Every linear Transformation T maps n-dim

vectors to m-dim vectors

can be represented by a Matrix A
Furthermore
Tu=Au=multiplication of matrices A and u
Linear Transformation and matrix
Summary of lecture on 17 March, Linear transformation
1
Example
Linear transformation
1
1
4
1
1
4
T
(
(
=
(
(

1

4
Ti i j = +
1

4
Tj i j = +
T : 2-D vectors 2-D vectors
Then
If
2
1

4
Ti i j = +
1

4
Tj i j = +
Example
T : 3-D vectors
2-D vectors

2 Ti i =

Tj i j = +


Tk i j =
2 1 1
0 1 1
T
(
=
(

Linear
transformation
Then
If
3

2 Ti i =

Tj i j = +


Tk i j =
Volume and Determinant
Area of parallelogram
induced by u and v
v
u
u
=

A=



Let
Let
which is the matrix
induced by vectors
u and v
= det A
det 0 iff vectors and v
are on the same st line
A u =
u
v
iff iff
a c
u v
b d
o o
( (
= =
( (

4
Vol of parallelepiped
induced by u,v and w
Let A=

11

12

13

21

22

23

31

32

33

=

11

21

31

=

12

22

32

=

13

23

33

=
det A
1 1
det 0 iff three vectors
, , are on the same st line ,
or are on the same plane,
A
u v w u v w
w u v
o |
o |
=
= =
= +
u
v
w
u
u
w
5
A transformation T from 3-D to 3-D has ONLY three
cases:
Case1: det(T) not zero
T maps the whole 3-d space ONTO the whole 3-d space
Image of T from 3D to 3D

T
Given any point
or vector in 3D space
d
e
f
(
(
(
(

we can find such that
a
b
c
a d
T b e
c f
(
(
(
(

( (
( (
=
( (
( (

6
Case 2: det(T)=0
T maps the whole 3-d space
ONTO a plane (the whole plane)
passing through origin
Subcase 1

T
7
Subcase 2
T maps the whole 3-d space
ONTO a line (the whole line)
passing through origin

T
8
9
AX=B and linear mapping
Consider linear system of three equations
AX B =
or more precisely
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a
| |
|
|
|
\ .
1
2
3
x
x
x
(
(
(
(

1
2
3
b
b
b
(
(
=
(
(

Now we may consider: matrix A maps a point
1
2
3
x
x
x
(
(
(
(

to a point
1
2
3
b
b
b
(
(
(
(

10
Suppose det 0 A =
Then we know that for any
1
2
3
b
b
b
(
(
(
(

We can find
1
2
3
x
x
x
(
(
(
(

such that
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a
| |
|
|
|
\ .
1
2
3
x
x
x
(
(
(
(

1
2
3
b
b
b
(
(
=
(
(

Hence matrix A maps the whole 3D space ONTO
the whole 3D space
Suppose
Det 0 A =
Then the matrix A maps the whole 3D space
onto a plane or onto a line
A(whole 3D space) is call
the image of 3D space under mapping A
Given a point
1
2
3
b
b
b
(
(
(
(

If this point is not in the image
Then we cant find
1
2
3
x
x
x
(
(
(
(

such that
A
1
2
3
x
x
x
(
(
(
(

1
2
3
b
b
b
(
(
=
(
(

It means this system of equations has no solution for this case
12
Suppose
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a
| |
|
|
|
\ .
A =
Then
11
21
31
a
Ai a
a
(
(
=
(
(

12
22
32
a
Aj a
a
(
(
=
(
(

13
23
33
a
Ak a
a
(
(
=
(
(

Suppose
Det 0 A =
The image of the whole 3D space depends
on the relation between
Ai Aj
Ak
13
If Ai Aj Ak o | = =
then the image is a line passing through origin
i.e., A maps the whole 3D space onto a line
1 1 1
1 1 1
0 0 0
(
(
(
(

A =
1
1
0
Ai Aj Ak
(
(
= = =
(
(

Example
A maps the whole 3D space
onto a line passing through (0,0,0) and (1,1,0)
14
If
1 1
Ak Ai Aj o | = +
then the image is a plane passing through origin
i.e., A maps the whole 3D space onto a plane
2 1 1
1 2 1
0 0 0
(
(
(
(

A=
1 1
1 2 1 2 1
1 1
1 1 2 1 2
3 3
0 0 0 0 0
o |
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
= + = +
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (

Example
i.e., A maps the whole 3D space onto a plane
induced by
1 1
2 1
1 2
0 0
o |
( (
( (
+
( (
( (