6.5 kN/m (Use eq. 6.10)
8 m
300
450
Exp (6.10)
Remember
this from
last week?
Aide memoire
Or
Concise
Table 15.5
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 26
Workings:- Load, M
ult
, d, K, (z/d,) z, A
s
, V
Ed
, A
sw
/s
Summary
Flexural principles similar
Shear approach different should result in less shear
reinforcement
We will look at the SLS and detailing rules later
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 27
Detailing
UK CARES (Certification - Product & Companies)
1. Reinforcing bar and coil
2. Reinforcing fabric
3. Steel wire for direct use of for further
processing
4. Cut and bent reinforcement
5. Welding and prefabrication of reinforcing
steel
www.ukcares.co.uk
www.uk-bar.org
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 28
Identification of bars
Class A
Class B
Class C
Reinforced Concrete Detailing
to Eurocode 2
Section 8 - General Rules
Anchorage
Laps
Large Bars
Section 9 - Particular Rules
Beams
Slabs
Columns
Walls
Foundations
Discontinuity Regions
Tying Systems
Cover Fire
Specification and Workmanship
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 29
Spacing of bars (8.2)
Clear horizontal and vertical distance , (d
g
+5mm) or
20mm
For separate horizontal layers the bars in each layer
should be located vertically above each other. There
should be room to allow access for vibrators and good
compaction of concrete.
Section 8 - General Rules
To avoid damage to bar use
Bar dia 16mm Mandrel size 4 x bar diameter
Bar dia > 16mm Mandrel size 7 x bar diameter
The bar should extend at least 5 diameters beyond a bend
Bending of reinforcement minimum mandrel size,
m
(8.3)
To avoid concrete failure:
m,min
F
bt
((1/a
b
) +1/(2 )) / f
cd
F
bt
ultimate force in a bar at the start of a bend
a
b
for a given bar is half the centre-to-centre distance
between bars. For a bar adjacent to the face of the
member, a
b
should be taken as the cover plus /2
Mandrel size need not be checked to avoid concrete failure if :
anchorage does not require more than 5 past end of bend
bar is not the closest to edge face and there is a cross bar
inside bend
mandrel size is at least equal to the recommended minimum value
Section 8 - General Rules
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 30
The design value of the ultimate bond stress, f
bd
= 2.25
1

2
f
ctd
where f
ctd
should be limited to C60/75

1
=1 for good and 0.7 for poor bond conditions

2
= 1 for 32, otherwise (132- )/100
a) 45 90 c) h > 250 mm
h
Direction of concreting
300
h
Direction of concreting
b) h 250 mm d) h > 600 mm
unhatched zone good bond conditions
hatched zone - poor bond conditions

Direction of concreting
250
Direction of concreting
Ultimate bond stress
EC2: Cl. 8.4.2
Concise: 11.5
l
b,rqd
= ( / 4) (
sd
/ f
bd
)
where

sd
= the design stress of the bar at the position from
where the anchorage is measured.
Usually taken as 500/1.15 = 435 MPa
That is safe but may be too conservative!
Basic required anchorage length
EC2: Cl. 8.4.3
Concise: 11.4.3
For bent bars l
b,rqd
should be measured along the
centreline of the bar
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 31
l
bd
=
1

5
l
b,rqd
l
b,min
However:
(
2

5
) 0.7
l
b,min
> max(0.3l
b,rqd
; 10 , 100mm)
Design Anchorage Length, l
bd
EC2: Cl. 8.4.4 Concise: 11.4.2
Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 32
Concrete cover
EC2: Figures 8.3 and 8.4
Figure 8.4
Concise: Figure 11.3
Figure 8.3 re
1
and
2
Figure 8.3 re
3
l
0
=
1

2

3

5

6
l
b,rqd
l
0,min

6
= (
1
/25)
0,5
but between 1.0 and 1.5
where
1
is the % of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l
0
from the
centre of the lap
Percentage of lapped bars
relative to the total cross-
section area
< 25% 33% 50% >50%

6
1 1.15 1.4 1.5
Note: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation.

1

2

3

5
are as defined for anchorage length
l
0,min
max{0.3
6
l
b,rqd
; 15; 200}
Design Lap Length, l
0
(8.7.3)
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3; Table 8.3
Concise: 11.6.2
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 33
Table 5.25: Typical values of anchorage and lap lengths for slabs
Bond Length in bar diameters
conditions f
ck
/f
cu
25/30
f
ck
/f
cu
28/35
f
ck
/f
cu
30/37
f
ck
/f
cu
32/40
Full tension and
compression anchorage
length, l
bd
good 40 37 36 34
poor 58 53 51 49
Full tension and
compression lap length, l
0
good 46 43 42 39
poor 66 61 59 56
Note: The following is assumed:
- bar size is not greater than 32mm. If >32 then the anchorage and lap lengths should be
increased by a factor (132 - bar size)/100
- normal cover exists
- no confinement by transverse pressure
- no confinement by transverse reinforcement
- not more than 33% of the bars are lapped at one place
Lap lengths provided (for nominal bars, etc.) should not be less than 15 times the bar size
or 200mm, whichever is greater.
Anchorage /lap lengths for slabs
Manual for the design of concrete structures to Eurocode 2
Alternative approach
How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 34
Where possible laps staggered and not located in regions of high stress, the
arrangement of lapped bars should comply with the following:
The clear distance between lapped bars should not be greater than 4 or
50 mm otherwise the lap length should be increased by a length equal to
the clear space where it exceeds 4 or 50 mm
1. The longitudinal distance between two adjacent laps should not be
less than 0,3 times the lap length, l
0
;
2. In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance between adjacent bars
should not be less than 2 or 20 mm.
When the provisions comply with the above, the permissible percentage of
lapped bars in tension may be 100% where the bars are all in one layer.
Where the bars are in several layers the percentage should be reduced to
50%.
All bars in compression and secondary (distribution) reinforcement may be
lapped in one section.
Arrangement of Laps (8.7.3)
Arrangement of Laps (8.7.3)
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 35
Arrangement of Laps (8.7.3)
Where the diameter, , of the lapped bars 20 mm, the transverse
reinforcement should have a total area, A
st
1,0A
s
of one spliced bar. It
should be placed perpendicular to the direction of the lapped
reinforcement and between that and the surface of the concrete.
If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at one point and the
distance between adjacent laps at a section is 10 transverse bars should
be formed by links or U bars anchored into the body of the section.
The transverse reinforcement provided as above should be positioned at
the outer sections of the lap as shown below.
l /3 0
A /2
st
A /2
st
l /3 0
F
s F
s
150 mm
l0
Transverse Reinforcement at
Laps (8.7.4) only if bar > 20mm or laps > 25%
Figure 8.9
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 36
Detailing of members and particular rules
SECTION 9
A
s,min
= 0,26 (f
ctm
/f
yk
)b
t
d but 0,0013b
t
d
A
s,max
= 0,04 A
c
Section at supports should be designed for a
hogging moment 0,25 max. span moment
Any design compression reinforcement () should be
held by transverse reinforcement with spacing 15
Beams (9.2)
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 37
Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at
supports should be spread over the effective width
(see 5.3.2.1)
Beams (9.2)
(1) Sufficient reinforcement should be provided at all sections to resist the
envelope of the acting tensile force, including the effect of inclined cracks
in webs and flanges.
(2) For members with shear reinforcement the additional tensile force, F
td
,
should be calculated according to 6.2.3 (7). For members without shear
reinforcement F
td
may be estimated by shifting the moment curve a
distance a
l
= d according to 6.2.2 (5). This "shift rule may also be used
as an alternative for members with shear reinforcement, where:
a
l
= z (cot - cot )/2 = 0.5 z cot for vertical shear links
z= lever arm, = angle of compression strut
a
l
= 1.125 d when cot = 2.5 and 0.45 d when cot = 1
Curtailment (9.2.1.3)
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 38
21.8 < < 45
Strut Inclination Method
Horizontal component of
diagonal shear force
= (V/sin) . cos = V cot
Applied
shear V
Applied
moment M
M/z + V cot/2
= (M + Vz cot/2)/z
M = Vz cot/2
dM/dx = V
M = Vx
x = z cot/2 = a
l
z
V/sin

M/z - V cot/2
a
l
Curtailment of longitudinal tension reinforcement
Shift Rule for Shear
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 39
For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with a
l
= d
al
Ftd
al
Envelope of (MEd /z +NEd)
Acting tensile force
Resisting tensile force
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd
lbd lbd
lbd
lbd
Ftd
Shift rule
For members with shear reinforcement it is always conservative to use
a
l
= 1.125d
EC2: Cl. 9.1.3 Concise: 12.2.2
Shift Rule for Shear
l
bd
is required from the line of contact of the support.
Simple support (indirect) Simple support (direct)
A
s
bottom steel at support 0.25 A
s
provided in the span
Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with
a direct support.
Shear shift rule
a
l
Tensile Force Envelope
Anchorage of Bottom
Reinforcement at End Supports
(9.2.1.4)
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 40
Simplified Rules for Beams
How to.EC2
Detailing section
c) Simple support, bottom reinforcement
h /3 1
h /2 1
B
A
h /3 2
h /2 2
supporting beam with height h
1
supported beam with height h
2
(h
1
h
2
)
The supporting reinforcement is in
addition to that required for other
reasons
A
B
The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond
the intersection of beams
Supporting Reinforcement at
Indirect Supports (9.2.5)
Plan view
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 41
Curtailment as beams except a
l
= d may be used
Flexural Reinforcement min and max areas as beam
Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main
reinforcement
Reinforcement at Free Edges
Solid Slabs 9.3
Detailing Comparisons
Beams EC2 BS 8110
Main Bars in Tension Clause / Values Values
A
s,min
9.2.1.1 (1): 0.26 f
ctm
/f
yk
bd
0.0013 bd
0.0013 bh
A
s,max
9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd 0.04 bh
Main Bars in Compression
A
s,min
-- 0.002 bh
A
s,max
9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd 0.04 bh
Spacing of Main Bars
s
min
8.2 (2): d
g
+ 5 mm or or 20mm d
g
+ 5 mm or
S
max
Table 7.3N Table 3.28
Links
A
sw,min
9.2.2 (5): (0.08 b s f
ck
)/f
yk
0.4 b s/0.87 f
yv
s
l,max
9.2.2 (6): 0.75 d 0.75d
s
t,max
9.2.2 (8): 0.75 d 600 mm
9.2.1.2 (3) or 15 from main bar
d or 150 mm from main bar
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 42
Detailing Comparisons
Slabs EC2 Clause / Values BS 8110 Values
Main Bars in Tension
A
s,min
9.2.1.1 (1):
0.26 f
ctm
/f
yk
bd 0.0013 bd
0.0013 bh
A
s,max
0.04 bd 0.04 bh
Secondary Transverse Bars
A
s,min
9.3.1.1 (2):
0.2A
s
for single way slabs
0.002 bh
A
s,max
9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd 0.04 bh
Spacing of Bars
s
min
8.2 (2): d
g
+ 5 mm or or 20mm
9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h 400 mm
d
g
+ 5 mm or
S
max
secondary: 3.5h 450 mm 3d or 750 mm
places of maximum moment:
main: 2h 250 mm
secondary: 3h 400 mm
Detailing Comparisons
Punching Shear EC2Clause / Values BS 8110 Values
Links
A
sw,min
9.4.3 (2):Link leg = 0.053s
r
s
t
(f
ck
)/f
yk
Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv
S
r
9.4.3 (1): 0.75d 0.75d
S
t
9.4.3 (1):
within 1st control perim.: 1.5d
outside 1st control perim.: 2d
1.5d
Columns
Main Bars in Compression
A
s,min
9.5.2 (2): 0.10N
Ed
/f
yk
0.002bh 0.004 bh
A
s,max
9.5.2 (3): 0.04 bh 0.06 bh
Links
Min size 9.5.3 (1) 0.25 or 6 mm 0.25 or 6 mm
S
cl,tmax
9.5.3 (3): min(12min; 0.6b; 240 mm) 12
9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar 150 mm from main bar
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 43
Detailing Issues
EC2 Clause Issue Possible resolve in 2013?
8.4.4.1 Lap lengths assume
4 centres in 2 bar
beams

7
factor for spacing e.g. 0.63 for 6
centres in slabs or 10 centre in two bar
beams
Table 8.3
6
varies depending
on amount staggered

6
should always = 1.5.
8.7.2(3)
& Fig 8.7
0.3 l
o
gap between
ends of lapped bars is
onerous.
For ULS, there is no advantage in staggering
bars. For SLS staggering at say 0.5 l
o
might
be helpful.
Table 8.2
2
for compression
bars
Should be the same as for tension.
8.7.4.1(4)
& Fig 8.9
Requirements for
transverse bars
impractical
No longer requirement for transverse bars
to be between lapped bar and cover.
Requirement only makes 10-15% difference
in strength of lap
Fig 9.3 l
bd
anchorage into
support
May be OTT as compression forces increase
bond strength. Issue about anchorage
beyond CL of support
End of Beams
Practical Design to Eurocode 2
Practical Design to Eurocode 2 Apr 2013 44
Next Week
17
th
April 2013
Basics
EC0, EC1, Materials, Cover
24
th
April 2013
Beams
Bending, Shear, Detailing
1
st
May 2013
Columns
Axial load, Column Moments, Buckling
8
th
May 2013
Slabs
Serviceability, Punching Shear
15
th
May 2013
Foundations
Pads, Piles, Retaining Walls

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