Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations

1
CHAPTER 3 : CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

A RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM) AND RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM)

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state the meaning of relative atomic mass based on carbon-12 scale,
state the meaning of relative molecular mass based on carbon-12 scale,
state why carbon-12 is used as a standard for determining relative atomic
mass and relative molecular mass,
calculate the relative molecular mass of substances.

Activity 1 (refer text book pg 28 )

Relative atomic mass of an element , A
r

= The average mass of an atom of the element
1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Example:
A
r
of C=12
A
r
of O=16
A
r
of Mg=24

1. The Relative atomic mass of an element is ...

. when compare with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12.

2. Carbon-12 is chosen because it is a . and can be easily handled.

3. Find the relative atomic masses of these elements.

Element Relative Atomic Mass

Element Relative Atomic Mass
Calcium, Ca Argon, Ar
Sodium, Na Silver, Ag
Iron, Fe Caesium, Cs
Copper, Cu Lead, Pb
Carbon, C Chlorine, Cl
Hydrogen, H Flourine, F
Potassium, K Aluminium, Al
Lithium, Li Zinc, Zn
Bromine, Br Helium, He


Activity 2 (refer text book pg 29 )


Relative molecular mass of a substance, M
r

= The Average mass of a molecule of the substance
1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12


Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



2
Calculating Relative molecular mass,M
r
M
r
= The sum of A
r
of all atoms present in one molecule


Example:

M
r
of Water, H
2
O = 2(1) + 16 = 18






M
r
of Carbon dioxide, CO
2
= 12 + 2(16) = 44

For ionic substance , Relative formula mass , F
r

= The sum of A
r
of all atoms present in the formula

Example:
F
r
of Magnesium oxide, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40
F
r
of Sodium chloride, NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

1. The relative molecular mass of a molecule is

. when compared with 1/12 of the mass

of one atom of

2. Calculate the relative molecular masses of the substances in the table below.

Substance

Molecular formula Relative molecular mass, M
r

Hydrogen gas H
2
2(1) = 2
Propane C
3
H
8


Ethanol

C
2
H
5
OH

Bromine gas Br
2

Methane CH
4

Glucose C
6
H
12
O
6


Ammonia NH
3

[Relative atomic mass : H,1; C,12; O,16; Br,80 ; N,14 ]


3. Calculate the relative formula masses of the following ionic compounds in the table.

Substance

Compound formula Relative formula mass, F
r

Potassium oxide K
2
O


2(39) + 16 = 94


Aluminium sulphate

Al
2
(SO
4
)
3


2(27)+3[32+4(16)]=342
2 Hydrogen
atoms
Molecular
formula
Relative atomic mass
for Oxygen
Relative atomic mass
for Hydrogen
All A
r,
M
r
and
F
r
have no unit

Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



3

Zinc nitrate


Zn(NO
3
)
2




Aluminium nitrate


Al(NO
3
)
3



Calcium carbonate


CaCO
3




Calcium hydroxide


Ca(OH)
2



Hydrated copper(II)
sulphate


CuSO
4
.5H
2
O

64 + 32 + 4(16) + 5[2(1) + 16]=250

Hydrated sodium
carbonate


Na
2
CO
3
.10H
2
O



Sodium hydrogen
sulphate


NaHSO
4



Aluminium chloride

AlCl
3





Copper(II) sulphate

CuSO
4





Zinc carbonate

ZnCO
3





Potassium
carbonate

K
2
CO
3



[Relative atomic mass: O,16; C,12; H,1; K,39 ; Cu,64 ; Zn, 65; Cl, 35.5 ; Al, 27 S,32 ;
Ca, 40; Na,23; N, 14]


B THE MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
define a mole as the amount of matter that contains as many particles as the
number of atoms in 12 g of
12
C,
state the meaning of Avogadro constant,
relate the number of particles in one mole of a substance with the Avogadro
constant,
solve numerical problems to convert the number of moles to the number of
particles of a given substance and vice versa.

Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



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Activity 3 (refer text book pg 30 )

1. To describe the amount of atoms, ions or molecules , mole is used.

2. A mole is an amount of substance that contains as many particles as the ..

.. in exactly 12g of carbon-12.

3. A mole is an amount of substance which contains a constant number of particles

atoms, ions, molecules which is 6.02 x 10
23


4. The number 6.02 x 10
23
is called (N
A
)

5. In other words:

1 mol of atomic substance contains . atoms

1 mol of molecular substance contains . molecules

1 mol of ionic substance contains

.. formula units

6. Relationship between number of moles and number of particles (atom/ion/molecules):


x Avogadro Constant

A vogadro Constant


Number of moles Number of particles

0.5 mol of carbon atoms



atoms of carbon

0.2 moles of hydrogen gas ( H
2
)

(i) ..molecules
of hydrogen gas
(ii) .Atoms of hydrogen


2 mol of carbon dioxide molecules

x 10
23
molecules of carbon dioxide gas
contains :

. atoms of C and

. atoms of O


number of moles number of particles
Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



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0.007 mol of calcium ions


calcium ions

. mol of water


6.02 x 10
25
molecules of water

0.4 mol of ozone gas ( O
3
)


.x 10
23
molecules of ozone,

contains :

atoms of Oxygen.



7. Complete these sentences .

a) 1 mol of calcium contains .. atoms

b) 2 mol of iron contains .. atoms

c) 2 mol of magnesium oxide, (MgO) contains .. ions

d) 2 mol of sodium carbonate, (Na
2
CO
3
) contains .

e) 3 mol of carbon dioxide, (CO
2
) contains .. molecules

f) 0.5 mol Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO
3
)
2
contains .. Cu
2+
ions

and . NO
3
-
ions

C NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCES

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state the meaning of molar mass,
relate molar mass to the Avogadro constant,
relate molar mass of a substance to its relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass,
solve numerical problems to convert the number of moles of a given substance to its
mass and vice versa.



Activity 4 (refer text book pg 33 )

1. The molar mass of a substance
= The molar mass of _________________ mole of the substance.

= The mass of (N
A
) number of particles

= The mass of ____________________ particles


Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



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x Molar mass





2. Calculating the Mass from a number of Moles


Number of moles = . mass of the substance .
Mass of 1 mole of the substance
Therefore :

Mass of substance = Number of moles x Mass of 1 mole

Example 1 : What is the mass of 2 moles of carbon ?

Mass = 2 x 12
= 24g

Example 2 : What is the mass of 2 moles of H
2
O ?

Mass = 2 x [ 2(1) + 16 ]

= 36g

3. Calculate the masses of these substances

a) 2 moles of aluminium atoms
Mass =


b) 10 moles of iodine atoms
Mass =


c) 3 moles of lithium atoms
Mass =
d) 0.5 moles of oxygen gas (O
2
)
Mass =


e) 0.1 moles of sodium
Mass =


f) 2 moles of chlorine molecules (Cl
2
)
Mass =


g) 1 mole of carbon dioxide ( CO
2
)
Mass =


h) 3 moles of nitric acid, ( HNO
3
)
Mass =



i) 2 moles of calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
)
Mass =



j) 0.25 moles of calcium chloride (CaCl
2
)
Mass =
Number of moles Mass in g
Molar mass
Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



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k) 0.25 moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Mass =


l) 0.25 moles of sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
)
Mass =
m) 0.5 moles of potassium manganate (VII)
(KMnO
4
)
Mass =


n) 0.25 moles of hydrated magnesium sulphate
(MgSO
4
.7H
2
O)
Mass =

Activity 5

4. Calculate the Number of Moles from a given Mass

Example : How many moles are there in 88g of CO
2


Number of moles = 88 = 2 moles
44

a) 2g of helium atoms
Number of moles =



b) 6g of carbon atoms
Number of moles =
c) 16g of helium atoms
Number of moles =



d) 4g of sulphur atoms
Number of moles =
e) 4g of oxygen molecules (O
2
)
Number of moles =




f) 213g of chlorine molecules (Cl
2
)
Number of moles =
g) 0.56g of nitrogen molecules (N
2
)
Number of moles =




h) 254g of iodine molecules (I
2
)
Number of moles =
i) 88g of carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
Number of moles =




j) 3.1g of sulphur dioxide (SO
2
)
Number of moles =
k) 560g of potassium hydroxide (KOH)
Number of moles =


l) 392g of sulphuric acid (H
2
SO
4
)
Number of moles =
Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



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m) 170g of ammonia (NH
3
)
Number of moles =



n) 120g of magnesium oxide (MgO)
Number of moles =
o) 4g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Number of moles =



p) 73g of hydrogen choride (HCl)
Number of moles =
q) 15.8g of potassium manganate (VII)
KMnO
4

Number of moles =



r) 8g of ammonium nitrate (NH
4
NO
3
)
Number of moles =
s) 0.78g of aluminium hydroxide Al(OH)
3

Number of moles =



t) 0.92g of ethanol (C
2
H
5
OH)
Number of moles =

Activity 6

5. Complete the following table.


Element/compound
Chemical
formulae

Molar mass

Calculate

Copper

Cu

RAM= 64

(a)Mass of 1 mol = g

(b) Mass of 2 mol = . g

(c)Mass of mol = .g

(d)Mass of 3.01x10
23
Cu atoms

=


Sodium hydroxide

NaOH

RFM= 40





(a) Mass of 3 mol of sodium hydroxide =


(b) Number of moles of sodium hydroxide in
20 g =




Zinc nitrate

Zn(NO
3
)
2


RFM =

a) Number of moles in 37.8 g of zinc nitrate :

Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



9


D NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
state the meaning of molar volume of a gas,
relate molar volume of a gas to the Avogadro constant,
make generalization on the molar volume of a gas at a given temperature and
pressure,
calculate the volume of gases at STP or room conditions from the number of moles
and vice versa,
solve numerical problems involving number of particles, number of moles, mass of
substances and volume of gases at STP or room conditions.


Activity 7 (refer text book pg 36, 37 )

1. The molar volume of a gas is defined as the .

.

2. One mole of any gas always has the under the same

temperature and pressure.

3. The molar volume of any gas is

24 dm
3
at or

22.4 dm
3
at .


Example :

1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol of ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas and 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupies
the same volume of 24 dm
3
at room condition

x 22.4 / 24 dm
3


x 22.4/24 dm
3

22.4/24 dm
3




4. Calculate the volume of gas in the following numbers of moles at STP

Example : Find the volume of 1 mole of CO
2
gas

Volume = number of moles x 22.4 dm
3

= 1 x 22.4 dm
3

= 22.4 dm
3


Number of moles of gas Volume of gas
Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



10


a) 3 moles of oxygen
Volume =
b) 2 moles of CH
4

Volume =



c) 0.3 moles of Argon
Volume =



d) 0.2 moles of SO
3

Volume =
e) 0.1 moles of N
2

Volume =



f) 1.5 mol of N
2

Volume =



5. Complete the diagram below . (Refer to Page 33,34 & 38-Chemistry textbook)










Activity 8

Solve these numerical problems
1. What is the volume of 0.3 mole of sulphur dioxide gas at STP?
[Molar volume: 22.4 dm
3
mol
-1
at STP]



(Ans: 6.72 dm
3
)
2. Find the number of moles of oxygen gas contained in a sample of 120 cm
3
of the gas
at room conditions.
[Molar volume: 24 dm
3
mol
-1
at room conditions]




Volume of gas (dm
3
)
Number of moles Mass in gram No of particles
Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



11

(Ans: 0.005 mol)

3. Calculate the number of water molecules in 90 g of water, H
2
O.
[Relative atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16. Avogadro constant, N
A
: 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1
]










(Ans; 3.01x 10
24
molecules)

4. What is the volume of 24 g methane ,CH
4
at STP?
[Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12. Molar volume: 22.4 dm
3
mol
-1
at STP]








(Ans: 33.6 dm
3
)
5. How many aluminium ions are there in 20.4 g of aluminium oxide, Al
2
O
3
?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al, 27. Avogadro constant, N
A
: 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-












(2 x 0.2 x 6.02 x10
23
)


6. Calculate the number of hydrogen molecules contained in 6 dm
3
of hydrogen gas at
room conditions.
[Molar volume: 24 dm
3
mol
-1
at room conditions Avogadro constant, N
A
: 6.02 x 10
23

mol
-1
]






Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



12


(Ans: 1.505x10
23
molecules)
7. Find the volume of nitrogen in cm
3
at STP that consists of 2.408 x 10
23
nitrogen molecules.
[Molar volume: 22.4 dm
3
mol
-1
at STP. Avogadro constant, N
A
: 6.02 x 10
23
mol
-1
]












(Ans: 8.96 dm
3
)
E CHEMICAL FORMULAE
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to
state the meaning of chemical formula
state the meaning of empirical formula
state the meaning of molecular formula
determine empirical and molecular formula of substances
compare and contrast empirical formula with molecular formula
solve numerical problems involving empirical and molecular formula.
write ionic formula of ions
construct chemical formulaf ionic compounds
state names of chemical compounds using IUPAC nomenclature.
use symbols and chemical formula for easy and systematic communication in the field
of chemistry.


ACTIVITY 9 (Refer text book pg 40)
1) A Chemical formula - A representation of a chemical substance using letters for
and subscripts to show the numbers of each type of
.. that are present in the substance.




2) Complete this table
Chemical subtance Chemical
formulae
Notes
H
2

Subscript shows 2
hidrogen atoms in
a molecule
The letter H
shows
.
.
Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



13

Water

..

2 atoms of H combine with 1 atom of O

..

NH
3


. atoms of H combine with 1 atom of N
Propane


C
3
H
8


.. atoms of C combine with . atoms of
H
Magnesium oxide
..

.

..

H
2
SO
4




3). There are two types of chemical formulae. Complete the following:
** Empirical Formula The simplest .. ratio of atoms of each .
in the compound.
** Molecular Formula The actual of atoms of each that are
present in a molecule of the compound

Remember:

Example: (i) Compound Ethene (ii) Compound Glucose
Molecular formula -
4 2
H C Molecular formula -
6 12 6
O H C
Empirical formula - ................... Empirical formula - ....................
Activity 10
1 Find the empirical formula of a compound
Example of calculation:
a) When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is
produced. Find the empirical formula of metal X oxide [ RAM; X,207; O,16 ]

Element X O
Mass of element(g) 10.35 11.95-10.35
Number of moles of atoms
10.35207 (11.95-10.35)16
Ratio of moles
Simplest ratio of moles
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)
n

Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



14

Empirical formula :
b) A certain compound contains the following composition:
Na 15.23%, Br 52.98% , O 31.79%, [ RAM : O, 16; Na, 23; Br,80]
(Assume that 100g of substance is used)
Element Na Br O
Mass of element(g) 15.23 52.98 31.79
Number of moles atoms
15.23 23 52.9880 31.7916
Ratio of moles
Simplest ratio of moles

Empirical formula:: .

c) Complete the table below.
Compound Molecular Formula Empirical formula Value of n
Water H
2
O
Carbon Dioxide CO
2
CO
2

Sulphuric Acid H
2
SO
4

Ethene C
2
H
4
CH
2

Benzene C
6
H
6

Glucose C
6
H
12
O
6


d) 2.52g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the
hydrocarbon is 84. [RAM H,1; C,12]
i. Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon




ii. Find the molecular formula of the carbon.





Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



15


Activity 11 :Chemical Formula for ionic compounds:
Complete the table below :
Cation Formula Anion Formula
Hydrogen ion

H
Flouride ion

F
Lithium ion Chloride ion
Sodium ion Bromide ion
Potassium ion Iodide ion
Magnesium ion Hydroxide ion
Calcium ion
2
Ca
Nitrate ion
Barium ion
2
Ba
Manganate(VII) ion
Copper(II) ion Ethanoate ion

COO CH
3

Iron(II) ion
2
O
Iron (III) ion Sulphate ion
Lead (II) ion Sulphide ion
2
S
Zinc ion Carbonate ion
Chromium (III) ion Dichromate (VI) ion
2
7 2
O Cr
Aluminium ion
3
Al

3
4
PO
Ammonium ion Chromate (VI) ion

Avtivity 12
a) Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions X
m+
and Y
n-
is constructed
by exchanging the charges of each element. The formula obtained will X
n
Y
m

Example : Sodium oxide Copper (II) nitrate

Na
+
O
2-
Cu
2+
NO
3
-

+1 -2 +2 -1


2 1 1 2

= Na
2
O = ....................
Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



16
b) Construct a chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds:
(i) Magnesium chloride


(ii) Potassium carbonate
(iii) Calcium sulphate


(iv) Copper (II) oxide
(v) Silver nitrate


(vi) Zinc nitrate
(vii) Aluminium oxide


(viii) Iron(II) hydroxide
(ix) Lead(II) sulphide


(x) Chromium(III) sulphate

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to
1. state the meaning of chemical equation
identify the reactants and products of a chemical equation
2. write and balance chemical equations
3. interpret chemical equations quantitatively and qualitatively
4. solve numerical problems using chemical equations
5. identify positive scientific attitudes and values practiced by scientist in doing research
6. justify the need to practice positive scientific attitudes and good values in doing researsh
7. use chemical equations for easy and systematic communication in the field of chemistry.

Activity 13 (refer text book pg 48)
Example: C (s) +
2
O (g)
2
CO (g)
Reactant product
1) Qualitative aspect of chemical equation:
a) Arrow in the equation the way the reaction is occurring
b) Substances on the left-hand side ..
c) Substances on the right-hand side
d) State of each substance : (s), (l), gas .and aqueous solution
.
Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



17
2) Quantitative aspect of chemical equations
Coefficients in a balanced equation the exact proportions of reactants and products in
equation.
Example: 2
2
H (g) +
2
O (g) 2 O H
2
(l)
(Interpreting): 2 molecules (2 mol) of
2
H react with 1 molecule (1 mol) of
2
O to produced 2 molecules(2
mol) of water
Complete the following word equations and write in chemical equation

a) Sodium + chlorine ..
+ NaCl
b) Carbon + .. Carbon dioxide
. + ..
c) Sulphur + oxygen
.. + .. ..
d) Zinc + oxygen ..
+ O
2
..

3) Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions and interpret the equations
quantitatively.
(a). Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas

Interpreting:

(b). Hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas ammonia gas
.
Interpreting:
..
(c). Aluminium + Iron (III) oxide aluminium oxide + Iron
.
Interpreting:
.




Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



18
Activity 14
** Numerical Problems Involving Chemical Equations

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation:
2
2 2
O H (l) 2 O H
2
(l) +
2
O (g)
1). Calculate the volume of oxygen gas,
2
O measured at STP that can be obtained from the
decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide,
2 2
O H .
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; O, 16. Molar volume : 22.4
3
dm
1
mol at STP]











(Ans: 11.2 dm
3
)
2).Silver carbonate Ag
2
CO
3
breaks down easily when heated to produce silver metal
2 Ag
2
CO
3
(l) 4 Ag (s) + 2
2
CO (g) +
2
O
Find the mass of silver carbonate that is required to produce 10 g of silver
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Ag, 108]







(Ans : 12.77g)



Chapter 3 : Chemical Formulae and Equations



19
3). 16 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane,
4
CH . Using the equation below, find
the mass of copper that is produced.
[Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64 ; O, 16]
4 CuO(s) +
4
CH (g) 4 Cu (s) +
2
CO (g) + 2 O H
2
(l)






(Ans : 12.8 g)


4). A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate
3
CaCO strongly. It decomposes according to the
equation below:

3
CaCO (s) CaO (s) +
2
CO (g).
(a). If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?





(b). Calculate the mass of calcium oxide, CaO produced.
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16; Ca, 40. Molar volume :
24 dm
3

1
mol at room conditions]






(Ans : (a). 4.8 dm
3
(b) 11.2 g)