Chap. III.

JOINERY.
663
For window weights he substitutes a cheap material manufactured oi.t of various kinds of
refuse ;
and suggests an improvement in the mode of hanging windows wliereby one weight
can be made to answer tlie same purposes as two applied in the usual way. R. Adams
has a patent anti- accident revers-ible and sliding window, for cleaning, ventilation, &c
,
whereby the outside of the sashes can be safely revolved, or reclined into the room for
cltaning, &c., thus removing all danger to tlie cleaner. Mealun has a new patent standard
sliding sash, for cleaning. For sash lines, see par. 2260,
21656. The French casement window, or sdsfi door as it is called when it opens down
to the ground, is a feature commonly introduced even in English town houses. Its most
ordinary form for small apertures is that of two leaves opening inwards or outwards, ineeting
in the centre of the opening; one leaf being sccnred to tlie frame by a bolt at top and bottom,
and the other, when closed, is fasteni'd to the first by a handle, fixed on the second
leaf and turning over a staple fixed on the first. Whc^n the casement is high; this
second leaf may require a bolt also at top and bottom to pre-
vent the wind bending it (when inwards), and so admitting
cold air and wet. When placed towards an exposed quarter
and subject to driving rains, it becomes necessary to take extra precautions to prevent the
wet being blown through the joints at the bottom and the sides. To effect this object, the
stiles, rails, and frames are beaded and siuik in various tnanners
;
some are shown in
/iys. 7S0rt. and 7806., sills and bottom rails. For the latter, a water bar\s now much used.
2165c. The next improvement is perhaps that of affixing to the leaf which is first opened
an ujjright bar, wliich turns, and on being closed, fits against the other leaf, and by a hook
at top and bottom effectually fastens both
leaves. A similar method is shown in
Jig.
780c., adopted at Pisa, as given in the
Papers of the Royal Engineers, x. 187.
The upright square reeded bar D, is
moved to or from the sash, as the win-
dow is required to be opened or shut
;
the top and bottom of tlie bar being
rounded, as shown at E, so as to slide
^^"''
^

i
\ into two segmental plates F, secured
iVX
Fig 750i
to the sill and lintel. 1 is a plan of the two case-
ments, and 2 a plan of the head and sill.
2165</. The best arrangement is that of the
Espagnolette bolt, which is made of brass, and acts
in the same manner as that of the bar above men-
tioned. 1 here are several other contrivances of
a similar kind to effect the object, but the ahove