MODEL: FM 101
SOLUTION ENGINEERING SDN. BHD.
NO.3, JALAN TPK 2/4, TAMAN PERINDUSTRIAN KINRARA,
47100 PUCHONG, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN, MALAYSIA.
TEL: 603-80758000 FAX: 603-80755784
E-MAIL: solution@solution.com.my
WEBSITE: www.solution.com.my
423-1210-FM
SOLTEQ
|
|
\
|
= +
2
1
2
2
2
2 1
1
2
2 1
A
A
g
V
Z Z
p p
....(2)
Ideal
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
2 2 2
2 1
2 1
/
/
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
(
(
|
|
\
|
= =
Z Z
p p
g
A
A
A V A Q
...(3)
However, in the case of real fluid flow, the flow rate will be expected to be less
than that given by equation (2) because of frictional effects and consequent head
loss between inlet and throat. In metering practice, this non-ideality is accounted
by insertion of an experimentally determined coefficient, Cd that is termed as the
coefficient of discharge. With Z1 = Z2 in this apparatus, equation (3) becomes
Actual
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
2
2 1
2 1
(
|
|
\
|
(
(
|
|
\
|
=
p p
g
A
A
A Cd Q ... (4)
Hence,
( ) [ ]
2 1
2 1
2 1
2
/ 2 1 P P g
A
At
At Cd q
(
(
\
|
=
..... (5)
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge (0.98)
D2 = Throat diameter = 16 mm
D1 = Inlet diameter = 26 mm
At = Throat area = 2.011 x 10
-4
m
2
A = Inlet area = 5.309 x 10
-4
m
2
g = 9.81 m/s
2
= Density of water = 1000 kg/m
3
P1 = Inlet pressure (Pa)
P2 = Throat pressure (Pa)
SOLTEQ
|
|
\
|
(
(
|
|
\
|
=
p p
g
A
A
A Cd Q . (6)
The coefficient of discharge, Cd in the case of the orifice meter will be different
from that for the case of a venturi meter.
( ) [ ]
2 1
8 7
2 1
2
2 1 h h g
A
At
At Cd Q
(
(
\
|
=
.(7)
Where,
Cd = Coefficient of discharge (0.63)
D7 = Orifice diameter = 16 mm
D8 = Orifice upstream diameter = 26 mm
At = Orifice area = 2.011 x 10
-4
m
2
A = Orifice upstream area = 5.309 x 10
-4
m
2
(h7 h8) = Pressure difference across orifice (m)
A
1
A
2
SOLTEQ
\
|
|
\
|
=
g
V
D
L
f h
f
2
4
2
hf = friction head loss which would be incurred in fully developed flow
along the run of pipe between the piezometer tappings
f = friction factor
L = distance between the piezometer, measured along the pipe center line
D = pipe diameter
V = average velocity of fluid flow in pipe
The friction head loss is estimated by choosing a suitable value of friction factor, f
for fully developed flow along a smooth pipe. The method used in this manual to
determine the friction factor is the prandtl equation
( ) 4 0 4
1
. Re log = f
f
(11)
Typical values derived from this equation are tabulated in the table below:
Re, x 10
4
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
F, x 10
-3
9.27 7.73 6.96 6.48 6.14 5.88 5.67
In determination of the fraction factor, f, it is sufficient to establish the value of f at
just one typical flow rate, as about the middle of the range of measurement due to
the fact that f varies only slowly with Re, and the friction loss is generally fairly
small in relation to the measured value of h.
SOLTEQ
|
|
\
|
=
( )( ) ( )( ) [ ] s m q / 288 . 0 436 . 0 81 . 9 2
10 309 . 5
10 011 . 2
1 10 011 . 2 98 . 0
3 2 1
2 1
2
4
4
4
(
(
|
|
\
|
( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]
min
60
1
1000
288 . 0 436 . 0 81 . 9 2
10 309 . 5
10 011 . 2
1 10 011 . 2 98 . 0
2 1
2 1
2
4
4
4
l
q
(
(
|
|
\
|
min / 77 . 21 l q =
Orifice flow rate,
( ) [ ]
2 1
2 1
2
7
2 1
H G
h h g
A
At
At Cd Q
(
(
|
|
\
|
=
( )( ) ( )( ) [ ] s m Q / 065 . 0 410 . 0 81 . 9 2
10 309 . 5
10 011 . 2
1 10 011 . 2 63 . 0
3 2 1
2 1
2
4
4
4
(
(
|
|
\
|
( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]
min
60
1
1000
065 . 0 410 . 0 81 . 9 2
10 309 . 5
10 011 . 2
1 10 011 . 2 63 . 0
2 1
2 1
2
4
4
4
l
Q
(
(
|
|
\
|
min / 37 . 21 l Q =
Determination of the loss coefficient when fluid flows through a 90 degree elbow
g v
H
K
2 /
2
=
Slope = K=0.370
Volume
(L)
Time
(min)
Flowrate,Q
(l/min)
Differential Piezometer Head, h'
(mm)
V V
2
/2g
(m/s) (mm)
Elbow (hI-hJ)
3 0.55 5.43 1 0.17 1.48
3 0.30 10.07 2 0.32 5.09
3 0.23 13.29 3 0.42 8.88
3 0.16 18.42 6 0.58 17.05
3 0.13 22.87 10 0.72 26.27
Sample calculations
Choose the min flow rate, Q = 5.43l/min = 9.05 X 10
-5
m
3
/s
Velocity of flow in the pipe (Diameter = 26 mm)
( )
2
3
5
10 26
4
10 05 . 9
V
= 0.17 m/s
mm
g
V
48 . 1
81 . 9 2
17 . 0
2
2
2
=