Transformer Troubles

a) Star-siar transformers.
-
It should first be noted that in the case of three-phase
transformers,
ofnecesiit),.
in
ph4ge
in
alllblgg_lh3!9s at the same time, and hence in the case ofstar
connected windings no third harmonic voltage can exist between lines, although they
are present between each terminal and the neutral
point.
Similarly, the third harmonic components of current can only exist if a ieturn path is
providdvia the neutral point. Thus if a star-star connected transformer has both the
primary and secondary neutral points insulated, no third harmonic currqntf san
flaf L
rr:sultirrg in the
presence of triple frequency voltage between the secondary terminals
and the
secondary neutral point. The line voltages will be sinusoidal, but the neutral
point
wi11, instead of being at zero potential, osciilate by an amount equal to the third
harmonic component.
If, however, the primary neutral point is connected to the generator neutral, a path for
the flow of the third harmonic component of the magnetizing
current will be provided
and the wave of flux and induced voltages on the secondary side will be fiee from
harmonics. Similarly, if the secondary side is used as a three-phase four-wir::
s,rzstem,
a path for the flow of a third harmonic current will be provided via the load, and in
this case both third harmonic currents and voltages exist on the seconciary
side.
Because ofthis objective feature star-star connected transformers are seldom
used.
If, however,
connected in
a tertiary, or stabilizin.g winding is provided on the
delta, a local circuit i
Such an auxiliary winding can also be used to supply power for local putposes at a
voitage other than that of the primary or secondary windings. The minimum capacity
of the stabilishing winding, apart liom any consideration of the supply of external
load currents, is determined by the third harmonic compQnqnl-oflhe
-qlaglslzi]u
current required.
A stabilishing winding also introduces
additional reactance eflect
between the incclming and outgoing lines, and serves as a leactor on the system.
Star-interconnected
star transformers.
-
This is a useful type of winding as, due to the
interconnection between the two halves of each phase winding on the secondary
side,
the third harmonics ofthe voltage cancel out, so that no third harmonic components
of
(b)
{"'dgx-:*
(c)
voltage can exist between the terminals and the secondary neutral point. This allows
three-phase, four-wire unbalanced loads to be supplied without the objectionable
presence of circulating currents. In spite of this, however, the possibility of neutral
inversion still exists with this type of comection.
Delta connected transformers.
-
Transformers which have a delta connected winding
on either the primary or the secondary side or both, provide a path for the flovv of the
requisite third harmonic component of the magnetizing current, thus relieving the
supply no-load current of the necessity of supplying this. Delta-star connected
transformers are the most common, as the secondary will provide a three phase, four-
wire system free from third harmopic voltages between line and neutral. Star-delta
transformers are only suitable for balanced loads. The primary current is sinusoidal,
and a third harmonic circulating current flows in the secondary delta connection
without appearing in the secondary lines. The presence of this third harmonic
circulating current coffects the flux curve to an approximately sine shape, and thus
suppresses the third harmonic induced e.m.f. A condition of balance between third
harmonic magnetizing current, and an approximately sine shaped flux wave is thus
established. In the case of a delta-delta connected transformer, the third harmonic
component of the no-load magnetizing current is shared between the two windings
depending on their respective impedances.
If third harmonic currents are present in an abnormal degree, they may prove
objectionable, due to the increase in transformer or cable losses. W}'ere third
harmonic voltage exist on the secondary side, they may result in heavy cable charging
currents, due to the reduced triple frequency capacitive reactance of the cables, while
in the case of condensers for power factor improvement excessive currents may be
taken with resultant overheating, which has been known to cause eventual breakdown
of the insulation. Some telephonic disturbances are also traceable to third harmonic
pressures in transformers. It is also interesting to note that third harmonic components
will be prominent in switching in current rushes, where paths for their: flow are
provided, due to the saturation of the iron circuits during this transient period.
t.
dfu*--=y
Sglg
lntp15[4! rlspects
of
- :,-:
,,.., Il44lformers
.
,,,.,.
What is transformer Noise?
'i.he
main source of sound in a transformcr is a magneto-strictiorr. Tliis is thc properly of
eiectr.ical sheet steel whicir oi lrses it to elongate and contract in the
preselce
ol the n.ragnetic
field. These periodic mechanjcal nlovements produce sound vibrations in the core, having a
ftindamental freciuency equu) to twice the flux frequency. l)ue to a non-linear relationship
between n.ragneto-striction and llux ciensity a number 1b harmonically related irigher
frequency are also produc.':d. This results in a noise spectrum, composed of fr"tndamental
frequencies of 120 cycles per second and harmonics of 240,360,480,600 etc.
The pulsations of the core also travel through other parts of the transformer, which have a
tendency to vibrate at one or other ofthese same frequencies. These add to the overall sound
level in the forrr: of interlaminar core and coil vibrations, enclosure, and sub-asscmbly
vibrations. The amount of thi'r rLddition is dependent upon the surfaoe area and resonant
frcquency of eac,h componeni part.
Holir to control transformer sound and minimize its transmission
-
As outUned above, there
are four main sources of sound in a transformer:
i. Core vibrations
2. Interlarninar core anci gap vibrati,rns and coil vibrations
3. Subassembly vibrations
4. Enclosurevibrations
I,Iever Make Megger Tests uuder Vacuum or Without Oil
The great the vacuum
(r'nless
it's perfect) the Iower the spark-over level. At tlre vacuum
values normally reached in li:r: fi.:ld, it is very likely the megger learlings
.,vi11
L;e zero; in
other u,urds, rreeping or flashitg to gouncl will occur. Breakdown strength under vacuuur is ir
function of both pressure and distance.
It is not our intent at this poirt to go into a long discourse on the phenomenon of voltage
Lreakdown but simply to CAUT-IO|'I yott not Io megger a unit while under vac;uum.
It is also recommended that you do nct rnegger a unit in air because the values may lead to
wrong conclusions and will not agree with readings taken at a later date when they are taken
under oil. Readings taken in oil are about ll2to ll4 that of the insulation resistance in air.
Evaiuation of Insulation
Megger readings, power factor readings, and oil dielectric breakdown values are inlpofiant
indicators as to whether or not a traxsformer is wet. The dielectric strength o{ oil for high
voltage oorver transfonrers musi be 30kv or belter before it is put into a new unit in the ficid.
The megger readings on high voltage power tlansformers, when corrected Io 20"C, should be
1 megohm per kv or higher.
.'
Whal is traflsfor er Noise.doc
o
On EHV transformers a minimum value of 3 megohms per kv is required. Several one
minutes readings should be taken with a motor driven megger and the megohm
results
oornpared rvith factory data. Power factor should be less than 2% on oil-filled transformers
q,itl.r
two windings and less lhan 2-1l2lo on units with load tap changers when corrected to
20"c
In sul ation
There is not much that can be done in the way of maintenance of the solid insulation of oil-
insulated transformers and regulators, but correct load and temperature control can do much
to keep insulation aging within normal limits. Aging of insulation is affected by the operating
temperature of the windings and the condition of the oil in which it is submerged. Oil of high
acidity will accelerate again of the solid insulation. The aging rate of organic insulation
doublre.for approximately cach 8"C increase in its temperaturejthe lower the operating
temperature, the longer the insulation life.
Since aging is so much more rapid at the higher range of temperature, excessively high
temperatures should be avoiJed as much as possible. On the other hand, little is gained by
having insulation life exceed the obsolescence life ofthe apparatus. Maximum life is assured
only under uniform, normal loading. Therefore, loading should be controlled as much as
possible to obtain that objcctivc.
1'he Secondary of a current transformer (CT) should not be open-circuited under:rny
circumstances. Why?
If the CT secondary becomes open circuited, a high voltage will exit across the secondary
because the large ratio of se,,ondary to primary turn causes the transforrter to act as a step-up
transformer. Also, since thc counter ampere-tums ofthe secondary no longer exist, the flux in
the core, instead of being due to the difference of the primary and secondary ampere-turns,
will now be due to the total primary ampere-turns acting alone. This causes a large increase
in the flux,
producing excessive core loss and heating, as well as a high voltage across the
secondary termjnals.
Ovei-excitatioir Capacity and Inrush Current
The extent of which the transformer can be overexcited is determine by the highest
permissible flux density. With the increase of flux density the no-load current and its
harmonics rise, and also the losses in the in the iron cor:e, the windings and the structural
parts. The flux density is proporlional to the Voltage applied and inversely proportion to the
frequency of that voltage. The applied Voltage may deviate permanently by J:5% from the
rated voltage and the frequency may deviate permanently by
+2.5'y.
from the rated frequency.
When transformers are switched on, an increased current of exponentially decreasing
amplitude may appear. The magnitude of this inrush current depends on the instantaneous
value of the voltage and the residual magnetism of the transformer
at the moment of
switching on.
what is transformer Noise-doc
*a-
#l
In the 500 to 1,000 kvA range, the amplitudes of the inrush curents decay to half their
original vaiue after 8 to 10 cycles. With units of 1,000 to 10.000 kVA this decay takes 10 to
60 cycles and with larger
powers 60 to 3,600 cycles
Overload Capacity
Transformers can be temporarily or pelm',nently overload, depending on the initial ioading,
the temperatures of the cooling media and the permissib:e maximum values of the winding
temperatures. If the permissible windings temperatures are exceedecl, the normal lile of the
transformer is shofiened, unless the oveiloading is compensated by periods of lower load. If
transformers are to be overload, it is important to check in advance whether all parts of the
transformer and the equipment are capable of meeting the demands. made on them
(for
instance, bushings, tap-changers and cable end-boxes).
Table below contains representative values for the period of overloading of oil-immersed
transformers in relalion to the previous load and the oil temperature
at the beginning of
overloading. The averago winding temperatures do not exceed 105"c if the average
temperaturE of the cooling medium during the period in question is 25oC. If transformers
with F-cooling are operat-d without fans, the overloads and the previous permanent
loads
should be relatedlo 600/o ofthe rated
power ofthe transformer.
Transformer Noise
The transformer noise is majnly genelated by the magnetostriction
qf the iron core. It is
dependent on flux density. changes of 10% in flux density cause of change of2_to 3 dB (A)
in the noise level within the 12 to 16 kGs range. The radiated sound spectrum is between
100
and 500H2.
Table: Duration of Overloading of Oil-immersed Transformers
Previous
continuous
loading as
Yo of rxled
power
Oil t nr p c ralLr re at the
L,.ginning of the overload
in
'C
for cooling medlod
tlrrratirin ofovcrload lor an overload,as
oZ
of
raied
Po\Yer,
ol
SC, FC, WC 10% 200/. 30% 40% 5OVr
h h mtn mln mln
50 55 49 3 1.5 60 30 l5
75 68 60 2 1.0 l0
t5
90 78 68 I 0.5 15 8 4
I
VN|L"'
V{% Vt t
Y
{r:t
what is transforner Noise.doc
(f
/
No
-Load
Losses of Transformers
The noload losses is the loss measured by a wattmeter when rated voltage at rated frequen^cy
is applied to either winding, the other winding being open-circuited. It includes core loss, I2R
loss in the winding due to exciting current, and the dielectric loss in the insulation. TlTis no-
load loss appears in the transflormer, independent olthe load and for all practical purposes is
independent of temperature.
The core loss consists of hysteresis loss and eddy-current loss. The hysteresis loss is thc
energy required to magnetize the core first in one direction and then in the other. It increase
directly with the frequency and depends on the maximum flux density and the
quality ofthe
core steel. The eddy-current losses are produced by eddy currents which are set-up in the core
in that iron is a conductor ol current as-well-as magnetic flux. The change offlux in the core
induces a voltage in the core which causes eddy current to flow. This loss is proportional to
the square of the eddy current or the square of the induced voltage and is therefore
proportional to the square of the flux density and the frequency.
Exciting Current and Flux of Transformer
The current which flows under no-load conditions is called the exciting current.
'fhe
exciting
current is actually made up of two components. One component supplies the losses in the
core caused by hysteresis and eddy curents, and the other component produces the
magnetizing force in the core. The alternating current voltage in the primary winding of a
transformer produces a quantity termed "FIux" in the core. This oscillating llux is what
causes the voltage to be produced on the secondary winding ofthe transformer.
Load Losses oI Transformer
'fhe
load losses are the losses measured by a wattmeter when sufhcient voltage is applied to
one winding to produce full-load current in the other winding which is short circuited.
The
load loss consists of the I2R loss in the winding due to full-load current passing through the
windings and a stray loss which is produced by stray flux inducing currents in the winding.
The stray losses can be reduced by )aminating and transposing the copper in the windings.
The stray loss may vary lrom 10 to 20 percent of the I'R loss at full-load current.
Both losses are affected by changes in temperature. The I2R loss increases with temperature,
while the stray loss decrease with temperature. The load losses of a transl'ormer ate
guaranteed on the basis of an average winding temperature. All losses are dissipated in the
form of heat and must be controlled if the transformer is to be efficient and practical in
design.
DIELEC TRIC ABSO
*--li;
?i
i,.(haoral
A2LI
'fhllo
an lnsuLatlon noggor hae boon used for many yoars, thero aro stlII nany uE-
bqn faotore 1n ltg use for moasurlng the quallty of lnsulation, espaolally that
@ h.rgo genorators. Thoro aro somo quostlong as to tho bsst voltage to bo usod;
tho offoot of tho tomperature of tho wlndlngs, tho longth of tlne roadlnge should
bo takon and tho froquonoy of tho roadlngs, to what oitant duat aBd dirt on the
vladtags ntght affoot tho roadlngs, and flnally, Yhat should bs coasldorod tho
lcnror ihfts of usofulness rond.o!.lng tho replaco:nont of insulrtlon advtsablo" Yftrilo
thors le Do cLear-cut agroomont on how to interprot spot neggior roadlngs, tho ln-
dratry ic la egreement that perlodlc roadlngs, tekon ovsr a courso of yoars uuder
:
rldlar couditions, will give a truo plcture of tho dotorlorablon of the lneulatlon
;f;.ud
oau bs used to forotell whsn rewlnding or re-lnsulatlon w111 be noaded. Ths
t,l*ro
o" loso aocepted nsthod of rooording thls porlodio Lrformattou 1g in tho fono
,'lr.o!
a dlolectrlc absorption curveo
Jlhs rords
rdielectric
aloorptionrt rofor tq-t-h9,.abq-o1p!!o3 of shargo ls. tho.lnsula--
Iho rords
"d1e
Ioctric a_b s_o_!fllo-n-
_"
ral ar
-l_q_l-_hg,
-aD
q-ofPllofl
-9-r
snar8o I'u. troe -
r.nEurn--
!193.
bu_t__!!sjLeloc.ldq.gb-s-o-qp-t-l.o-n-o-urve is u aually-plcbted..wlth
lnsulatlon valuea,
ia..Sad fion a mo,ggor,-.p1otto d aga{,11g!--tlne.- T-h-l-s-is-.rqq,-b1-!,i1.s--Lrye.r se-qt-c-{l-
r!..road fron a_ms-Bgorr_
Plo_ttod_aga1:l1s!-_!1nlg.-
:t-t1-1_8_r8-
{oa,r_ly
_!,n-_Llry9.r
80-ql-q-ql:-
fLt-qqtr:g_a!
sof
p-t io:e.-curvelt-n th;t it will have a gradually lacroaslng charaoterlstlo
olOotrlo abi-orpt 1o]1 curve.r,!-n that it wlll have a
Bradually
lncroaslnB charaotgrl.s
, !Gh-".rp";f
to trru r""toh*
3f
u. gradually decroaslng.lrrlact3rrltlo which would
bo tho case lf oharging or'rrabsorbodrr current were plottod agalnst tlme"
tAbrgllggl-gg5rglt
lg-y,g
curront whlch flows whon a constant poJenttal ilLtnpr9ls B9l
u
tho Instran! or Yolra
Eqr\aPPl
lcallou
at a-varfabG- ra{e
,
-Adiffi[.fae--on=._
ffd-"66rAEE eE o?6F a c on siadtatfe-Ten
ati on i-varlab1e factors" Ij_:_q_lr*P_91."d
-
Although, as statod
ProviouslY,
roDt ney peroist for hours, tho
a nuoh ehortar tims. Tho sloPe
tbo roslatanco at 10 nlnutos to
fitraffi ti-mila c to r s r -cE-pa cf tanc e cur re nt
.
die I o ot r I c ab s orp-
t@apaElEin6i--curro{rstnstrgouirej-t-o-ShaTEo
fEiipliltanoe of iho maETno r,rfnding to tho core. Dloloctrlo absorptlon or
polari;lng current ls a curront caused
-by
tho absorption.of e] ectr lcal.
-
charge tn
ibo dinl"it"t", in thc forrns of tho oI{igning of dipolos or charged
polar molocules
throughout the lnsulatlnS.rnatorial and
the ptllng of froe oloctrons on the lnter-
facosi Loakago ourront is oompoood of the currant that pasies lnternally through
tho lnsuLatloi and that whioh passeo or loaks along the outsldo
.of
ths insulatLon.
0f these dlfforont curronts, the capacitanco curront ls of appreoiablo valus for
.
oEly a fsw seconds after the voltags ls appllod, and tho Loakago curreDt remalns
.oou;tant
as long as the voltage is applled" Tho shapo of tho dioloctrlc absorptlon
./our"g"
thorsfore. ia Indicative of tho rats of flov of diolectrlo absorptlon our-
Y
ront.
whloh hae a docroasi.ng oharacterlstic but with a much lonor rats of chango
than has tlio capacltancs current" In faot, in a good, dry lnsulatlon thls currsnt
nay docroaso gradua).Iy over a por.lod of ssvsral
hours" The rate of docreaso of thls
ourrent anC, Joo"uqrr"r,tly, tho shapa of the disloctrlc
absorptlon curvo ls usuolly
nors lndlcatlvo of tho quallty of the lnsulatlon thau tho actual valus of oirmrg
aoacurod for th6 varlous polnte on tho ourvo. For th18 roason lt 18 excoedingLy
lnportant for the data for tho curve to be obtatnod under alnllar oonditlons oach
tlno a partlcular pleoe of equlprnont
ls tosted.
tho gradual decrsaso of dloleotrlc absorptlon cur-
charactoristic of ths curvo becomeg eetabllshod in
of tho ourve, orprossed 1:r ths form of a ratlo of
.
..
tho rasistanco at oD rainute, is called the polariza-
tloqlndox
(P.
!,-)-
and ls ueod ln comparing and aualyzlng tho curvos"
fl
I
LZ-2
P"I"
=
lnsulation rssistanco 8.t I0 minutos
Insulatlon rosistanco at 1 ninute
A do-pclarizsrtion or diachargo cur.ve for a
liivon
pioco of oqutpment would rese
tho aLoorptlon curve in revorseo so to speak" Consoquontly an,oqual- amount of
1e roqulrid to d18char6o a glvon pleco of equipmont &ftor a voltago has booa appl
a" *a, corsu*sd in building up tho charge.
Thls is an oxooodlEgly lmPortant oo[.
sldsratlon ln tostlng oqui-pnent.
llfhan severaf tosts
qrs
mado at dlf,feront
ture.s e.nd voltagoo as requlrod for our standard
testa it-ig aliolutely osasntlal
that the wi.ndln[s bolng testod bo grounded botwoon.runs for
F
at loa I
Slnoe ths dogroo of polarizatton of the ineul.atlon of equipnent imodiatoly'aftei
ehut-down and
Just
procedlng a tost cannot bo known, it 18 advlsabls that
to bo teetod ohould be grounded aa soon as praotloabls and tho ground. bo loft u.
touohod througilout the porlod of proparation" If thts porlod 18 ahort, lt 1o
to ths timo through whioh tho volta6o wa; apPllsd in the provious ruu'
procautlon io tak6n, the fo1).owlng tost will havo no valuo, beoau6s tho dls
,rLtt lo partlally polarlzod st ths boginnlng of the toot"
advlgable to oheck the wlndlng to dstormlne whsthsr the groundlng timo hae bsoa
sufflc!6nt to drain ths lnsulatlon oomplotely. Th18 cal1 bo dons by oonnocttaS
tho wlnclLtg under to8t to tho nogger Lnstrumont wlth the motor ds-onorglzed aud
notlng if iho lnetrumont
pointor dsflocte up-scalo boyond lnflnlty"
Another factor which he,s eonslderablo effoct upon tho dteloctrlc aboorptlon
chargo on the windlng,i
to touch the wladln6;l
oircuits
whi1o. tho to
If the gonorator. or
soon aa 1t ls shut
and any spot mogg;or readlng ls tho tomperature
rjf the dielectric" Fornulas havc
boen dove-loped,
-iowever,
*it}, *tioh fairlyaccurate
tamperaturo coofflcients of
reslstancc can be developod for insulations
providing tost data aro avallable,
takon at two differeni tomporatures"
I
.Jtn
matrng dlElectric absorptlon tosts any abnormality tn readln6s should bs ln-
-vestigatid,
for a serious
break-down of insulation may havo takon
P1aco.
Safoty_
Pi ocayt]ons
Tho 2,500-volt moggor builds up a relativoly
high etatic
this chargs should
bo dischargod
before anyono is aLlowod
Likowise,
no one should
bo allowod to work oa tho excitor
is in pr ogr"o i; ri
"
Pre l ini rnar-y Opcrations
Tho follovring
Proli-r:lina::y
operations should
be performed"
othor eqlripmJ,li iu i., sorvico they should bo porformod as
1. Havo tirc grounci switch
closed to drain off any
-chargo
on tho. Btator wlndlngi
It is goo d prlctico to loavo tho noutral OCB cLosod
throughout. the ehut-down
poriod and to maintain a
Eround
on all windings to bo tostod throughout the pror
P0r1(Ju
urru
parato.y poriod boforo
tefts aro mado. hrrthormoro,.if.thore
t:."1{
P::ilti^-
ivhsther- tho dlainage tj"ms hus'boen sufficient,
tho winding should
bo tesl:9
{9tif
rosidual ehargo.
This is dono by connecting iho windlng to tho mogEor rrlth tho
^oiot
a"-or',u.!trua.
If the inst;mont
polnier deflocts
up-scalo boyonil i:cflnlty'
tho winding should
bo grounded for additiona]
tirno
'
2" Remove gonoro.tor.fieId slip-ring
bruEhos
the main exciter armatur
and plIot exciter
on the stator"
.
Jfti
and ground this fleld. AIeo
and keop all g.roundod during
ground
tho to
)
_-------------_=--.-
. ,tktzhl/5)+)
r2-1
.
:
t
s,
J
;
f,
).
Ctuo" tho stator and its connecting vrindin8s of all lightning arrostors and
:
potonti.al transforners, and disco:rnoct tho pc,ror cable as near to tho generator as
poso1b1e.
If ar.y appreciabls omount of cablo ls lofb connocted in the circuitl
the nogger roadlnga v"l"II bo influoncocl by thj-s cable, r"..td thelr 5611 not be trus
roslstivity reaclings of tho stotor. Tho length, size, and type of oable should be
rocorded on the data sheets. Also, if tho cablos termlnato outslde ths bu11d1n8,
rot-I'and dry-bulb temperahrres must be oltained.
tl.r [.
flIpe all p]aces n'hore coblos ter:rLj-nate and cond.uctors
go to open rviring.
.t
:,i,
lhars is ahvays moro or J,oss loaka5e ovor the end.s of the cables to the shoaths at
l,:,il
ruoir placos, and wiping the dust cieposi.ts will reduce tho nurnber of ).oakago
patho.
[]['
Cto*ing the wlndings befcro tho tost is of qusstionablo value, but it is deslrablo
ili:
to iroo. all porcelain insulators wipud off that aro on the circuit being moggered.
[it fi,ft includes tho noutral onrl as weIl as the lino ond of the winding. Tho fact
$Ij:
tU"t tho windings woro or wore not cleanod should be rocord.ed.' If the vri:rdlngs
[l]:
aro cleanea, rnake tests al'i;or cleaning only.
),.
i
Test Procsd.rrro .,/.
i,.,
---
\l1?-
t..
i... 0onorator Stator
h:'
--
iii'
.&to
negger reacllngs at
[O'
C. or as near this tomperaturo as practicable. Two
il.
rota of ieadings aio to bo rnader tho first at
lOO
volts;'(62J
'6]-ta
if that is the
Ni
rrtiug of tho megger), and the second.sot ab 2!00 volts. Tho :notor on tho mogger
[r':
rhould be allowed to c on,:, up to fuI] spoed beforo tho ground on tho st&tor is rs-
li:ll
rcvoa. Reaclings should i;o rnads at I!-soconrl intorva-]s for tho first minuts and at
fii;
r;:;ir";; iilEi"ui.'r", tho next r! minutos for a iotal tims of 16 minutes. Thuo
i'
'
ttroro are two seriss of tests and two curvos should be dra'an.
It 1s essontial that thr-, rvindinns irnder test bo grounded ).on6 enough botween tosts
ii': 6-difrn-olr-TE6-iTdt1c ti o.
-Sec
tho f
j-rst
two
paragraphs on
pag
Az-z undor
i,r;, "
rrorrllrtl.r.1r
J
uPtJ a\"r
.|.,
l.i.
Ilolds
and Exc ltor s
t'i,-
ll,
thko
suro thB.t the vrindiugs have been groundor). for a len5th ol time suff:ciont to
j
draln all charp-e fron t'J dtelectrli. Th.r lcst
flivon
in Proliminary Oporatic::s
;
(poragraph 1) should bc rnadc if there is any rluestion.
llll(e only one sot of retldings, usin6 tho 625-?o1t or
lOO-volt
mog6or at l4Oo C'
lho roading intorvais strould be the s8.rTro as on tho stator, but they should oniy be
ocotlnued. until tho curvc flattens out vrhioh is usu811y less than.ten minutos.
111 voltnoter and instrlmont wiring shou]J be disoonneoted.
while megSering ls In
Progr88s.
,/ ,,
Y[6lviu Bridgo Tests
.-:-
.i ,
trdlo bridgo testo aro not
.!"i"' Stator or arnature trind:ing
,,,i
: ftor tho absorpti"on tcsts.
part of the absorption tosts, the rosistanco
of tho
ihould be rnoasured with a Kolvin
bridge immedlatoly
rations I'or
.
indic ati ons and a test 1or
prosence or'& c
A2-4
CaDacitanco
Bridge
Te st
Uslng
a capacitancc
bridge,
rloasure
in66 and giound.
Alsol
record t)re
the
capacitance
botive en
dissipation
factor
vrhich
.
ij
the stator
wind-
I
i-s also read
on
..
tilo capacitance
bri"d go .
*0uardini'. of Cablos
'
hiold of col'laj'n
Ssrorator'
r
'
It
has bcen founct
possiblo
to
Suard
the
tround,:
,,-
^^Lr^d
+n^h *ha.,..
ih'ili."iirl;;";;.";;"uiiu3t
or tno insriration
on the cabros fro4.tho ,,,,
megger
readings
on the
;;';;-;;;
siator'
"llt'^l:
::::''nl:':::":'"tlllli*""1
Ii!'[i"lll'';:li"]tt"""
;;";i';-;;";;;
shio-Iis,
ancr-:I:.::".:'::i.:::::il
*"-
tho,nesser
is connecte<]
io tt,u".t''i"ra'
,H?1!"lIl 9:i::i":"1:.,:qll,niilll'iri'"
:1""I;t3:';i";"'#;":;*;-i,,u,roii'"
outeide
the
f,round
ihierd'and
whero alr
'
srounds
bo tho sirield
";
;;-;;;;;"i'
n:t1llg^"i-::0.1::-.:'l;l3rli3"liu!'
,i
!!i\:;r::;l:
il:,;;r;;; i*t"-,,r,""""""
poss'ble,
and tests shourd bo mado
1'1
vrith and rvithout
tr,u
s,*;j
"J"'it
"o"'l""t"d'
If tho
"?1"11-i31^1]:^l:1-i-
,
j
:l;:".:'rX::t;:;#;
:;;;rti;;
of the cables., lhev
shourd
be discorulected
'-':i
(ir timc pcrmits)
",''a
tn]-"tit"i-T;i";-::ei;:::ll'"":i::i
'ii?:":":lri"o"
t,
[i:."11:
:::il';;i,,"t;";";;";;";";"*i-*itr'""
Dobr;
test setl this
ehould'bo
':1
,.'1 , :i
dono
als o.
iii,"'ai' r;..
""ih;;'1:f
,-*dd'
dlie-oaher
;::i:'ii
il:;";:il
:;;;';''";."
.n"ii.""""si''"i::::.?:'::
T;",:,';#:9in?:
'"'
li:
::' :i :i:t;,::li',*:;
"
i;:i,*'
;l
t,ii
^:
: i:::", :: :;"llj";"'*l"ltll'
"
lli::."'^i.-':1"'iil"";:::""i^';:i'-;;i";;-iess
than 1'! shourd
be roportod
thc
pla.rt suPerintcndent
'
*Addition
6-,N-{$@
DRYING
F TRANSF
.fhere
are a number
of ipprbved
methods
for dry'in z
out the transformer core and coils' Gencrally
,lr. i;;;'oitn-.-*-urr.rurer
should
be foLlorved.
If the drying out process is carelessty or
***.4,
performei,
great damage
may
-result.to
the. transformff insulation
through over
hcaring_
Drying
out of
pcrver
r-.fir
rrr .tl,ruld be carried out ur,der the personal sup,'nision
;;;:-;;-;ed
officcr.
,re
following
gcnci.lr insrrucrioos are
grr'q for carr)'ing out rli'ing
opcrelic.:n.
.l
hc transformer
must b suppled
during the drying
operatron with a quantit]. o1'hcat equivalenl
tothclatenlh.utofv,porisaionfor-tlremoisrurctot,cremol'cd.Atnormalaln]ospheric
prcssure watcr *.ill onry,rfiir.-,,piary'
it"* insulation
aI tempsrarurc
aho.c E00C.
J'ct
the
insulation is litely to b" badll:Lmag"4
ii t"-'''-
part of it is heatcd to more than 100"C' evcn for
quite a sltort timc. U'the
on it o"ttt'"'i,
it wi also bc damaged' The orer-heading
nill cause
Jrarti"" and products of oxjdation
will promote fuiher dcterioration
of the oil evsn at lorvcr
;;il.
fi! .ry ,tro-inlure
thc
jnsulatjon.
i'hc rarge of tempcr,arure
^within
n'hich a
transformcr
can be effccti!,cly
Ji"d i. thus vcrl' narro!\,
the morc so, zs ferv of thE mcthods
by
*,hich it can be heated
gr.,. oJo*
distributitn
of teinperature.
it is for tlds reason
that the
operation is so critical.
a .rrying t
"n.r,rrmr:r
sloul,J ne'er be le{1 unattended.
I-l<-r*'c'er,
if thc
nrcssurc around the transf<rrml"r
oan bc su0lcicutll'
reduccd during
the drying
proccss lhe
i;;r.;; ,-r1"."r".,*-r.ralf
ar tenrperaiurc
ar li,hich rlsro is no risk of dan',age
to the
insulation. llvcr-r"hing
possibie shoukl
bc <ir-'r'c lo con-scn'e rhc hcat applied in ci+ irg l-hc
translormcr
rank sl,.ouid
he lalzcd
and protcctc.l fiom-draughLs
b1'sacks,
tarpaulins and.so
on lf
;;J-i;;"J for dl,ing
rhe lcv,ii of mc oit in rhc rransforrncr
should be broughr bcl<,r*' tlc upper
ends o{.the cooliig tubes,
*j .xt"-ul
coolc;-s should bc <lisconnecter!
Stringcnt
prccautions
"grr,,t
f;."
"." ".r.I,ti.f
a*ing
A*irg.
whalcrcr mcllorl is uscd
'\
hot dry tra;tsfoi:n:;
j's
hiqhl'
infl antmable.
Drying with core and t:oil in oii b1'short
cirtuit \lcthod:
.lJris
method i-s
generally used fbr dryirg out ol rncdium sizcd
po* cr and distnhntjon
traruformers.
I_)orh oil
-a
trr" *r" and ivi-n"aings insidc
thc tank arc sinrullaneouslv
dricd oul
with stream Line or other filtcr with heaters
and a \"acuum
pump. tho moj-sture is d.n;.cn from thc
;#;;;;d hr"irii",
l.t" tt'c o't una il13rnove
d frr"'m thc r.:il b1 cvaPoratloa
and f,ia'ring
Ijor remoring thc rnoisture
from insulating
mat.r;als,
thc folloiving
procedure is adopted
At first
the nloisture
present in the oi.l is rcmoved in the '''acuum
tank of thc strcam litre fiJter, rvhi]e it is
beilgcirculatcdlhroughfilters.This&y-oilislhenm:de-topassintothetrandbtmcl.rl.hcrcthe
*o-;ri*. prescnt in ti. ir,rututirrg
*ri"ri.l is vapori_sed
by rhe latcnt
heat supp)itd b]' shofi
circuiting thc windings. rr*
"rp#*a
moisturc
dissolves
in the oil and is rernoved
b}' tire liltcr.
ni
"".r"n*i"g
tlri, Ip".ution
Tor long duration'
-almost
all thc moisture
prescnt both in
'Jre
;;r'r,,irri;r; *ui".iuf
rni in th" oil w l bJ removc<l.
Ilesults of the nregger
tests rcveal
(he
progrcss
,.rI'rcmoval
of moisture
fro* insui"rlng
material
and oil Hcncc
tlD'ing out opcraliun
js
continued
undcr constant tempcrature
r"J
"r"air""al.or
rising
salisfactory
rncggcr
readrngs
arc rccorded
fbr 2.1 hours. the drying out operation
can be stoppcd'
'Ihc
hrllowing iablc shows thc short circuit currcnt iu
pcrccnt oi'lull load currcnt
lrtich may L'e
u,c,.l Ior th is merlrrd cf drl ing.
Scll ccLoled
-l-ran-s
ii n-'r c r
50
t)
86
.
0,.,
\\-ltcr c()olcJ lr:in(l('|rrtr:
r l'('i'('il tLnln'rJtur-c
:n
(
8,
8o
?l
50
@
15
7
The
temperature
limits
and
Ioads
should
be strictly
adhered
in ordcr
to obtain
desired
results
* ithout
dimage
to translormers'
NOTE:
It m-ay be nqled
that
highcr
the
prescribed
oil. temperature'
the smaller
the load;
which
means
trrat additional
blrrk.i;*g;f;."oJ
i" required
for sim ar currsnts
th,n for higher
currents,
in order to bring the
;rr
",."rp;;;;p to rh. varues shown in rhc above table.
itisalsoessentialthatplentyofr.err(ilationbcprolide<iinrlreairspaceabor'e.t.ireoilinorder
*lat moistue
may
evaporate
t'"*'ti"
"i
f
'l"re
is not su'fficient
venliJatioq
thc moisfurc
may
condcnse
on the underside
;";;i;;;";rruJarop
rr.t inlo the oir. Keeping
the manhole
.orl..s tr;t.a
nould normally
grolide
adequ:tc
vcnt allon'
Oneoftlrewindings(t{.V.orL.\|')shouldboshorr.cirr"uitcdancia3plrasesuppll.nolgreatcr
rhan the impedance
'oltugt
of:*t
'tt'*iorrnt'
"ppLta
to the other
wiading
l}rc temperarure
should
be measured
by
'
;;;;;;
ln nt top oil lhe tempsraruc
of thr' windings
as
measured
by resistance
"'
by';;;;;l;*pt'"*t
indicators
should
not be allo*ed
to
excecd
s50c and rhe rempcrature
"r,L.
;:;;;?;-Jrlr"
"il :li'],1""t
excecd
750c
'lhe
tcmp-crrarurc
or
r,he insulation
should
be
"i"J
tio*ty'to
550C approsimrtclv
in rtre first 8 hours:
to 65'C
in thc
sccond
g
hows and frnally
to i*a'*itnl"
rO t,nu...
lf tft nri..r,ry
temperaturc
for drf ing is not
reached
the oil levcl , tht o;;;"'
"-
U" lo*crcd
prcfcrablv
below
rhc cooLing
tubes
but
carc should
be uekcn
to sce th;;1h;
corc and rvinriings.arc
tn*pltttly
covcrcd
*ith oil and
tap
sn.itcS and rarion
sRirch
"r"
rLr"
,.#'ifr.
oil. .ttt"r-,.',-.
ti...11' th'.- radiaior
'al'.es
if proridcd
and
;"; trit" can be kept
oloscrl
to get the desircd
tcrnpcralur''
l)uring the drf ing out
proccss:
tcmpcraturc
of lhe rop
()il
and translrlnncr
*indinss
should
bc
Lak"n i"'"ry hilf an hour
and rccorded'
ihe irxulation
rcsistancc
value alone
may
be rccorded.once
in ibur houn
As
thc l'3tllpcratxrc
ol'
rhe oir rises, rhc irsularion
;;ri;;;;;y
fail
iniriarly
anir rls e subscqucnrly
,nd cventuilly
rcaclt a stcady
value
lhe
';;;;;;;t-'ftuld
bu Lcpt tonstant
during
drying
operation'
'l'hc
Jninu oul oncration
can be stopped
aflcr
oht:ining
a slc:d-r'or
risirlg
LR
value lrlr 24 hours
Iilii;a,;;;."..j
"i
a.vr",
i,'.;oa.'nl.n.rhis
porrrr,is
ru3-hcd the
dryhg
c'ut
proi'ss IS
iomolste and the appticatio"
o-f
'htut
may bc discontinucd
'\s
during
th': cooline
dosr n
proccss
rhe rransrormcr
reachcs
60uc;;.'i".ri.,i""
*r;.tancc.
shuultl
ugain bc mcasurci.
L: .asc
'rf
rhc
ninding this should
no, t" lt'f o*"i-r'atgot'n'
ptt Kr/ of thc'ri:lugc
rating
of the ransformcr
(keeping in riew thc ibu"#;;;;'fi
u"r'"rit
ptttt"'t'cd)
During
the heating
and cooling
do*n rrocess
the manhole
*it,.
'i'o'fa
be closely
txo"tined
to ensurc
lhal no condcnsation
t-rles
placc due to insufllcicnr
Ientilation
\finimum
sal^c insulation
resistance
required
w'hen mcit-surcrl
r"''ith 1000
\rolts lfcggcr'
Rated
volrage
of the
i\{irr'inrurn
safc
insulation
rcsistl,cc
rrindings
Megohms
3t tsmpclillurc^(
\
/
30
40
50
600
300
150
500
250
r25
400
200
ln
60
75
65
50
25
66 KV and
above
33 KV and above
6.6 KV and 11 KY
Bclow
6.6 KV
200
100
100
50
/'z
I )re Megohms
v&1
dpproxima
tely
n
,ersl}ry with
temp"raturc
and
for a l00C
change
of
tenrpcrature
the Megohms
ttt-gt
'i"i"i"
ofipproximately
2 : I for
example'
:
Megohnis
at
"at
'"
at
( .1
850C
750C
650C
- -o^
))
(-
300
600
1200
2400
r ror oir circur^rri"1i,
d?.:
,?J;ff,JI'l-Jj;TJffi1l;ilT.:"#F'J':T,l^:i
iffi
ti
hottom of rhe ta*
and
wtthi
hcatcrs
llncd
to filttt
app'oxil'la'iiiit:
"lrtt't"n
wilt ut-'"'luirtd
fo'
C\tr' 1io0
g'rllons
of
oil. Local
r..rverltceling
or
'r'"""i"i*'u"
^"iita
so
'thrt
loaiing
on lhc h:rl'r'
sltoulJ
nut
crcced 3 \\,/Sq.
cm. no. rt oula"fi.
tii""*tt
"rtr"
"lr
"t"tJJ
gi%
"t
the ltcatcrs
or 750(l ncar
rlre rr indurSs.
Prcc:tutiotrs:
-
i)
Vent Dipc
with single
diapfuagrn
should
bc rcmo'u'cd
and
thc h<.:l;
Jovcrcd
r\ ith
; :[fl
hi iii f i Htn'l *:
:
m
ul
*'l,T
I] ::,
;.:l
:,';:"
iT.:i
R'3tcr
vaPour
lnlo lvaLl-r
rv'rL',
:J;;:;#;.i;;
particlos
llnd
tlrcir
*av inlo thc rranslomrer
agarn
'l
horough
lagging
ol tank and
co\'r
to pre'"'cnt
contlen-'ltion
ol nroisturc
is
rlcccssary.
.r.,,,erc
shourd
not
he any brcak
in trre d*ing
out
process
and th: tclnperaturc
shoultl
be maintaincd
't""ay
"i)s;il
iiu satisf'a-"ton
i'alucs
arc rccr.rrdtd'
Thc thermoslat
of thc {iltcr
shoulrl
bc sct at 750C
and scc that it operatos
pcrlcctll''
'Ihe
short
oircuit
current
sllould
bc thcrc
is rnv abnormaUl"
thc suppl1'
should
be
switchcd
off.
lJre
fllter
vacuum
must bc haintaine
r1 as hig]r as possiblc
and undsr no conditions
should
it be less that 27" of mcrcury'
Insulation
rcsistance
readings
should
be recorded
v"'ith
1000
Volt mcgge
r at
inter'als
of 4 hours
tfltt t"*o-'i''fJ,'e
suppiy
leads
conne
cted to thc transformcr'
Pilot
lalnps
should
bc provided
on all three
phascs
to cnsurc
that tlrcc
pha'sc
supplY
is avai.lable'
'l-he
thermometer
usccl fbr reoording
rcadings
should
hc caLbratcd
before
commencing
rhe drying
oPerat
ions
'
A1l the readings
in the log book
should
bc fi1led in for^every
half
an hour cxcept
insulation
resistance
values which
are recorded
once in four
hours or more'
Plcnrv
of air spacc
should
be
providcd
above
thc oil in
-ordcr
that moishue
may
evaoorate
and escapc
o't tl: ;;;i;;cr'
Carc srrg'urf
ic
takcn that no foreign
il';;?;dil,f,.'"*
,f""r*f,
t1.,. op.ningr
providcd
for ve'tilation
purposcs'
Whenevcr
radiators
arc
providcd
wirh
valves'
ncver
close
both bonom
and
top
valves
since
the
pressure
'";;;"
;;;ttJ
duc to the cxpansion
of the oil will
ii)
iii)
r)
i\)
vi)
"ii)
riii)
i.x)
x)
xi)
I
xii)
Hence
or y lop valve should
bc
'iosed
leaving
the botlom
damage
the ratliators'
one opened.
'F
t
t
l"
,'
tiii\ Normallv the dclivery
pipe of the frlter should be connecled
to lhe bofiom
valve
i\r,'/
;r th;i;
i";.aintaining
"'ironn
tcmperaturc
in he tansformer'
xi\)
ttire extinguishers
mar be prorided
for conibatirg
accidental
fir':s'
sr') The tap should
b so set for passing
short circuit
currsnt tlut all the wirdirg
is in
':''l
;;,ri,",,
rlrat the entte
siilding
mly bc dried'
rri) lf mcrcwy
thermometers
are used special
care should
be taken o prerent thc bulb
l-,rcakhg
oa
.o*.qr*f
'ntt"a'"1
ltlcury
into
the transformcr
winding'
\Iercury
rt
"r*ottttt]-'iottiJ
intUutt-'
be used
rvith thc meul shiclding
Ibr
pr.r."iittg .r.fl
utcidtntt
lt is normally
ricsirable
to usc dial lwc therlnometcrs
or
'\lcohol
thermometers
as far as possible
r:rii)
Rciorc
rccording
insulation
rcsistancc
valucs' thc suppl)
to the rrindurgs
slro'uld
,''\rr./
ir"."i.i,.a
"n-La,fr.
i..a. discorur,.ctctl
sircc []rc leads mar c,'ntrihutc
to ]orr
t*0.g.
obtaincd'
duc to their inhcrcnt
characteristic
Drl
ing undcr
\ acuunl:
:iismcthodcoruistsolheatingupthetranslbrrtsr.bl'shortcircuituntleroilandapplyinga
rcuum 10 removc
the ntni't*?
;i+'it
^ttttoa
can be cnlplol
cd lbr translt-rnncrs
ntounted
in
:ong steel tanl:s suirb)y
dtt;gt";';;;li:i
ttl
s:tc))'
xitir-srand
erlcmal
prcssure rcsulting
cm a vacuum of 27 inches
i'
'ott
lr4oJem
transformers
are
gcncral11'
strong cnough
to
idrsland
this
Pressure
llowevJ'
i' J"'U'f i cascs'
this me thod shoulcl
r'-ot bc emplol
cd rvithout
-*iots
approvat
of nlunuf"ru'io
;-"'*"
punrp should
be connectcd
to thc top
of lilc
anslbrmer
!ank.
..r: should bc LrI:en
to see tllrt
thc diaplLr:rgm
on tl:c c-rplosion
\cnt of thc tlattslormer
is
mo'cd and
thc opsning
tt'rtilp
*itft u'uf^iltg
platc' lhc transformcr
tan-L sidcs should
be
.soed *'ith some
covcring
"ti
"j'"tp'J"
fttt oi iimil-',nalcrial
to prevent unnecessary
loss
i *;
'ii;;
;;;;, ;,;;"ili"g-;;
,adiarors
should
be closcd
to obtair the deslred
tsmpsrature'
hetrarsformershouldbefieldwitlroilsuchthatthecoilsandirsulationarecompletelycovered
v oil. Onc oi thc n'indings
ftl'V
lt f- V l
should
bc short
circuited
and 3 phase supply
ncithcr
rcater nor apprcciably
""'Utt'tft*
1fl" ;*fta'ntt
voltage of the transformer
applied
to the'
ther n inding
to enable
" "t
f'flf"'i-"'*"nt
as possible
but not larger
than full load
currenf
obtaurcrj.
'fl)c
tcrnperatuc
;;;;;;t'i;
shoultl
bc ti"J
tio*ty t"o approximat"ly'550C
in
:: lir. r 8 ho*'s;
ro o:oc ;n *',. :';;J;; ,
;i u.., zs'c
i'"t'" tt'il0 a noun
'tJl.,
tre 7s0c
imperatlrlc
is reached
tf" t"*io"tt'
should be disconnected
from the source
of power and ilie
il draincd out and
rr;u'rm
'rifi
tJ"i"t'^"tf
itte ll
'lhc.racuum
should
bc a mjnimum
of 25" but
,referably 28'.
'1hc
tutu*''
should
be maintained
until rempclarurc
drops to 50'C' lhc
raruformer should again
bt l'x;;;i;
r.I"t
();r
"
600C
atul tlte short circuit
switchcd on and the
ycle rcpcated.
Temperaure
-JLt'f"i""
resistance
of the windings
should
be laken evcry
tryo
rou.rs and the drying
process
conthued
Lntil ihe mcgger:iadings
risc
ovgr the minimum
and are
,tcadily rising.
,
Thc tabl,r below shows
the relation behl'een
vacuunl
and volatilisatio[ tcmperatule
of the water
contained in Lhe oil:-
.
1''i:"
.Jil:H*
Y#*:*:"
degrees Centigrade
oo ?a
'99.15
98.60
97.71
9s.85
e?.77
87.89
80.42
69.21
53.31
. ?I)O?'
0
75.54
7 5.35
7 5.01
71.26
i2.85
70.5 I
56.80
61.12
52.60
.10.54
23.50
0
0
5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
I
From the dbo.",e it can be clearly secn thrt the eraporation temperaturc
of moisture dcpends
^.iriv
,p""-,fie degleo of ,acuum. If l'acuum is mai,taincd the moisture in thc core and
lvinding evaporatcs
even at very low lemporaturc-s.
the tcmpcraturc ol thc translbrmcr
-is
raised
t
l,
,Alfo.rour short circuit oi the ri'i-ndings and oil circulatign tlrrough strcant linc llltcr.
'l'hc
oil medium is used mainly for distributing
the heat uniforml' throughout
thc core- and rvinding' It
l,
""..,'",v
tlrat tlrc oi] should be pu,.
-d
hot while iI is bcing field in. For this purpose it is
aduar..,tag"ous
to usc a largc tank oi suitrbl" capacity wlcre the oil is circulared tl,ough strearn
line filrer to naintain high temperaturc
bc,forc lilling in. Onl}'aftcr thc transfonncr is complctcll'
fillcd n.ith oil the shortlircuii
should bc sn'itchcd
on. l-lnder rto circumstan::s
the short circuit
should be ,*,it.h"d
on i;ither during thc pcriod rvhen tlte vacuum is being appLcd or during
fillinginoperation<,rfoi].TheshortcircuitismairrJyintendcdtosupplyhcattosupplementtlre
rr.rr
[.""_oa
and supplied
by stream line fi]tcr so lhat the ternperature can be raised
quickly.
thc c1,cle is repeated
till the required
valucs are obtain_cd. ,{n indication
regardiog the prescncc
of moisture can be had tiom the quantity of rvater collcctcd from the vacuum pump where the
volatile water vapour sucked
from re transformer
is condsnsed.
\lhen no water is visible in thc
vacuum pump it .un b" concf:ded rhat lhe drying out operation has come to an eird-
Simultaneously the insulation
resistance
value also will steadily rise NormaUy 3 to 4. cycles of
oiJ frlling ani appLication
of vacuum may be considercd
as sufiicient for reconditioning
a
transformcr. In certain cases rvhcre the quintitl, of moisture
is more, continued treatment
for a
i""g.
p"i"a is necessary.
Norma,y
"u.h
.y"i" consists
of a heating
period of 245 houn ;rd
,,u""ur- pe.iod of 24 hours, that is to say about 48 hours of trcatmcnt is nccessarj'
Ibr each cl'clc'
Grcat caie may be necessary
during this operation and interpretation
of rcadings should
be done
-d
prop". d..irion to stop the drf ing operation must be.taken by rosporsible
ofliccrs.\frilc
short circuit anil oil circulition ;s teing continucd
the rcadings may be recordsd
in addition the
I.R. values during vacuurn
treatment may havc to be recordcd'
'I}c
above is the best method available for drl,ing out of transfomlcrs
at sitc. \vhsrevcr facilities
doexis!thismethodmaybefollowed'Sometimeswherrahugcdryingtan]<is.ar,ailable,the
cores of distribution trarsformsrs
or instrumcnt
tralsformers may be kept inside for
giving
vacuum fea6nent. Generally
in sush cases heat is supplied to the core and winding tluough
hcatcrs prorided inside the tan-k or by circulating
hot stream tfuough pipes inside the lank' Cril
nced noi be used in such cases for distributing
the heat to al thc equipment kept inside thc tank'
In this process vacuum may be continuously
ipplied
till satisfactory readings are oblaincd wl.ilc
maintaining the temlerature
consLant.
5
Raise the
temperah-Ee
of thc core and windings gradually'
Before'applying
vacuum make sure that the tank is designed
for this purpose'
:
I)recautions:-
i)
ii)
F
iii)
i1)
Vent
lpe
diaphragrn
rnust be removed and
plate.
the hole blan-ked off with a sturdY
Ilrecautions
regarding
simultaneous
short circuit and oi1 circulation have already
;;;;
unier fialheadtng
a:rd the sarnc m-ay be complied'
r=-
Drling
bY Hot Arr
Circulation:
ln tiris method
tle hot air from
elcctric healcr is blorm to utc Lranslbrm0r
rvindings tluough art
;;;il;;
towcr
part of the tank and is allowed
to escape ttubugh
an opel ng in the top
cover. The oil from
tlte core
-a
*inairg.
should be completely
rcmoved
before starting
the
a.yng*.toperation.Thtrarsformershoul-ldbeloggedwithtarpauLinorothersirni]armateri3lto
pr'",',:iito* of tcat and to assist in kcepi-ng
t1e whole of the intcrior tanl at s ch a temprafure
;-;;;,;;
;ndensation.
Thermu*.teri
should be fixed in suitable
places to i.dicate
the
".pri"*.
,f ij the int.t
,it
iiij
tf" outgoing
air'
'lhe
hot air should bc supplied by mcans of a
nf"*:*
-a
electric heaters
*hi.'h rrlry be"controllcd
so as lo regulate
thc temperaturc
'lhe
mouth
of the blower at rvhich the cool air cnten should
bc cor''erod rvith onc or two lal ers o{ clea:r
.,"",.r".ntopleventdrrstbeingdraw,niltothcrvindings.Itisncccssan,toforccasmuchofthc
;;u.d;;;r;;rsible
through
th"e ducrs olrhc rransformcr
rvinding lor accomplishing
d{ing
to
".u""",r-ri.,
LaJIles should be
placcd bernecn
core and tenk closing inlen'ening
spacc as Inu!ll
as pcrssible.
.Ihe
remDeraluc of thc tncorning
air should bc raiscd
gradualll' from 55cC to 850C in about 24
;il;ffi;;i.,.i
r, ss'C ut;r11ct till the end of d4'ing
'l
o ersure uniform drying the volume
,i fra"r.a air should be such that the outlet temperaturc
an inlct temperalure are as near as
f".riur".
During
drl,ing out operation,
the insulating
material
loses the nroisture
contcnt
prescnt
i,, i1' *a Lpr"""".-
iJ di"l""t i" characte ristio. Ar thc samc time, the mechanical
strcngth
is
corsiderably
decrcase<i.
f,p""LUy
this
phcnorncnon ltas
great eflect
while drying.
the old
or^f",,"r,
*f,.re the irsuliting
mat"riats
would havc dcteriorated
duc to normal ageing
'1he
weakcning of mechanical
strengrl
conscquent
to thc.evaporation
of moisture
causes briftleness
in
ir," i^rrrrii.g
."aterial.-This
urittt" i*ututlrg material
though
possesses high dielectric strcnglh
;;;;;;f
;;;;-Ju..
a"r*or"tion
of iechanical
srrength. To a,,'oid such damage during
tlredrl,ingoutoperatlorLspecralcaroistobetakentopror.ideSuitablebafflestodispersethehot
iir.r'irl,n""ri
aii*rly impinging
on 1o rhe insularion
oi the windings. lf propcr dispersion is not
p.*ia.e the spofs whict a.i
"ipo..d
to thc direct blast will be charred and sometimes
bumt.
Special thermost!t control mechanisrn
may ltave 10 be incorporated
in thc. blowe r circuit to
cfuectively switch off the heatsrs in case tlie blower is stopped. If such
prorision
js
not made,
thcrc will bc abnormal
overheatirrg.
During u
l,-ing
out pIoccSS, reaclings
are taken evcry half.an-
hour and rec ordcd.
Clnly insulation resistance
values havc to be 1aken
oncc in four hours lJte drying out operatir.rn
-rl
u. .irpp.a aftcr obtaining
steaclily. rising readings,
for 24 hours
After the drying out
operation is complcted
trr" #"-u''J oi'a;ofi
shoulJ bc flushed
q'ith
hot oil at 600c and
;t;;. Aftcr removing
a1l rhe dirfy oil from
rhc ranl< Ae.sh oil is pumped through strcam linc
nli"r r"a ,U,ft. openinls
seat"d o*, before moisturc
could cnter again
'the
rcadings without oil
will be very high inrl will drop down whcn fillcd rvith oil'
r-
r'
I.
I-
I
Frecautiot:s:
-
.
.
i).Thethefliostatmochanismshouldbccarefullychcckedandpropcrarangsmqtsmadeto
'' jjifi;H"dilr;,G]fi'iio'
n**'"*;
of the airblast exceeds
presetvalue'
i)Propcrconnectionsliouldbemadeforfacilitalingautomaticcutoflofheatersincasethc
blorvcr stoPs.
ii) Suitable baIflcs
may
be
p'rovided
1o disperse
the
tsmPcrafure
inside
the tank'
;)
Trarsformer
may be
propcrly
lagged
to rnaintain
unifonn inlct and outlet temperature'
to
prev!'nt condensation
undemiath
the top cover'
The temDeranfe
of the incoming
air may be
gradually raised
so that the maximum
*d"*.;id
be reached
in about
24 hours'
OiI should 5e completely
drained
offbefore
commencing
the drying opcration'
6,
,,^
4,
'-
_
7
hot blast
lo maintain
uniform
r)
i)
F
7
F
F
I
r
t
t
.'-4.,.,,
)"t-
h-Y
PARALI,EL
OPERATIOI\I
OF TRANSFORMERS
t. General
conditions for the satlsfactory
operation of Transformers
in Parallel.
n SINGLE trarsformcr may bc said to opcrate satisfactorily if it carries its rated ioad without
"***i"" "it
Be
dr9P, but-where two oi more tsansformers are to operate in
parallel on the
;;
prt".ry id secondary bul bars, several othsr conditions must also be futfilled-
Under this
condiion saiisfactory opcration
also implies equafity ofload sharing in proportion b rhe rating
of each trarsformer,
absence of circulating currents and apgoximately
similar internal
power
factors in each transilomrcr. In order to satiiff these latter requiremcnts,
the following
conditions
mr:st bc met:
(a) The phase sequence or order of voltage rise on the termirals of the two tansformers
which are to operate in parallel must be the same.
(b) The
potarity of thc two tansformers must be thc same. Two trarsformers might
havc
'
.
O," r-"-" pi,.. rrqu*""
voltagc risc but on tcsting out it might bc fo,nd that zcro
voltage was not obtained between similarly marked terminals on the to units due to
oe pota;ty being incorrecg which would cause the- furstantaneous
terminal
PrSssures
to be 18O degrees out of phase. If zero voltagc is obtained between ail pairs of
similarly maried termhals on the two transformers
then it is an indication
that the
phase sequencc as well as the polarity are identical in each case'
(c) The two tarsformers must have the s:rme
p(essure ratio so that on ope,r ckcuit
the
' '
s"cond".1, 'iottages are eqnal. When installing npw kansformcrs
the position of the
tapping swilches should be examined.
(d) The angle of phase displacemcnt between the primary aod secondary vectors mlst
be
' '
thc samc for cach transformcr. This
phase angle differerice is a fixed inhef snt
(e) For satisfactory sharing of the load cunent the impedance
voltage drop at firll
load
should be the same for both transformsrs. This
:necessitates the transformers
having
the same values of pe.rcentage impedance
voltage drop, but not necessarily
the same
valuc of ohmic impcdan""f
fiir latter
value dcpending on thc KVA rating
of the
tansformer,
(f; In addition to having equal pcrcentage impedance
voltage &ops it is advisable
that
the two transformsrs iaVc- nearly
the same ratios of
percentage resistance
to
psrcentage reactance
pressure drops,
which necessitates similar ratios of resistance
to
icactance in each casc. If this condition
is not met there will be a phase displacernent
between the tsansformer and the total toad currents resulting
in different
power
factors for each bansformer
and necessitatin
E
a grcatet KVA output than is acnully
required, with accompanying
additional heating losses and
Poorer
voltage regulation.
2. Loa'd Sharing under Normal Conditions
The noltage chaacteristic of a tansforma,
connecling
terminal voltage
with load curreng
will
usual-ty bc a &ooping curvc somewhat similar to that of a dircct current
shut-wound
gcnerator'
Howevcf,
the actual value of the terminal voltage at any
Particular
load wiil depend not only
on
the value'of the imlrcdancc voltage &op but the phase relation of thie &op to the apptied voltage,
*ft.t io tum will iepcnd on ttre power factor of the load. Two transformers
which are to operate
irt prt.U"f
shotld hlve ,i-rtu.f,"
'
s:uLp'd crment-voltage characteristics,
so that thc *op in
terminal
pressure betweefl no load an{ iiU Ioarl is the sa.:ne in each. |1i otiier words, tiiey shouici
''3it;H3,,Tllill
:l;*:lTi."*"",:*'-
have the same
Irrcqrtage
impedaniJvo-lia;j"
arop ioa"f *denily of ttreir KVA ratings, antl each
tsansformer will then supply a crrrutt
proportional to its rating
This condition cannot in practice always be exactly me! and it may therefore bc considerid as
satisfactory if the tansformcrs share the load current to 1 10
pcr cent of thcir correct outPut at
the load considered. The more wiclely ttie capacities of the two transformcn differ fiom each
other the more difficult it will be to obtain satisfactory load dMsion.
If in artdition to the abovc the ratio of the resislance to tho reactancc of each transformsf
iE the
aame, then lhe load cuncnts of each will also be in
phase with sach othff and with the total load
currcnt. This condition is indicated in Fig.
! -
whsre E5 and I/5 represc,lrt
the secondary induccd
e.m.f., and the secondary termirul voltage respectively of ttre two transformer in parallel the
voltage vectors for cac[tansformer being coincidenL I1 fid lv Thc diagram also itrdicatss the
resistancc and reactance voltage drops for each tansformer.
If, however, the percentage impedance
voltagc &ops
,of
the hansformers al'e not equa! ffre
tansformer'with
-the
largcr
percentage regulation or impedancc
voltage drop will lowcr its
voltage more rapidly and will rake tess thun its tnre sharc of the load cunent. Thc load sharing is
ttrus inversety
proportional to the percentage impedance drop of th_e tTsform:r.
Thc actual
manner in whiih two hansformers
will share thc load when the ratio of the resistance
to thc
rsactanc is the samc for each may be determincd &om the following:
Ixt Ir, = tho total load currcnt supplieil by the ts/o Eansformcr
in parallel
I
t
nd Iz= the ourrcnts supplied by each tansformer,
and assume
ttlat ail threc ourrcnts
ars in
phase with eao.h othEr; thfi 1r, = I
t
+
12.
|*tZtndZz=theequivalerrtimpedancesinohmsofeachtrusformer,theqastheimpedancc
voltage droPs must be equal
It Zt -- IzZz.
From the two above equations
Z,
-
I _ ___:_
\--rt-M
Z,
Y
-r
_
tz- LL
lr*/2
a
i
;
I
and
ft
.i" a-s
usua! howcver,
for
Ere traosformer
rr-rne-a1gc
to b cxpressed
as
I'crcntage
drops
at firll load
-t
,g *#frai"Itt
the
"qui*r*t
tnnedance
of the traosformcr'
l*t
,4:pcrcentage
impedance
of transformer
No'
1
and
17;
perc*fiageimpedance
of rransfomra
No'
2
Thenassumingforthcprese,rtthatlrand12arethefullloadcrrrerrtsofthctransformen,Zland
;J;;hti";;pedanLs
maY
bc exPressed
as
.-
"Y
t'r
-
Il'1oo'
Thus
from
which
11 then bccomes
and similarlY
--
zzY
.t7-
Ir.lffi'
Zz
-TT
lz=It
z2 VI1
+ z1VI2
zzVIt
lkVA ) x zz
r,=r,
@iTT;E6jT;
Theaboveisvalidforbottrsingle.phasearrdthree.phasetransformers.
The correct
Pairing
of Transformers
Thecorrectpairingoftraruformersislargely.<teperrdentonpolarity,phase.sequerrceandphase
displacement-
These
points"#ilI
;;;;;ilid*a
with the said
of vector
diagrams'
(a) Vector Diagrams'-
The
correct
selection
and
connecting
up of transformers
$tdch
are to operate
in
parallel
can best
U"
'taitJ
-a
cheiked
by the
rrse
of
ve ctor
diagrams,anilinusingthcsefortrarulorm*p'.ur".'thefollowingpointsshouldbe
noted:
.
.
(1) The !ctors
representing
the
sy:leJn
suqply should
be taken
as the
standard
of
referetrce,
and
the tl'ee-phas.s
if l"tto"J^i. i
g,
.horna
reach
rheir maximum
,arucsin*"*"*;i"n,q"*rT::*g*mmi3t*:"#"H#l?f
";
ffi 5 ?HIHJ
Jjl'Jf;* "'f['I
i"i;;;iJ;J
as artering
o'"
"fpu
"a
voltages l" ,*#;;il
o^Jorrno,
uut r-u*,"r
as an alteratioq
of the
transformer
ph'ase windingl;;;;il;
tt
"*a"tJprt'se
seque'llce
of the
suppty'
Thc
star
veclom
"f
*J;;:il;ffi"
't'*la 'rlgt"r'l"
uc consiaered
as a fixed
deiue
tn
"p"'c, 'od
,rscj;f
L*"ttio-n
with the
*i"i'i"g
alert"t q
F:
q1:t
lavout
of the
*".toe di,grafi'
"'i
;rilH;";it-*'r'"
;i*"11
f
=:,.
l",Xn: i.t ;1sffi
xr:mp,**
H ffiffi'i
*"dffi
'lif: l.ru[':d
"'t'"1"i"
ir
.lhesupplv'#il;;:;;;;""r-!':t""r"itwillallowtheeridsofdrese
3
ftVA)
xzz
&lr,n)
xzr+(kVA)
xz1'
:#,!.?iffih:
:ffi
I',*"Ty ;:g- r:
bue
bar,ettering
-h
;ffi*T,:f**;
;;il
;,Ja;X
i:ffi*t
H,J:,,,ffi.ffi
,r,
Ph
<Zl
T3
rrccbr
diagrams
for ,he h.--r^-
rnduccd
....tr.
in
ur" pLthe
transformer
windings
will
be
used
to
rcpresent
fte
"'i';:,+:iTT,;l[iliiii.'
j$I.,i.TH'f;:;:t;ffi,H$:i,:#
exrcrnal
G;;1il;;:1n:l':
same
relative gcnsc
rerative
insrantan.ou,
o,i
-1,*,T
."*"r;;
",H",}!*E1E
;;*:IIT.,*"J
t'xffi,Htt"ffi'i:"t,"["-:.#"T"]:HilT:T,::*J;:*:;.*
(5)
In a three-phase
trarufon
"'
i*ffi";
#tf"':'3'':t-T:
induced
e'm'r'
i
l?-"1.19".v*'o,rliiTT,:t'::*t:ry'*''t,{_ffi"{.
*:*",it;
ffigt*..*,**r-t-lmt3*ii,',*"*,*urp*"u*a*ffi
,
ffi*##ffiX||*,r,f:r
uansro-rmer
*;';;
T:'m'r'e
in
't'"
p'i,n-r--i
pnase
ransform"r.,
n, I^Y:
*ltrt"'*l;;;;"L
mportanc'
but
rattrer
the
,m:t"nm.3,ru::r:9","1:i*1,*"f
",":1"&,LtWxr;
.arne
pclariry,
while
if to:.o*ft"d
"gtitr,*
lt
,*",
tdge
Detween
similarly
marked
porarities.
-
'*ice
the
;;;iliil;"i
il:"Hr-H,?flT
ffit:
R
Y
a
S,;.:
1
r
!
tcctis
- -r\
5
-Y
i
!
,
r
d
t'
v'
1l'
i
t
,
n
/-4,
-\
ct Bt
/1,
-\
Cz Dz
-d2
,l
{.-,,
-8
,.
,i
zAv
B
/dt
V
F,c. 3
-Effc.t
of rcv.rsa t of
polarity of sr4ondary of star-sta! tia nsformct
For three-phase taflsformers having sirnilarly connected primary and secondary
.
windings, iuch as slar-star or delta-delta rurits, a rwersal of polariry oq say, the
'
secondirry 6f one transformer will makerparalleling
impossible without an altsration
to the intcmal connectio r. This case is illustrated in Fig I
,
where internal
sccondary connectiorB of one tansformcr are reversed thus revcrsing
its polariry
with respict to the orher Aansformer. The corresponding vector diagrams of included
.roltages are shown. From these it will be,noled that the phase.sequenc is not altered
but the secondary vectors ars not coincident, being actually 180 degrees out of phase.
This
precludes any possibility of paralleling without reconnection intcmally,
as a
/.
E
VFlo,
'4'-Efl'c.t
oI rcr;rsal of
pol.rriry
of seroodary of dclLa-delra tiansformcr
5
R' - R' = iz - iir = tt*icc phase voltage,
Y' - Y' =bz
- br = twice'phasc voltage,
B' - B' = cz - Gr = twice phasc voltage,
whilc readings betwecn other
pairs of tcrminals will
give indications of
phase volts.
Similar results are obtained for delta{elta connected tansformer, this case bcing
shown in Fig.l . The secondaqr of the second transformer is shown with each phase
.
rwersed with respect to the fst kansformer. the result is : complete rewrsal of the
veotors of induced terminal e.m.f.s, and giving 180 degrees phase displaccrnent
between the similarly
te nuedbus
b3rs-L',.Y', B', as in the case of ttre star'star
,.
rl
^
x
r
t
n'
Ftc,
5
-Eff.4t
of intcrchanging two cxrcrnal conncctions on
primary
sidc of
della-star transformcr
.
connectcd transformers. If voltagc ri,adings behreefl the secondaries
are to be
made, one phase must first bc conncctd as thsre is no cornmon neutral
point
availablc. If R', R' are commoned, thcn reading between Y' - Y' and B' - B'
will
givc twicc normal lino volts, as can bc seen &om tho vcctor diagpms'
(c) Phase sequence, and the interaction
between this and polarity. - Phase
scquence
is ody a iactor of importance in ths parallel opcration
of threo
phasc tansformers'
* ofballk" of three single_ptnse
units opsratod as a three-pharc
group-. It has
besn shown in the
precrding scction in the case of tansformn with eimilarly
connected primary ina r""ondrry windings such as star-star tarsformers,
that a
rgvcfsal ofttr.
poturity on one sidc, although it will rsnder
parallel-opcration
impossiblg will not alier ths phasc sequance of thc se&ndary induccd
volages,
Conracrscly a pair oi star-star or dclta{clta transformers which haw
thc sarnc
relative
polarifu, but whose secondaries have oppositc
phase sequencel
!'ay F
operated in parauet by rcconnecting
the cxtamal
connections oo cither thc
6
4
primrry or thc socoodary
sides so as to produce similar
phase
5<uencl
on
fe
'r""o.aal.y
rcf,minals to bc parallcled a
procdur which
will not cff'cct thc
polarity 6f the traofom,cr.
in tlis olase o1 t"orfor-o,
thcrefore,
polarity d
phasc sequr,ncc arc not intcrdcpcndcnt
r&
t\,
I
Y''
(
zy,
v
a
Y
B
B,
Y,
n'
Frc. 6
-Efc.t
of int.rchantin8 t$o c)itcrnal conncctions on
primaty side of
slar'dclla transform.r
This is not lhe casc, however,
with tansformers
which have differently
cormected
prl"r-y and se"orrdary
winiings such as delta-slar and star-delta
trarsformcrs'
't
"
i-poat^t differerc
with this class of transformer
is that a change of the
externai connections
to the primary will affect;both the phase sequence
-and
the
polarity of the induced
secondary
vectors, aithough it should be noted
that a
i*r*if of the intcrnal
winding connectiorls
on either the primary or secondar5/
side only produces a revErsal
oi polarity without
altcrin-g the
Rha'e
sceul3c'
figt
. s shows two delta-star
connected transformers
and illustrates
the ellect
or
ilterchanging two of the connections to the
primary on, the second
unit wherc the
Az and iz
-rerminats
are connected to the Y and R bus bars respectively'
The
rasulting vector diagrams
indicate that on the secondary
side, the
phase sequence
"io. "ift"g.t
rpp"lttg
on rhe R', Y, and B' bus bars in now clockwise'
that is a
rwersal of phasc scquence
has been
produced and in addition the
Polarity
of the
secondary phasc, bz on No. 2 tansfonmr, has bcor rwcrsed which is inoluded
by
tt
" """t*
i.ins'sriung
ttrcugh 180 degrees- A
phase displacernent
of 60 degrees
G t"rc" pf"Jc!1 the other i*o ptu"e., this being 60 degrees, clockwise'
in the
cage ofveitor a: ;trd 60 degrees,
anti-clockwisc,
in the case of voctor cz'
In a similar m"dr&r
Fig.
6 shows the result of interchanging
the A2 and 82
.x"- f p-i-*' *oo"ition,
on a stardelta
connected ransformer'
From the
rrcctor diagrarnr it will be noted that the secondary
equivalent
star vTPl:
*.t"ponding to the busbars R' Y B' now have rtvcrse
phase sequcrlce'
-*d
th'-^'
thc yelow pfrrse i,"s revcrse
pol-airy. e/hil d tie red and bluc
phases have 60
degrees phase displacernent
in cach oase.
fle2
/\
-,\
8r
R
Y
E
B,
B,
Y,
f
.....-E
4
1;";8,'1,:,"n"i\".11i,.lli
o1';''llEl'X'i"if
lil' lLil3l""fl$"3i"o'""
this
property pf star-delta
and
delta-star
transformers
-also
makes
it
possible
to
cnrrect
rhs
cffect
of *""*';";;;"[surtine
from
a rcvcrsal
of
rtre intcmal
connections
on
the
primary
lti"il'J;
ti;es'
by
a change
in the
ext'rnai
conncctions,
and
thus
'"'*";
;Ji;.iiiu"i
"pi'"ii"''
*ithout
alteration
to the
intemal
connectiors'
Fig'
"
f,;;;t#J'1":'i*
ITj""#IL.I";3,*il'i
H:
#*x:6:l'g*;,15{i;13*ff"1**;e*,;1[
ffffi.j'HIffi-T"ffi'?,"J#;i
**",
"f
d'
X: ".,HlHf,'#:
;;;" ;h*"
,Jqt'*"'
o-f the secondary
t*-
IT
"I
I
made
the sarne
as o*.
,",
*". iiitire
additional_
reversal
of
thc secondary
ext
nal
comection
',
^"J:i"i"
tr"t
**naitr
tY
tff*1|,*
trJ";
ffiil;.",
then
be
paralleled'
Two
other
sets
io*".
t" *otttd
out in a similar
manner'
rhe
case
of a delta-star
transformcr
-*
*U'l
r: ::ffiLH"::"I"#t:l1l
i*.?tr^*
on
the
delta
side
of.one
ol
1"',:nu
..ftom
which
it will
be
Iffi"i-th*'gi"ing
reverse
pol"rity'
is shown
T-tl?
""##J'".
.i"'*"""a'"v
Hi#;imift
Poiarity
ancl
phase
sequonce
of
*-
sidc
bus
bars
by suitabty
rlJi'ittttir'*
t"
"*t"-"r
connections
as in
tho
Provrous
case
r:::11:1fii'::"'""ff'
,T;ffi{;if
H;#i"q,Wrtr,*"n*ffi;.ffi
::
"*Tfi'..1a"^rlri"i6ov in
parallel
unless
m--ca"u
;;r;
-plmary-
ana
[:[r]m'
mex'
;:"[f"'
';r[+&l5'
ffi
'*m;:
ttris ohase
displacrrnent
depends
primarily'
on the typ^
primary
and
secondary
i"riii"tt'*a
"
tl*
""p'bl"
of
variation
by
alteration
ot
ilti-.v
orth"
wioil[l:f#;.t'.f,,i.;
or
ssoondaf,v
sidss'
In cadam
di--
q.pes of tansforf,cr
aho,
the
nhase
rlisnflmcnl-'
rraY
bc altcred
by
a-
rErrmgcme'[t
of trc cxrerral
-c;;cctionr'
which
prowides
a vahublc
means
ol
suirabty
pairing trmsform;;ffi;;i
u" ioi-o--to
hrw
differcnt
phasc
disolaccmcnl
In othcr
t**
;'o.J;;-.,d Ph*t
displacernent
b"*alt"
"ri"-v
and secondary
ioat'Ja
"tft'g"t
"'n
otity bc changed
by
'reconnechon
or
#;#;;.;;;;
;;
; io"r m"in
i*f
F
consider
sfrich
can
be
":*-"rfii
W
a""rr"g;t
"
t1p" ot tt*"rormer
applicable
to each case'
l
I
I
:
2.
Y
,
E
Y
I
'.''
F,6.
9
-srar.srar
rransrormer,.shorrhjjI?.ili;:,tJ'jl:::mcnt
tcr*ccr rri'r:::)
and s"ooaJr]
9
^1
L\ c,t
Jt"]
,J
al cl
,'-Lfl
Y'--+_+
l--
rl
^
n/Y
,,H,
.,' R'
FlG. I
-D:a8ram
shoqing how- incortc'l
.Polarity
of delta sidc of delta'star
''-'
ir"nsfo.m-cr
m"i'ii ii'iiita ui iiicratibn of thc crrcmal conncctions
s having
zero
phase displacement
berween
primary
and
'-'
s."ond"ry
induced
lerminal
vologes'
Transformer
under
this
headings
consist^
of slar-star'
delta-deh4
and
delta-
intsrconnected
"t"
""*fttrnt.'"fne
case for a star-star
connected
unit is shown
in Fig.
s
.
and
from
ilU;;t';Garns
it will
be noted that
the secondarv
vector of induc'ed
tj'"
;L;;i;
*"t
prt"" does
not differ in angular
position
&om the .*."p*aiog ffi""""-
--J
trt' th:
enmary
and secondary
line
;J;;";;'f'B,
*i;
- b2 are prallel
and have
the same sense'
&
Y
D
(2)
Threc-phasc
hansformen
having
lg0 degrees phase
dilplacemcat
betwecn
pdmary
and secandry
incladed tirminol vitog"s.
-
,
The tansfomrem
belonging to this class havc similar typcs of windings to
those
considcred
in the abo.ne section,
but in cach case
'
\1;
FtO. lO
-Sur.rcvcrsc
srar lransforocr- showing lg0 d.8rc.s ph.se
disolaccmcnr
bcrwccn primary and s<ondary indu-ccd icrmi;;t ,iii;;"-""'
the polarity
of ttre secondary
windings
is reversed- The tansformers are therefore
stat-reverse
star, delta-rcvene
derta, and delta-reverse interconnected
star. Fig.
t0
shows the diagrams
for a star-rcverse star transformer
aom which it can b-e
seen that the vectors
of induced
n
Y
t
/1'
tsY
i
t
Y
B'
Y,
t
FIc.
tl
-Dclk-sta
r. transformcr
showinS.
_
30 degrc_cs phase
displac.mcnt
Dctwccn primary
and secondaryinducc
rcriirinal';oii;g--.-*"'""'
.ft
/l
o\r.
a;:{
;;t - ,t'.
,r#-1-
,<1'..
?-(
_
.. t\
f,o. ta.
-S.o.*l.to.
rr3nsformer
sliorving
-
fO e.g,o,
j1,"..
disolaccmcor
Lrtwcrd primary
and sccondaryinducca
rci:rl^"f ,"Gs.;"'"'"'-"'
rcs
and
that
the
PrimarY
and
ffi;#*T.Hry,H"TH#:St#ffi1ffi
ffiI#:'*
Hcpcndent
'
mH
:ffi#Hr,
::,fffi;":;x*s
e
phasc
dispracomcnt
bctwc
c'n
m*f:*r:****1
il",il'il".;;;ry::f
;ili::f
f; ,i',H.T:"HXffi
,;;-;-"","."i1a"r'"+
terminal
vollagc
on eacn
and
ttrat
the
vectors
or the ilfi;;;;i;
I
u'
P9 ?
;"* T*H:1"J.t#"iJi;
*:"#L'":iitrr*.*;i:ffi
!. 1'lf"ffl;t""*a
6''r'
Figs z
and
'I3
show the corrcsponoing
iiigr"
t for
star-delta
and star-interconnected
star
transformers
which
have
a similar
phasc
displaccrnent
characteristic.
(4
)'11ree-phase
. IT*Tfi
^rHX?
" "?,2iif;2""
r,?#;.*;Xff
"':
"
phase
displacement
betweerl ['flmary
drrs
Jvvvri*r
z
D
.l
I
I
I
I
tl
l.
v
,
11
t)-
,e
.
' '/
l!,
,1,\.
,T\
Ftc. l5
-Srardclh traDsformcr
shol
uctwccn primi
aiiiililLfi,i,:&1:ffiilaf
bai;dispra*mc',r
Y,
R,
a
't'
Y.
E
Fr6, l6 ._S
ta r-iD tcrcorutccrr
.'
-
ph;;;;i.ii,fii;r;T*'jil
:ff
"3'J:::
Jffi,Jgf,.,:*:Tfi1 Jll*
0,,.
As. in section (3)
above the kansformers
belonging to this class are dcrta-star,
slar-
delt4
and star-interconnected
star units, uut in this case the intemal connections
o-n
$e-
delta and interconnected
star sides are such that the secondary vectors of
IIO:*9."r*yl
volrages
are displaced
30 degrees
in a forwara directioa that
rs t,'e drection
of the normar assumed direction of the vectors in space. This is not
duelo
rwersal o{
no-laritV
of the intcrnal windings,
but to a rearrangement gf
the
mcsnrng
so that rn the casc of the primary
side of the dclta-star transformer A2
_
Cr,Bz -Ar,and
Cr -Br,
are
joined
t; from the tsrminal points
instead of A, - 6i,
!J _-
Cr, Cz -
Ar, as in case (3). The final resuli of fis change in pf,rr.
displbcement
is that there is a totai 60 degrees phase displacement
ietween the
secondary
induced
terminal voltages
of the
-tansformers
considcred
under
sections (3) and (a). Figs. re .,
r 5
.'and
.r s show the connection diagrams and
how the corresponding
vector diagrams are produced.
The fint important resurt
of the above discussion is that any pair
of ttuee-phasc
transformers
which have the same phase displacemeng
thai ii which fall undcr
any one of the abo,e
four categories, can, if other conditions
for paraller operation
are satisfie4 bc opcrated
in paranel.
Thus a star-star and a dertadelt:a tansformer
can bc paralleled
if both have zero phase
displacemcnt and may atso be paralreled
if both haw 180 degrees phase displacement.
Similarly, a ilelta-stu and a star-
delta
tansfonncr can bc operated in parallel
ifboth trave -:o aegrces or both +
30
degrees phase
displacement.
fury particular
case can always G investigatcd
by
sctting out the connoctions
and corrcsponding
diagrams.
12
The Bridsh Stendard
Specilicetion
for Power
Transformer'
No' 171
(1959)
(a) Need
for
uni{ormity. - Transform.ers
which
1nay
have. to bo
paralleled rc not
;fi;)i-;,fi&ia w
o" ,"*" ir*
-a
o"rri"re it is ar obvious
advantage
if
il#n
'*
.gr*a
-"rt
od
"f-";G
i*'l"als
a1t rnakine
internal
connections'
which can bc artopted
tty
"U
ffi"f..t**.
B.S. 1?1
(1959) providcs
the
;;;;;;,-darfiLtior,
; futd
-q
*Tdi"qT-ections
this information
bcing
given in section 14';;Iht
"tdification
lach
tlpe of taruformcr
has
dcsigrratcd
to it three tV U"f" *i'i"f
chssiS
it according
to its intcrnal
connections
and
phase Otpi.."t*t
betwesn
pti*"r'
and secondary
induced
voltages. Thephase
di.pl"J;;;;;J;il
bv;"1""]-face
number
so that
0u is
indicated
by 0.0 o'clock
aJ;;-t by;0
"ti*f.
etc' In this chapter the wind-ing
and vector diagrams
frr"" U"* ituJted
in accordancc
with B'S' No' 171
(1959)'
For threc-ptraso
ruosfor-o,
ther" tt" fo* main
groups arranged
according
to the
phase displacem"rrt
U"rw"*-tt'"-ptl"'*y
'1a
*gt"i'*
induced
voltages'
The
reference
Ddo, for
"-"-pfi'-iiai""tit 'h-"t
F:
transformer'
is delta-delta
".*""i"4
""ties
uflder rn"'io'g*p
l, and tlut it hal zero
phase displacernent'
This tansformer
may
ut-ti't"ti'a'i"
paralleJ
with a transformo
whose
charactsristics
are dcfioea
-Uy-ti,
reference'Yyo,
because
although
rhis-is a star-
star transformer
it rru,
"tro
,lnaer main
group I and has zcro
phase displacernent
Similarly,
a bansformcr
of
"ft"n"t
yJf
refcrs
to a star-delta
unit belonging
to
main
group 3 ancl has
"
PhJ;;i;;"*ent
corresponding
to I'0 o'clock
or - 30"'
The enginecr
who is resporsible
for the commissioning
or connecting
up of
.t
"*i"il*,
ir well aalvised
to obtain
a copy of the abovc specification'
Marking
of terminals
and windings
'
- Capitel
l"I"'=.
-"
used to indicatc
the H'V'
and small lettsrs
thc L.v.
#;;;;
*rutt' i" *tit book have besn refsrred
to as thc
pdmary and secondary
;;G'
The corresPonding
primary and secondary
winding
of each
phase
",,
A'o
fr"*
suffx n'' inberg.as
Ar' Az' and ar' a2' wluch
arc intended
to indicate
Uti ii ii
'ft"
primary the instantaneous
e'm'f is from
Ar
to Az the direction
of tire inaucea
e'rn'f ir the secondary
w-inlfe
at.the
s111
instant will be from al to az This
convention
i-s
lecelsarv
to facilitate
the settmg
out of vector diagrams
-i
fi rt .ria U" noted
that the iectors represen'ting
the
inducsd
voltages
of
"one'ponait'g
prirnary and secondary
phase windings
are
;i;;;.;tll"i;d
should
carrv the sufrrx numbers
in the same sense'
If the markings
of the windings
of a tansformcr.
are in doubt' thc fo[op/ing
test
can be applied.
Th"
P"-;ti'd;tl"i"ty
windings
of a phase sholld
be
joined
in series by connecting
oi,
;
-u
a low A'C'
voltage
should be applied
to
terminals
Ar, az' If ttre .tU^J
it
"at"ct
the voltage
measwed across
A1
and A2
will be less than the applied
voltage'
If in the case of della-star
connected
transformers
there is any doubt-
as- to
'the
mcthod
of rneshing
*"a ;or;.
;.rti tt
"
following-test
may be applied'
APply
1
single-phase
voltage
""'o'-'
'l'-mft
Az and Bz & tf'" pti*ur.y delta
connected
side of the transformer
*J'tren
""t*e
the voltage
bctween the secondary
star
point and the secondary
fi*i*t'it"ft
If full voltage
corresponding
t" ft: t"t::l
the trarsformer
is otraineJ
Uewecn
the neutral
point and b2 then transtormer
s
connected
to give a -30"G;6iiacement
6'*.T.-n1113,T*T'gH
inau.ta
temi;l
volhges
and
fie B'S' reference
g'oun rnclrcaleo ls uvr'
\'/rr s'"
othcr hand
if fult seconffi*ttrg"
;" obtained
between
the neutral
point
and a2
6e transformer
tt ,
"
f;{
;ha"c'
dttpi;;;;*l
fu
is connected
internallv
in
accordance
v"jS B's *ri'*i"
uyrt eig'
'z
indicates
the connectiors
for this
13
o)
I'
!
Flo. 17 .-Tcst for detcrminiDs lhc typc of mcshing o[ thc intcmal conncctions
on thc primary sidc of a dclta'srar thrcc'phasc transformcr
I
A"
2
2
Flo,18 .-Tcst for vc.tor diagr.m
'
If it is desircd to'makc a complcte test on a tkee-phase tra$sformsr to vcri.S the
phase displacanent
between lhe primary
and secondary windings and fire relative
phase sequcnce of the voltages, this can be donc conveniently in the following
marmcr. Two corresponding primary
and sccondary tcrminals, as for example A2
and a2 should bc connected together, and the kansformcr then excited on cither
the H.V. or thc L.V, side at a suitable low ttree-phasc voltage. A complete set of
voltage readings should then be taken between all possible pairs of primary and
scondary tsrminals. As onc, primary and one secondary terminal aro cornmo&
this establishes a starting point on the vector diagram for bottL and enables ttre
measrred readings to bo plottcd in their correct positions. Fig. ro indicates a
delta-star kansformer on which this test has been made by
joining
A2 to a2 and
conneoting A1 82 and C2 to a suitable tfuee-phase supply. The following pain of
readings can be taken, Az - Ba A2 - C2, Bi'- Ct az - b2, z2 - c2, bz - cz. These
will
.determine
the dimcnsions of thi ts/o triangles having the common point a2A2.
The further readings c2 - C2, cz - B:, be - Cz, will eruble
1he
rclative position
of
the two tiangles to be fixed.
In the transfomler diagram in this chaphr, thc primary and secondary bus bars
have also bccn shown and lettered as
&
Y, B and R', Y, B' respcctively. This
assist in solving thc problcms of concct selection of extemal connections whioh
may hrve to bc interchanged to give correct phase soquenoe on the secofldary
side, The primary
bus barr having a fxed phase sequenco also give
a starting base
from which the laying out of the vector diagrams may be commenced.
(c)
Comparisoabetween B.S. .lfa I7l (1959)
and the 1936 edition, - Section 14 of
B.S. 171 (1959)
dcals with vcctor diagrams and symbols and is ganoally
similar
to the 1936 edition. The rpain diffErence is that the prefix nu[bcrs for each group
'
h.ave now bofir omitted. For example, whcreas in the 1936 edition a star/star
14
Test Suppty
...!;:
..
fffig,Irf
#
ffi,fsi:THffJffi#
3#':'#-i"i
[:
P
tffit
,\
*
,.\
.B
8.
n,
,"iou
'N
'.)*-
,'ff,
,H"
I
'lion
of thrcc-Phasc
lJ*,13;f
"*l.fl l"i;:u##".{i{,*Hii;'"'tl'"'l"J;r;;;d"coi'd"ry
prenx
numbers
,a,l
::
";"y#ly
J#}",.*ri#*"ff"#
#
introduition
to
each
gouP
primarY
winding'
Parallel
Operation
of Transformers
having
Similar
Pha-se
Displacements
rwotransrorm',*yq:#,L:'o-"i,ryiiitffi
:ffi-*:##:li''fi
will
of course
operate
t"l'"";rh"l.
in
additioru
ht
;;t.-rty
ror
nua[eline.
[e
Trrfflia
rri""a..y;indings,
but
similar
phase
having
differently
connecteo Pr
urrar
J
*'-
-
-
- ----
rPi
P,
h.
,'i,,,
"N *
,#r-
',-<rrr'
X4'
t5.Jts'
",1,' Y'
t"ff"
'
,,o.ro-:ll1'?:,^".1.,.:::,,i"1.'f
i;'#"iL#f;
li:LX';i*:,l'"tYS:Hl:I
-Da6
c,
15
displaccments
betwecn
the induccd
and
secondary
uott g"
u*torrl
a*o
opcrirre
in parallel
As has bccn ;"*,
ilii rfr6T;r,r,
rhere
are
four
J
J
J
J
I
j
l
l
I
J
.E
9.
:cas:l
to cnnsider,
namely
0rose.of
00, 1800, -
300 and +300
phase
d.isplacement. Lr Figs' r s
t'o z a. thc
connections
and vector
algru.r
of t'ec
tansformers
for
each
casc
are showE,
,"g.u,*
*i,r, ,i.;:il;H*.".
rt will
be secn from rhe vector
diagrams
that any
lair
of o."f"**
i"
"..f,
figure
can
be paralleled
Farallel
operation
of rransformen
having
Dilrerent phase
Displacemenrs
@
,y^!:r^operation
d
!"r,,!:::nrase
transformers,
one of which
has zero
and
one
180
degrees phase
displacement. _
ftr"
transformers
belonging
theae
two classes
have
already
been
al*
rr.J*a
*.';l;#;
r;gr.
i,
-*iIi,;;;-.
I
I
a
0
l
tr
)
T
,r,/'
2..-
',K^ 'T'
"l^
\tv\,
r\
"/x,
il",,;ii*ff
*f "#ffi
il,f;ffi
Lq#ffi
iiffi*x"lJHr;,il,t
4','.
-
"n,
r
ts-,
Y
these two classes are shown in Flgs.zr and zz respectively, and
.
operation of two transformers when one belongs to cach class is possible by
1!
?
Cr= 7
e(
B'
R,
.' E'
"-,",.'rl ts'-;Gili('
"
4K.
Fto. 2 S.-Connccrion_and vcctor
diaBrams for parallcl
opera.
tion
or a dclta-star and a star.intcrconncatcd stir transformcr
having.
-
3g_ 6.tr..t and + lO dcgrc.s
Dhasc
displacrmini
rcspcclrv.lyr
by rcarranScmcnt of thc cxtcmalconnlclions
of
onc traDsforrncr
altering the cxlernal connections on fie primary and sccondary sides of ono of
thcm. Thc rclativc altcrations in thc extcmal cofflcctions counteracts the 60
dcgrees phase displaccmcnt betwcen the secondary iaduced terminal volhges of.
the two transformcrs. In l;igs.z3 to 3l nine cases arc considcrcd in cach of which
/E
Y
B
.E
,l
-8Y
Y
B
Dytl
,\.
.B' Y,
R,
/' 2'
. /0,
:2-J
\
r
n
Ftc.
26
-Connccrion
and vcctor diagrams
for oarailcl
opcrarion
of a star.dclta
aBd a dclta-sLar rtansformcr haviog
-
30 dcerc.s ind r-
30 dcgrccs
9[35s disolacc.
mcnt r*lcctivcly, by rcarrangcmcpt of thc citcmal connectioni of olrc tnnsfilnrrcr
.
l8
Al
)
t
I
I
E
Y
B
'Yz
!
i,li;,"iJ;;,!3"1trJ!l-1?1"#?ll"*,r;if,tHtl"*:"Ti1i{:i;#"'*
disphccment
tespcctivcly,
Or ttt ,,l.ror.",
the counier-clockwise
direction
of rotation
of the star vectors
-d
{'*':f.--",:i9
H*1il'Hffiiffi".;i;;;;
iot"tion
or thesc
vecros
in
::::'J:.:t:
ffi#
"irX,t
-o.
*#rr".tion
to the extemal
conncctions.could_havc
been
:'#::l ;ru;it;';;'i;il;
-;;'rormers
having
the. -,
19-I^".:i: lH :
lilffi
#ffi;;il,;;;:"tt'1**ti*11311-'Sxtcrnarconnectionscourd
ffi; b;;;h;"r
eachpak
of transformers
considcred'
h
/ lAz
-**,f,r
ri\r
Y,
--F
,#{\
20