FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE AND

CHANNEL FLOWS
KUMAR DINKAR ANAND
3 rd YEAR, MECHANICAL ENGG.
IIT-KHARAGPUR
GUIDANCE : PROF. S CHAKRABORTY
INDO-GERMAN WINTER ACADEMY-DECEMBER 2006
: THE OUTLINE :
Hydraulically developing flow through pipes and channels and
evaluation of hydraulic entrance length.
Hydraulically fully developed flows through pipes and channels .
Hydraulically fully developed flow through non-circular ducts.
Definition of Thermally fully developed flow and analysis of thermally
fully developed flow through pipe and channels.
Analysis of the problem of Thermal Entrance: The Graetz Problem.
Fully Developed Flows
There are two types of fully developed flows :
1.) Hydraulically Fully Developed Flow
2.) Thermally Fully Developed Flow
Contd
Hydraulically Fully Developed Flow
Definition: As fluid enters any pipe or channel , boundary layers keep on growing
till they meet after some distance downstream from the entrance region. After th
is
distance velocity profile doesn't change, flow is said to be Fully Developed.
Analysis of fluid flow before it is fully developed:
Velocity in the core of the flow outside the boundary layer increases with
increasing distance from entrance. This is due to the fact that through any cros
s
section same amount of fluid flows, and boundary layer is growing.
This means
hence
0 > dx dU
0 < dx dp
Where U=Free stream velocity in the core before flow is fully developed
p= Free stream pressure
Contd
Schematic picture of internal flow through a pipe :
Velocity Profile ,
Using the boundary conditions :
1.) At
2.) At
3.) At
We get the velocity profile as :
Contd
2
) ( cy by a y u + + =
= y U u =
0 = u
= y
0 = y u
2
) ( ) ( 2
) (
y y
U
y u
=
0 = y
Where Free stream velocity of entering flui

Free stream core velocity insi e the tube

Core velocity of fully evelope flow
Ra ius of pipe
Now from the principle of conservation of mass :
Hence ,
Cont
=

U
= U

+ =
R
R
R
Ur r ur r R U

0
2
2 2 *
r R y =
= R
=
e
U
2
) / ( 6 / 1 ) / ( 3 / 2 1
1
R R U
U
+
=

2
2
) / ( 6 / 1 ) / ( 3 / 2 1
) / ( ) / ( 2
R R
y y
U
u


+

+ =


0 0
2
} ) / 1 ( ) / 1 ( / { dy U u

dx
dU
U dy U u U u U
dx
d
w
Bounda
y Laye
momenum ineg
al equaion:
Whe
e, Shea
s
ess a wall,
F
om Be
noulli's Equaion fo
f
ee s
eam flow h
ough co
e:
Using Navie
-Sokes equaion a he wall
Cond
0 =

=
y
w
y
u

x
p
dx
dU
U

1
0
2
2
=

y
y
u
x
p

Solving fo
bounda
y laye
hickness :

Ineg
ae momenum Ineg
al Equaion
Using he bounda
y condiion a
Fo
dee
minaion of En
ance Lengh :
puing a
We ge he exp
ession fo
En
ance Lengh as:
Cond
) (
0 = 0 = x
) (
e
L
R =
e
L x =

) (
e
L
D
e
D
L
Re 03 . 0 =
Analytical exression for Entrance Length :
Hence it can be observe that our exression for Entrance Length iffers
from the analytical exression ue to the following reasons:
1.) We have assume arabolic velocity rofile in the boun ary layer
2.)We have not use the NavierStokes boun ary equation at wall for velocity
rofile etermination
3.) We are oing boun ary layer analysis which gives aroximate results
Cont
) (
e
L
D
e
D
L
Re 06
. 0
=
2
) / ( ) / ( 2 y y
U
u
=
0
2
2
=

y
y
u
x


2
) / ( 6 / 1 ) / ( 3 / 2 1
1
R R U
U
+
=

Schematic icture of internal flow through a channel:

Velocity Profile
Using the boun ary con itions :
1.) At
2.) At
3.) At

We get the velocity rofile as :

Cont
2
) ( cy by a y u + + =
0 = y 0 = u
= y U u =
= y 0 = y u
2
) ( ) ( 2
) (
y y
U
y u
=
Here , Distance between the arallel lates of channel
Wi th of the Channel
Free stream velocity of entering flui
Free stream velocity insi e channel
Core velocity of fully eveloe flow
Entrance Length
Hy raulic Diameter
Cont
= D
= W
=

U
= U
=
e
U
=
e
L
=
H
D D
W
WD
P
A H
2
2
4
4 = = =
From the rincile of conservation of mass:
Hence when flow is fully eveloe
Cont

+ =
) 2 / (
0 0
2 2 *
D
U y u y D U

) / ( 3 / 2 1
1

D U
U

=

) / ( 3 / 2 1
) / ( ) / ( 2
2
D
y y
U
u

) 2 / ( D =

= U U e 5 . 1
From Boun ary layer momentum integral equation :
Where, Shear stress at wall,
From Bernoulli's Equation for free stream flow through core:
Using NavierStokes equation at the wall
Cont

+ =


0 0
2
} ) / 1 ( ) / 1 ( / { dy U u
dx
dU
U dy U u U u U
dx
d
w
0 =

=
y
w
y
u

x
p
dx
dU
U

1
0

2
2
=

y
y
u
x
p

Solving fo
bounda
y laye
hickness :

Ineg
ae momenum Ineg
al Equaion
Using he bounda
y condiion a
Fo
dee
minaion of En
ance Lengh :
puing a
We ge he exp
ession fo
En
ance Lengh as:
OR
Cond
) (
0 = 0 = x
) (
e
L
e
L x = R =
) (
e
L
D
e
D
L
Re 025 . 0 =
H
D
H
e
D
L
Re 00625 . 0 =
Analytical exression for Entrance Length :
Hence it can be observe that our exression for Entrance Length iffers
from the analytical exression ue to the following reasons:
1.) We have assume arabolic velocity rofile in the boun ary layer
2.) We have not use the NavierStokes boun ary equation at wall for
velocity rofile etermination
3.) We are oing boun ary layer analysis which gives aroximate results.
Cont
) (
e
L
D
e
D
L
Re 05

. 0
=
2
) / ( ) / ( 2 y y
U
u
=
0
2
2
=

y
y
u
x


) / ( 3 / 2 1
1
D U
U

=

Analysis of fully eveloe flui flow:

Fully Develoe Flow Through a Pie:
From Equation of continuity in cylin rical coor inates:
for an incomressible flui flowing through a ie
Cont
0 ) (
1
=

x
u
ru
r r
r
Here, ra ial velocity
axial velocity
ra ius of ie
No flui roerty varies with ,
,at wall of the ie
hence it is zero everywhere.
Hence Equation of continuity re uces to :
Momentum Equation in ra ial coor inate:
Cont
=
r
u
= u

= a

0 =
r
u
, 0 =

x
u
) (r u u =
, 0 =

r
p
) (x p p =
Momentum Euation in axial irection :
) (
r
u
r
r
r x
p
=
Solving above diffe
enial equaion in (
) using he bounda
y condiions:
1.) Axial velociy (u) is ze
o a wall of pipe (
=R)
2.) Velociy is finie a he pipe cene
line (
=0).
We ge he fully developed velociy p
ofile:
Cond

=
2
2
1
4 a
r

x
 a
u

Shea
S
ess Dis
ibuion :

Shea
s
ess ,
Maximum shea
s
ess a wall ,

=
x
p

d

du

x
2

=
x
p a
2
0

Cond
Hence i can be obse
ved ha
Shea
s
ess dec
eases f
om
maximum o ze
o a pipe
cene
line and hen inc
eases
o maximum again a wall.
Volume Flow Rae :
volume flow
ae ,

= =


x
 a
ur r Q
a
0
4
8
2

Now in a fully eveloe

Hence ,
( )
L

L
 
x

ent exit

L
a
Q

8
4

=
Cont
Average Velocity :
Average velocity ,

= = =
x
 a
a
Q
A
Q
V
8

flow ressure gra ient is constant ,

2
Maximum Velocity :
At the oint of maximum velocity ,
0 =
r
u
This correson s to core of ie ,
0 = r
Hence V
x
 a
U u u
r

2
4
2
0 max
=

= = =
=

Cond
Fully Developed Flow h
ough Channel :

F
om equaion of coninuiy wihin he en
ance lengh : 0 =

y
v
x
u
In en
ance lengh bounda
y laye
s g
owing ,
0

x
u
0 v

It means flow is not parallel to walls in entrance region

Cont
) (
a
Euation of Continuity for an incompressible flui in fully evelope
0 =

x
u

region :


) (y u u =
Momentum euation in y irection (transverse irection) :
0 =

y
p

) (x p p =
Momentum euation in x irection (along length of channel) :

2
2
y
u
x
p

Solving above diffe
enial equaion in y using bounda
y condiions :

u(y)=0 a y=0 and y=a
Cond
We ge he velociy p
ofile :

=
a
y
a
y
x
p a
u
2
2
2
Shea
S
ess Dis
ibuion :

=
2
1
a
y
x
p
a
y
u
yx
Shea
S
ess ,
Maximum Shea
S
ess a walls ,

=
x

 a
2
0

Cond
Hence i can be obse
ved ha
Shea
s
ess dec
eases f
om
maximum o ze
o a cen
e
of he channel and inc
eases
o maximum again a wall.
Volume Flow Rae :
Volume flow
ae pe
uni widh of channel,
3
0
12
1
a
x
p
udy Q
a

= =

Cond
Ave
age Velociy :
2
12
1

a
x
p
a
Q
V

= =

Ave
age Velociy ,
Maximum Velociy:
A he poin of maximum velociy , 0 =

y
u

This co

esponds o cen
e of channel ,

2
a
y =
Hence , V a
x
p
u u

2
3
8
1
2
max
=

= =

Cond
Fully Developed Flow Th
ough Non-Ci
cula
Ducs :
) ( Ellipical C
oss Secion :
As flow is fully developed in he ellipical secion pipe :
0 = =
z y
u u
F
om equaion of coninuiy fo
incomp
essible flow :
, 0 =

z
u
y
u
x
u
z
y
x
0 =

x
u x
) , ( z y u u
x x
=

Cont
1
2
2
2
2
=

b
z
a
y
Momenum Equaion in x-di
ecion :

2
2
2
2
z
u
y
u
x
p
x x

Bounda
y condiion : on
0 =
x

u
1
2
2
2
2
=

b
z
a
y
Soluion P
ocedu
e :
Use ,
Such ha non ze
o consans and o be dee
mined using :
1
c
2
c
2
2
2
1
) , ( ) , ( z c y c z y u z y u
x x
+ +

=
1.)
2.) is consan on he wall .
0 ) , (
2
=

z y u x
) , ( z y u x
Cond
Using he assumed velociy p
ofile and solving he momenum
equaion using wo saed condiions:
2
1
) , ( a c z y u x =

, along the wall

Using Lalace maximum criteria ( Maximum an minimum of a function

satisfying Lalace equation lies on the boun ary) :
over entire omain . ) , (
2
1
const a c z y u x = =

We get our velocity rofile as :

=
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
) , (
b
z
a
y
b a
b a
x

z y u x

Cond
Volume
ic Flow Rae :
Volume flow
ae ,
dA
b
z
a
y
b a
b a
x
p
dA z y u Q

ion ion
x

= =
sec sec
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
) , (

2 2
3 3
4 b a
b a
x
p
Q
+

Cont
Thermally Fully Develoe

Flows :

) ( Thermally fully eveloe flow through a ie :

Cont
When flui enters the tube with tube walls at a ifferent temerature
from the flui temerature , thermal boun ary layer starts growing.
After some istance ownstream (thermal entry length) thermally fully
eveloe con ition is eventually reache :
Thermally fully eveloe con ition is ifferent from Hy raulic
fully eveloe con ition .
, 0 =

x
u
, 0

x
T
for hy raulic fully eveloe flow
at any ra ial location for thermally fully eveloe
flow as convection heat transfer is occurring.
Cont
Con ition for Thermally Fully Develoe Flow :
Because of convective heat transfer , continuously changes
with axial coor inate x .
) (r T
Con ition for fully eveloe thermal flow is efine as :
0
) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
=

x T x T
x r T x T
x
m s
s
This means although temerature rofile changes with x
But the relative temerature rofile oes not change with x.
) (r T
Cont
Here , = ) (x T s
= ) (x T m Mean Temerature
Mean Temerature ( ) is efine as: ) (x T m
Surface Temerature of the ie
v
A
c v
m
c m
T A uc

T
c
&

The
mal Ene
gy 
anspo
ed by he fluid as i moves pas any

c
oss secion ,
m v
A
c v 
T c m TdA uc E
c
&
&
= =

F
om Newons Law of Cooling : ) (

m s s
T T h  =

Since there is continuous heat transfer between flui an walls : 0

x
T m
Cont
0
) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
=

x T x T
x r T x T
x
m s
s
From the efinition of thermally fully eveloe flow :
Hence , ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
0
0
x f
x T x T
r
T
x T x T
x r T x T
r
m s
r r

r r
m s
s

=
=
Here is ra ius of the ie . ) (
0
r
From Fouriers heat con uction law at the wall an Newtons law of cooling:
[ ] ) ( ) (
0
0
x T x T h
r
T
k
y
T
k 
m s
r r
y y
s
=

=
Hence ,
) (x f
k
h

Here , Local convection heat transfer coefficient

= h
= k Coefficient of thermal con uction (flui )
Hence, h is infinite in the
Beginning (boun ary layers
just buil ing u), then ecays
exonentially to a constant
value when flow is fully
eveloe (thermally )an
thereafter remains constant.
Cont
t f
x
,
f
h
h
x
Cometition between Thermal an Velocity boun ary Layers :
This cometition is ju ge by a imensionless number , calle
Pran tl number .

Pr
Where , Kiemtic frictio coefficiet (mometum diffusivity) = =

= =
p
c
k

Therml diffusivity

t
Pr

Where , = Velocity boun ary layer thickness

=
t

Thermal boun ary layer thickness

= n Positive exonent
Cont
If ,

1 Pr
1 Pr
It means Velocity Boun ary Layer grows faster than Thermal
boun ary layer. Hence flow first hy raulically eveloe an
then thermally eveloe .
If ,
It means Thermal Boun ary Layer grows faster than Velocity
boun ary layer. Hence flow first thermally eveloe an then
hy raulically eveloe .
) ( Hence if, an flow is sai to be thermally eveloe it means
Flow is alrea y hy raulically eveloe .
1 Pr
) (
Similarly if, an flow is sai to be hy raulically eveloe it
Means flow is alrea y thermally eveloe .
1 Pr
Cont
) ( Usually surface con itions of ie fixe by imosing con itions :
1.) Surface temerature of ie is ma e constant ,
2.) Uniform surface heat flux ,
. const T s =
. const q s =

Constant Surface Heat Flux :

From the efinition of fully eveloe thermal flow:
0
) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
=

x T x T
x r T x T
x
m s
s
dx
dT
T T
T T
dx
dT
T T
T T
dx
dT
x
T
m
m s
s s
m s

s s

Cont
From Newtons Law of cooling :
) (
m s s
T T h  =

. const  s =

As, hence,
x
T
x
T
m s
=
. const
x
T
x
T
x
T
m s
= = =

Hence using efinition of thermally fully evelope flow

an Newtons Law:
s
T
m
T
. const  s =

s

Cont
Neglecting viscous issipation, energy euation :

T




T
v
x
T
u

Assumig the flow to be both hydruliclly d thermlly developed :

, 0 =

x
u
, 0 = v
dx
dT
x
T
m
=

, 1 2
2
0

=
r
r
u u
m
Hece eergy equtio reduces to :

2
0
1
2 1




dx
dT u


T



m m

Cotd
,

V u m =
dx
dT
x
T
m
=

Itegrtig eergy equtio usig boudry coditios :

1.) Temperture , is fiite t cetre , ) , ( x r T
0 = r
) (
0
x T T
s r r
=
=

We get Temperture profile :

2.) Temperture ,

=
2
0
4
0
2
0
4
1
16
1
16
3 2
) ( ) , (
r
r
r
r
dx
dT r u
x T x r T
m m
s

From defiitio of me temperture ,

v
A

c v
m
c m
TdA uc
T
c
&

=
dx
dT r u
x T x T
m m
s m

2
0
48
11
) ( ) (
Cotd
From the priciple of eergy coservtio :
Pdx q dq
s cov

=
dx
m&
m
T
m m
dT T +
x
) (pv
) ( ) ( pv d pv +

1
= v
specific
volume,
) ( pv T c d m dq
m v conv
+
= &
Fo
an ideal gas, ,
m
RT pv = R c c
v p
+ =
Pe
imee
,
Pdx q dT c m dq
s m p conv


= = &
( )
m s
p p
s m
T T
c m
Ph
c m
P q
dx
dT
=

=
& &
Cotd
D P =

=
4
2
D
u m
m

&
D
Hence combining he equaions obained by ineg
aion of ene
gy
equaion in bounda
y laye
and conse
vaion of ene
gy equaion :
k
D q
dx
dT
u
x T x T
s m m
s m

=
48
11
48
11
) ( ) (
2
0

( ) ) ( ) (
48
11
) ( ) ( x T x T
k
hD
x T x T
s m s m
=
36 . 4
11
48
= = =
k
hD
Nu D
Hece Nusselt umber for fully developed flow through  circulr pipe
exposed to uiform het flux o its surfce is  costt ,idepedet of
xil loctio ,Reyolds umber d Prdtl umber .
) (
Cotd
Costt Surfce Temperture :
From the defiitio of fully developed therml flow :
0
) ( ) (
) , ( ) (
=

x T x T
x r T x T
x
m s
s
dx
dT
T T
T T
dx
dT
T T
T T
dx
dT
x
T
m
m s
s s
m s

s s

0 =
x
T s
Constant surface temperature ,

dx
dT
T T
T T
x
T
m
m s
s
Cotd
Hece it c be see tht , depeds o rdil coordite.
Fully developed temperture profile for costt wll temperture
hece differs from costt surfce het flux coditio.
x
T

. cost T s =
m
T

s
q
Cotd
Neglectig viscous dissiptio, eergy equtio :

T




T
v
x
T
u

Assumig the flow to be both hydruliclly d thermlly developed :

, 0 =

x
u
, 0 = v
, 1 2
2
0

=
r
r
u u
m
,

V u m =

dx
dT
T T
T T
x
T
m
m s
s
Cotd
Hece boudry lyer eergy equtio becomes :
m s
s m m
T T
T T
r
r
dx
dT u
r
T
r r

2
0

1
2 1

Above equtio is solved usig itertive procedure :

66 . 3 =
D
Nu
Cotd
Fully developed therml flow through  chel :
) ( Chel wlls subjected to costt het flux :
Here we cosider  chel with :
= 
=

s
q
=
s
T
= ) , ( x r T
=
m
T
= W ,
Depth of chel Width of chel
Het flux t the wlls
Temperture of fluid flowig through chel
Temperture t the wll
Me Temperture or Bulk Temperture
Cotd
Neglectig viscous dissiptio , eergy equtio :
2
2
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u

= = W P 2
= = = = 
W
W
P
A
D H 2
2
4 4
Hydrulic dimeter

perimeter
Assumig the flow to be both Hydruliclly d thermlly developed :
, 0 =

x
u
, 0 = v
. cost
dx
dT
x
T
m
= =

=
a
y
a
y
u
a
y
a
y
x
p a

u
m
2 2
2
6
2
Cond
He
e, =
m
u Mean velociy , is defined as :
x
p a
A
udA
u
c
A
c
m
c

= =

12
2
Now solving fo
bounda
y laye
ene
gy equaion :
2 1
3
2
4
6 12
6 c y c
a
y
a
y
dx
dT u
T
m m
+ +

Costts of itegrtio obtied usig :

1.) t ( s temperture profile is
symmetric hece hs extreme
vlue t cetre.)
, 0 =
dy
dT
2


y =
Cotd
2.) t the wll ,
 y y = = & 0
s
T T =
s
T c =
2
Hence we obtain the temperature profile :

+ =
12 6 12
6
3
2
4
y

y

y
dx
dT u
T T
m m
s

From the defiitio of me temperture,

v
A
c v
m
c m
TdA uc
T
c
&

=
dx
dT  u
T T
m m
s m

2
140
17
Cotd
From coservtio of eergy method ( similr to cse of pipe):
( )
m s
p p
s m
T T
c m
Ph
c m
P q
dx
dT
=

=
& &
Hece combiig temperture profile d coservtio of eergy :
( )
s m
p
m
s m
T T
c m
Ph  u
T T =
&
2
140
17
Usig , ( ) , W u m
m
= & , 2W P =
,
p
c
k

=  D H 2 & =
( )
17
140 2
= =
k
 h
Nu
H
D
Cotd
Therml Etrce : The Gretz Problem
u r
x
0
0
T
0

T
0
T
w
T
0
r
Problem Sttemet:
Fluid iitilly t  uiform temperture
eters ito  pipe t  surfce temperture differet th
the fluid. Flow ssumed to be Hydruliclly developed .
Cotd...
w
T
Prdtl umber of fluid is high , hece therml etrce strts fr
dowstrem.
Flow lredy hydruliclly developed.
Prdtl umber of fluid is high , hece therml etrce strts fr
dowstrem.
Flow lredy hydruliclly developed.
Here , Uiform temperture of fluid before therml etrce =
0
T
=
w
T Uiform surfce temperture of wlls
= ) , ( r x T
Fluid temperture i therml etrce regio
As the flow is hydruliclly fully developed :
, 1 2
2
0

=
r
r
u u
m
Neglectig viscous dissiptio, boudry lyer eergy equtio :

T


x
T
u

Cotd
Boudry Coditios :
1.) t
2.) t
, 0 x
0
T T =
, 0 x
w
T x r T = ) , (
0
Solutio :
Solutio doe with the help of o dimesiol vribles.
,
0
*
T T
T T
T
w
w

= ,
0
*
r
r
r =
Pr Re
0
*
d
x
x =
Here ,
, Re
0

m
u d
=
k
c p

= = Pr

Hece eergy equtio reduces to :

( )

*
*
*
* 2
* *
*
*
1
2
r
T
r
r
r r
x
T
Cotd
Boudry coditio i terms of odimesiol vribles :
, 1 )
0 ,
(
* *
= r T 0 ) , 1 (
* *
= x T
Solvig the eergy equtio usig vrible seprtio method :
) ( ) ( ) , (
* * * *
x g r f x r T = Usig ,the prticulr solutio
i eergy equtio
We obti :
( )
.
1
2
2
* *
*
cost
f r r
f f r
g

g
= =

+
=

Hence , ( )
* 2
2 exp x C g =
( ) 0 1
2
* * 2 *
= + + f r r f f r
Contd
Hence the particu ar so ution wi be :
) ( ) 2 exp( ) , (
* *
2
* *
*
r f x C x r T
n n n n
=
From the princip e of inearity and superposition :

=
=
=
n
n
n n n
r f x C x r T
0
* *
2
* * *
) ( ) 2 exp( ) , (
1 ) 0 ( =
n
f
0 ) 1 ( =
n
f
, for simp icity
, using the boundary condition
0 ) , 1 (
* *
= x T
Using the other condition ,

=
=
= =
n
n
n n
r f C r T
0
* * *

) ( 1 ) 0 , (
To be determined using theory of orthogona
functions.
,
n
C
Contd

=
1
0
*
2
* *
1
0
* * *
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
2
dr f r r
dr f r r
C
n
n
n
Using theory of orthogona functions :
Now the rest of the prob em is numerica y so ved for Nusse t Number :
( )
( )

*
2 2
*
2
2 exp ) 1 ( 2
2 exp ) 1 (
x f C
x f C
Nu
n n n n
n n n
x

contd
: KEY QUESTIONS :
IF FLOW THROUGH A PIPE OR CHANNEL IS SAID TO BE
HYDRAULICALLY FULLY DEVELOPED DOES THIS IMPLY

THERMALLY FULLY DEVELOPED AND VICEVERSA ????

IF TWO PLATES IN THE CHANNEL ARE MAINTAINED AT
DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES THEN WHAT WILL BE THE
CRITEREA FOR THERMALLY FULLY DEVELOPED FLOW ????
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION
THE END